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1. Social Perception of the Residents of Olón, Montañita, and Valdivia as a Conditioning Factor in the Satisfaction of Tourists

Author

S. Mendoza Pin, O. Bravo Acosta, M. Hinojosa Ramos, and J Ascencio Moreno

Subjects
tourist satisfaction, social perception, spondylus route., Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Abstract This research aims to understand the social perception of the communities of Olón, Montañita, and Valdivia in the sociocultural, socio-territorial, and socio-cognitive dimensions, as a determining factor in the satisfaction of national and foreign tourists in terms of destination, service, and infrastructure. The design is nonexperimental, with a correlational scope and a mixed approach. Data collection techniques used were a semi-structured interview with 24 residents and a survey of 396 residents and 396 tourists. STATIS Dual and MPLS (multiway partial least squares) were the software used for the treatment of quantitative information. It was determined that the social perception in the three communes was relatively similar, the sociocultural dimension being the best scored for being linked to the tourist development of Olón and Montañita. Whereas a significant difference was observed between the communes in terms of tourist satisfaction, placing Montañita as the leader in all dimensions of the variable, followed by Olón and Valdivia. With an adjustment of 69%, the MPLS model was directly related to the variables, implying that any change in the perception of the residents affects the satisfaction of tourists.

Published
2023
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2. Comparação de dois métodos de colheita de medula óssea de equinos e de dois meios de diluição para o isolamento de células mononucleares

Author

Júlia M. Moraes, Martha O. Bravo, Pollyanna C. Araújo, Mariana C. Rosa, Guilherme K. Tognoli, Cinthia B.S. Dumont, Luis F.O. Varanda, and Roberta F. Godoy

Subjects
Medula óssea, células mononucleares, DMEM, fração medular, PBS, terapia celular, viabilidade celular, equinos, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concentração e viabilidade da fração de células mononucleares (FCM) a partir de diferentes técnicas de colheita e processamento de medula óssea (MO) em equinos. Foram avaliados cinco equinos adultos, hígidos e sem raça definida. Obtiveram-se frações de medula óssea (MO) do osso esterno, de acordo com dois protocolos: na colheita A, utilizou-se 10mL de solução de heparina dentro da seringa e em seguida, aspirou-se a MO; na colheita B, 10mL de solução de heparina foi injetada na MO e a aspiração foi realizada após 20 segundos. Todos os animais foram submetidos aos dois protocolos de colheitas, realizadas em sequência, sem intervalo entre os dois procedimentos. Após isolamento da fração de células mononucleares (FCM), das amostras de MO obtidas nas colheitas A e B, cada amostra foi dividida em dois tubos, um contendo solução de DMEM e outro contendo PBS. Assim, alternando-se o tipo de colheita e a solução diluidora, obteve-se quatro tubos de amostras por animal. Os tubos foram centrifugados e os sedimentos foram homogeneizados nos respectivos meios obtendo-se o volume final de 100μL. Realizou-se determinação da concentração e viabilidade celular, obtendo-se as concentrações médias de FCM. Para ambos os meios de diluição, a colheita B apresentou valor numérico maior em comparação à colheita A, porém não foi significativo (p>0,05). Atribui-se tal tendência à menor ocorrência de coagulação da MO no momento da colheita B, sugerindo-se melhor aproveitamento da FCM. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os meios DMEM ou PBS, indicando que os mesmos não alteraram a viabilidade celular. Os protocolos utilizados para colheita de MO e separação da FCM se mostraram eficientes, para o uso em terapia celular em equinos.

Published
2016
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4. How glycobiology can help us treat and beat the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Eduardo O. Bravo, Pedro Parodi, Sofia de la Fuente, Ricardo D. Lardone, Anneke K. Schmider, Genaro Angeloni, Yohana Camila Garay, and Fernando J. Irazoqui

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Glycan, FDA-approved drugs, Glycobiology, Gene Expression, potential therapies, Biology, Biochemistry, Antiviral Agents, Virus, Glycomics, 03 medical and health sciences, Viral Proteins, glycobiology, Polysaccharides, Lectins, Pandemic, Drug Discovery, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors, Molecular Biology, FDA - approved drugs, Mannan-binding lectin, Glycosaminoglycans, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, Drug discovery, JBC Reviews, Food and Drug Administration, Drug Repositioning, Glycosyltransferases, Covid 19, Cell Biology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Drug repositioning, 030104 developmental biology, Potential therapies, Drug Design, Immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, biology.protein, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) emerged during the last months of 2019, spreading throughout the world as a highly transmissible infectious illness designated as COVID-19. Vaccines have now appeared, but the challenges in producing sufficient material and distributing them around the world means that effective treatments to limit infection and improve recovery are still urgently needed. This review focuses on the relevance of different glycobiological molecules that could potentially serve as or inspire therapeutic tools during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As such, we highlight the glycobiology of the SARS-CoV-2 infection process, where glycans on viral proteins and on host glycosaminoglycans have critical roles in efficient infection. We also take notice of the glycan-binding proteins involved in the infective capacity of virus and in human defense. In addition, we critically evaluate the glycobiological contribution of candidate drugs for COVID19 therapy such as glycans for vaccines, anti-glycan antibodies, recombinant lectins, lectin inhibitors, glycosidase inhibitors, polysaccharides, and numerous glycosides, emphasizing some opportunities to repurpose FDA-approved drugs. For the nextgeneration drugs suggested here, biotechnological engineering of new probes to block the SARS-CoV-2 infection might be based on the essential glycobiological insight on glycosyltransferases, glycans, glycan-binding proteins, and glycosidases related to this pathology. publishedVersion Fil: Lardone Ricardo D. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: Lardone Ricardo D. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Garay Yohana C. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: Garay Yohana C. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Parodi, Pedro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: Parodi, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: de la Fuente, Sofia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: de la Fuente, Sofia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Angeloni, Genaro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: Angeloni, Genaro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina. Fil: Bravo, Eduardo O. Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Córdoba. Nuevo Hospital San Roque; Argentina. Fil: Schmider, Anneke K. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychiatrische Klinik Lüneburg, Lüneburg; Germany. Fil: Irazoqui, Fernando J. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto; Argentina. Fil: Irazoqui, Fernando J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentina.

Published
2020

5. Plan Director para la región de Sierras Chicas, Córdoba, Argentina

Author

Enrique Moiso, César Santiago Alonso, Augusto O. Bravo, and Guillermo Mariano Irós

Subjects
Urbanisme [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Planificación Metropolitana, Planificació, Regional planning -- Argentina -- Córdoba, Pla Director, Metropolitan Planning, Metropolitan areas -- Argentina -- Córdoba, Planificació Regional, Master plan, Ordenació del territori -- Argentina -- Córdoba, Plan Director, Planning, Regional Planning, Political science, Planificació Metropolitana, Planificación, Planificación Regional, Àrees metropolitanes -- Argentina -- Córdoba, Humanities, Master Plan
Abstract

El Plan Director de Sierras Chicas fue una experiencia innovadora en planificación regional, desarrollada por un Consejo de Planificación Metropolitana, coordinado por el Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba e integrado, además de los organismos técnicos provinciales, por los gobiernos municipales involucrados en el área de estudio; universidades; organizaciones sociales y profesionales. Con un horizonte temporal de planificación aproximado de 15 años, el Plan aplica sobre un sector particular del Área Metropolitana de Córdoba conocido como Sierras Chicas, una conurbación integrada por 11 Municipalidades y Comunas recostadas sobre el faldeo oriental de las sierras, en el cuadrante noroeste metropolitano. Se trata de un corredor que ha experimentado un crecimiento poblacional explosivo y desordenado en las últimas décadas, con consecuencias que afectan sus sobresalientes condiciones ambientales, paisajísticas y culturales, patrimonio que deben preservarse para beneficio de los habitantes y visitantes, actuales y futuros. Su alcance regional implica la integración en un espacio geográfico amplio de distintas competencias territoriales municipales. La planificación enfocada en la escala regional permite abordar una multiplicidad de aspectos que hacen a un desarrollo armónico de las ciudades. Cuencas, excedentes hídricos, agua potable, cloacas, energía, transporte, ordenación territorial, vialidad, equipamientos sociales y muchas otras variables que podrían ampliar esta lista, resultan imposibles de ser estudiadas y resueltas dentro de los recortes de cada radio municipal. El Pla Director de Serres Chicas va ser una experiència innovadora en planificació regional, desenvolupada per un Consell de Planificació Metropolitana, coordinat pel Govern de la Província de Còrdova i integrat, a més dels organismes tècnics provincials, pels governs municipals involucrats en l'àrea de estudi; universitats; organitzacions socials i professionals. Amb un horitzó temporal de planificació aproximat de 15 anys, el Pla s'aplica sobre un sector particular de l'Àrea Metropolitana de Còrdova conegut com a Serres Noies, una conurbació integrada per 11 Municipalitats i comunes recolzades sobre la vessant oriental de les serres, en el quadrant nord-oest metropolità . Es tracta d'un corredor que ha experimentat un creixement poblacional explosiu i desordenat en les últimes dècades, amb conseqüències que afecten les seves excel·lents condicions ambientals, paisatgístiques i culturals, patrimoni que s'han de preservar per a benefici dels habitants i visitants, actuals i futurs. El seu abast regional implica la integració en un espai geogràfic ampli de diferents competències territorials municipals. La planificació enfocada en l'escala regional permet abordar una multiplicitat d'aspectes que fan a un desenvolupament harmònic de les ciutats. Conques, excedents hídrics, aigua potable, clavegueres, energia, transport, ordenació territorial, vialitat, equipaments socials i moltes altres variables que podrien ampliar aquesta llista, resulten impossibles de ser estudiades i resoltes dins de les retallades de cada ràdio municipal. The Master Plan for Sierras Chicas was an innovative experience in regional planning. It was developed by a Metropolitan Planning Council, Provincial technical entities, governments of the cities included in the area under analysis, universities, professional and social entities, all of them coordinated by the Government of the Province of Cordoba. With an approximate time, span of 15 years, the Plan applies to a specific sector of the Metropolitan Area of Cordoba known as Sierras Chicas. This conurbation is made up of 11 cities and communes that lie on the eastern slope of the hills in the northwest quadrant of the metropolitan area. This corridor has undergone a disorderly and explosive population growth in the past decades as a consequence affecting its outstanding cultural, landscape, and environmental conditions, which are a heritage that should be preserved for future and current visitors and inhabitants. It has regional impact on the integration in a vast geographical space with different city territorial competencies. If planning is focused on the region, a number of aspects can be approached for a harmonic development of cities. It's impossible to analyze and plan efficiently for basins, surplus water, drinking water, sewage, energy, transport, territory ordering, roads, social equipment, and many other variables, if such analysis is made on each city in isolation.

Published
2018

6. P0509 / #847: VANCOMYCIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS ADMITTED IN A PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Author

P. Bravo, M. arellano, O. Bravo, G. pasten, R. Alarcon, M. Navarro, and R. Valecillos

Subjects
Pediatric intensive care unit, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Emergency medicine, Medicine, Vancomycin, In patient, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business, medicine.drug
Published
2021

8. Interfacial indentation test of FeB/Fe2B coatings

Author

G.A. Rodríguez-Castro, Ivan Campos-Silva, O. Bravo-Bárcenas, José Fco. Martínez-Trinidad, E. Hernández-Sánchez, and Marco Antonio Doñu-Ruíz

Subjects
Materials science, Modulus, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Fracture toughness, Residual stress, Indentation, Materials Chemistry, Fracture (geology), Knoop hardness test, Surface layer, Composite material, Boriding
Abstract

The present study uses interfacial indentation testing to estimate the adhesion of the FeB/Fe2B coating formed on the surface of borided AISI 316 steel. This technique creates and propagates a crack along the FeB/Fe2B interface and defines the apparent fracture toughness, which can then be related to the adhesion and mechanical support of the aforementioned interface. The boriding process was performed on the surface of AISI 316 steel by means of the powder-pack method at temperatures of 1123, 1173, 1223 and 1273 K with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h for each temperature. The Young's modulus for each surface layer was obtained by Knoop microindentation at a constant indentation load. Vickers microindentation fracture technique was used to generate microcracks at the FeB/Fe2B interface with varying indentation loads. The applied load, Young's modulus, hardness, and lateral crack lengths generated from the corners of the indentations, along with the depth of the FeB layer, were used to determine the apparent fracture toughness and adhesion of the FeB/Fe2B interface. The apparent fracture toughness of the FeB/Fe2B interface varied between 3.56 and 4.45 MPa m . Finally, the intensity of residual stress at the FeB/Fe2B interface was estimated as a function of the FeB layer thickness.

Published
2011

9. Formation and kinetics of FeB/Fe2B layers and diffusion zone at the surface of AISI 316 borided steels

Author

Marco Antonio Doñu-Ruíz, C. Tapia-Quintero, M. Y. Jiménez-Reyes, Ivan Campos-Silva, Martín Ortiz-Domínguez, O. Bravo-Bárcenas, and D. Bravo-Bárcenas

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Metallurgy, Kinetics, Instantaneous velocity, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Activation energy, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Materials Chemistry, Boron diffusion, Diffusion (business), Layer (electronics), Boriding
Abstract

The kinetics of the FeB/Fe 2 B layers and diffusion zone at the surface of AISI 316 steels exposed to the powder-pack boriding process were studied in this work. FeB/Fe 2 B layers and diffusion zone measurements were taken at different temperatures and exposure times to validate diffusion-controlled growth during the boriding process. In order to obtain the boron diffusion coefficients at the FeB/Fe 2 B layers and diffusion zone, a mathematical model based on the mass balance at the growing interfaces was proposed. The activation energy values estimated for the FeB and Fe 2 B layers were 204 and 198 kJ mol − 1 respectively. In addition, the activation energy value obtained for the diffusion zone was 116 kJ mol − 1 . The diffusion model was extended to estimate the FeB/Fe 2 B layer thicknesses, and the depth of the diffusion zone at the temperature of 1243 K with 3 and 5 h of exposure, based on the experimental parameters ascribed to the boriding process. Finally, the effects of the FeB/Fe 2 B growth and diffusion zone, on the weight gain of borided steels and on the instantaneous velocity of the interfaces were incorporated in the model.

Published
2010

10. Abstract P-323

Author

M. arellano, O. Bravo, G. pasten, P. Bravo, C. méndez, M. Navarro, R. Adasme, and V. Carvajal

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Ultrasound, medicine, Radiology, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business, Ultrasound guided, Brachiocephalic vein
Published
2018

11. Cu/low-k dielectric TDDB reliability issues for advanced CMOS technologies

Author

M. Shinosky, John M. Aitken, D. Harmon, Fen Chen, and O. Bravo

Subjects
Interconnection, Engineering, Dielectric strength, business.industry, Low-k dielectric, Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown, Dielectric, Integrated circuit, Condensed Matter Physics, Engineering physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Reliability (semiconductor), law, Electronic engineering, Node (circuits), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business
Abstract

With the wide application of low-k and ultra-low-k dielectric materials at the 90 nm technology node and beyond, the long-term reliability of such materials is rapidly becoming a critical challenge for technology qualification. Low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is usually considered as one of the most important reliability issues during Cu/low-k technology development because low-k materials generally have weaker intrinsic breakdown strength than traditional SiO2 dielectrics. This problem is further exacerbated by the aggressive shrinking of the interconnect pitch size due to continuous technology scaling. In this paper, three critical issues of low-k TDDB characteristics during low-k development and qualification will be reviewed. In the first part, a low-k TDDB field acceleration model and its determination will be discussed. In the second part, low-k dielectric time-to-breakdown (tBD) statistical distribution and TDDB area scaling law for reliability projection will be examined. In the last part, as low-k TDDB has been found to be sensitive to all aspects of integration, the effects of process variations on low-k TDDB degradation will be demonstrated. Some key aspects which need to be carefully addressed to control overall low-k TDDB performance from process and integration side will be discussed.

Published
2008

12. Online Monitoring of Corrosion in a Liquid-Steam Line Pipe of the Miravalles Geothermal Field

Author

L.R. Ajún, Alfredo Armando Morales Rodríguez, G. Tres, J.M. Malo, A. Arias, E.A. Saborío, and O. Bravo

Subjects
Materials science, Carbon steel, Electrical resistance and conductance, Field (physics), Linear polarization, Metallurgy, Electrochemistry, engineering, Steam line, engineering.material, Geothermal gradient, Corrosion
Abstract

The goal of this study was to evaluate the internal corrosion in a liquid-steam pipeline (type A515 low carbon steel) of the Geothermal Field of Miravalles (CGM) in Costa Rica, and to determine the corrosion thickness for future geothermal fields. The monitoring was carried out using the following techniques: linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrical resistance (ER), and weight loss. The results show for neutral or alkaline pH conditions and slightly free of oxygen, that the corrosion thickness should be 1.8 mm, in order to guarantee the integrity of the pipe over the field lifetime.

Published
2007

13. Integrated Reservoir Analysis for Optimizing Production When There is High Potential for Sanding

Author

W. Pastrana, J. C. Rabanal, F. Paz, L. Mora, R. Almeida, J. Lomas, D. Tapia, J. Á. Salas, R. Vallejo, and O. Bravo

Subjects
Engineering, Petroleum engineering, business.industry, Production (economics), business, High potential
Abstract

The objective of this work is to describe a comprehensive approach integrating static and dynamic data along with rock mechanical properties to optimize well production and avoiding premature sanding problems. The proposed procedure was used to estimate the production potential of a slanted well in the Napo M1 Sandstone which presents a high sanding potential. Starting with a detailed petrophysical analysis along with advanced sonic scanner data processing, a Mechanical Earth Model (MEM) was built. In addition to the MEM an advanced perforating design and a grain size laboratory test were finally used to develop a Sanding Model Analysis that was used to predict and measure severity of sanding problems under specific static and dynamic conditions. This holistic approach was used to determine the critical drawdown at which sanding problems could occur. A tailored critical drawdown was determined based on grain size; it was determined that small grains will start moving with drawdown of around 790 psi, while larger grain sizes will move at a drawdown close to 1790 psi. The grain size distribution per sample was then used to determine the level of severity and safe and non-safe drawdown ranges. Finally a safe bottom hole flowing pressure of ~1100 psi or drawdown of ~1190 psi with a 90% safety of no sanding problems was selected as the optimum dynamic condition for producing the well with minimum sanding risk. The well was put into production using the recommended critical drawdown. No sand production was observed at the surface. After five months of production (from 30-Aug-2014 to 4-Jan-2015), the well had accumulated 9 bbls of sand (equivalent weight: 3650 kg), lower than expected (not showing on surface) and average production was 1126 bbls of fluid per day (1075 bbls of Oil per day, 4.53% water cut), significantly higher than neighbor wells. This methodology accurately predicted the critical drawdown at which a well with potential sanding problems must be produced. It also provided highly valuable information for a better completions design and decision making on whether to use a sand control equipment or not, representing cost savings and optimizing production.

Published
2015

14. Integrated-Multidisciplinary Approach to Formation Damage Prevention and Sand Control Prediction Increases Well Productivity and Optimizes Completion Design – Case History Apaika Field, Ecuador

Author

D. Tapia, C. Madrunero, R. Almeida, J. Lomas, E. Vallejo, M. Castillo, O. Bravo, L. Diaz, J. Á. Salas, and J. C. Rabanal

Subjects
Engineering, Risk analysis (engineering), Completion (oil and gas wells), business.industry, Multidisciplinary approach, Control (management), Operations management, business, Productivity, Field (computer science)
Published
2015

16. A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

J. ABRAHAM, P. ABREU, M. AGLIETTA, E. J. AHN, D. ALLARD, I. ALLEKOTTE, J. ALLEN, J. ALVAREZ MUNIZ, M. AMBROSIO, L. ANCHORDOQUI, S. ANDRINGA, T. ANTICIC, A. ANZALONE, C. ARAMO, E. ARGANDA, K. ARISAKA, F. ARQUEROS, H. ASOREY, P. ASSIS, J. AUBLIN, M. AVE, G. AVILA, T. BACKER, D. BADAGNANI, M. BALZER, K. B. BARBER, A. F. BARBOSA, S. L. C. BARROSO, B. BAUGHMAN, P. BAULEO, J. BEATTY, B. R. BECKER, K. H. BECKER, A. BELLETOILE, J. A. BELLIDO, S. BENZVI, C. BERAT, T. BERGMANN, X. BERTOU, P. L. BIERMANN, P. BILLOIR, O. BLANCH BIGAS, F. BLANCO, M. BLANCO, H. BLUMER, M. BOHACOVA, D. BONCIOLI, C. BONIFAZI, R. BONINO, N. BORODAI, J. BRACK, P. BROGUEIRA, W. C. BROWN, R. BRUIJN, P. BUCHHOLZ, A. BUENO, R. E. BURTON, N. BUSCA, K. S. CABALLERO MORA, L. CARAMETE, R. CARUSO, A. CASTELLINA, O. CATALANO, G. CATALDI, L. CAZON, R. CESTER, J. CHAUVIN, A. CHIAVASSA, J. A. CHINELLATO, A. CHOU, J. CHUDOBA, R. W. CLAY, E. COLOMBO, R. CONCEICAO, F. CONTRERAS, H. COOK, M. COOPER, J. COPPENS, A. CORDIER, U. COTTI, S. COUTU, C. E. COVAULT, A. CREUSOT, A. CRISS, J. CRONIN, A. CURUTIU, S. DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R. DALLIER, K. DAUMILLER, B. R. DAWSON, R. M. DE, ALMEIDA, M. DEDOMENICO, C. DEDONATO, S. J. DEJONG, G. DELAVEGA, W. J. M. DEMELLOJUNIOR, J. DEMELLONETO, V. DESOUZAM, K. D. DEVRIES, G. DECERPRIT, L. DELPERAL, O. DELIGNY, A. DELLASELVA, C. DELLEFRATTE, H. DEMBINSKI, C. DIGIULIO, J. C. DIAZ, M. CASTRO, P. N. DIEP, C. DOBRIGKEIT, J. C. DOLIVO, P. N. DONG, A. DOROFEEV, J. C. DOSANJOS, M. DOVA, D. DURSO, I. DUTAN, M. A. DUVERNOIS, J. EBR, R. ENGEL, M. ERDMANN, C. O, A. ETCHEGOYEN, P. FACALSANLUIS, H. FALCKE, G. FARRAR, A. C. FAUTH, N. FAZZINI, A. FERRERO, B. FICK, A. FILEVICH, A. FILIPCIC, I. FLECK, S. FLIESCHER, C. E. FRACCHIOLLA, E. D. FRAENKEL, U. FROHLICH, W. FULGIONE, R. F. GAMARRA, S. GAMBETTA, B. GARCIA, D. GAMEZ, D. GARCIA PINTO, X. GARRIDO, G. GELMINI, H. GEMMEKEAG, P. L. GHIA, U. GIACCARI, M. GILLER, H. GLASS, L. GOGGIN, M. S. GOLD, G. GOLUP, F. GOMEZALBARRACIN, M. BERISSO, P. GONC ALVES, D. GONZALEZ, J. G. GONZALEZ, D. GORA, A. GORGI, P. GOUFFON, S. R. GOZZINI, E. GRASHORN, S. GREBE, M. GRIGAT, A. F. GRILLO, Y. GUARDINCERRI, F. GUARINO, G. P. GUEDES, J. D. HAGUE, V. HALENKA, P. HANSEN, D. HARARI, S. HARMSMA, J. L. HARTON, A. HAUNGS, T. HEBBEKER, D. HECK, A. E. HERVE, C. HOJVAT, V. C. HOLMES, P. HOMOLA, J. R. HORANDEL, A. HORNEFFER, M. HRABOVSKY, T. HUEGE, M. HUSSAIN, M. IARLORI, A. INSOLIA, F. IONITA, A. ITALIANO, S. JIRASKOVA, K. KADIJA, M. KADUCAK, K. H. KAMPERT, T. KAROVA, P. KASPER, B. KEGL, B. KEILHAUER, A. KEIVANI, J. KELLEY, E. KEMPO, R. M. KIECKHAFER, H. O. KLAGES, M. KLEIFGES, J. KLEINFELLER, R. KNAPIK, J. KNAPP, D. H. KOANG, A. KRIEGER, O. KROMER, D. KRUPPKE HANSEN, F. KUEHN, D. KUEMPEL, K. KULBARTZ, N. KUNKA, A. KUSENKO, G. LAROSA, C. LACHAUD, B. LAGO, P. LAUTRIDOU, M. S. A. B. LEAO, D. LEBRUN, P. LEBRUN, J. LEE, M. A. LEIGUIDEOLIVEIRA, A. LEMIERE, A. LETESSIER SELVON, I. LHENRY YVON, R. LOPEZ, A. LOPEZAGUERA, K. LOUEDEC, J. LOZANOBAHILO, A. LUCERO, M. LUDWIG, H. LYBERIS, M. C. MACCARONE, C. MACOLINO, S. MALDERA, D. MANDAT, P. MANTSCH, A. G. MARIAZZI, V. MARIN, I. C. MARIS, H. FALCON, O. BRAVO, H. J. MATHES, J. MATTHEWS, G. MATTHIAE, D. MAURIZIO, P. O. MAZUR, M. MCEWENBP, G. MEDINA TANCO, M. MELISSAS, D. MELO, E. MENICHETTI, A. MENSHIKOV, C. MEURER, S. MICANOVIC, M. I. MICHELETTI, W. MILLER, L. MIRAMONTI, S. MOLLERACH, M. MONASOR, D. MONNIERRAGAIGNE, F. MONTANET, B. MORALES, C. MORELLO, E. BA, J. C. MORENO, C. MORRIS, M. MOSTAFA, S. MUELLER, M. MULLER, R. MUSSA, G. NAVARRA, J. L. NAVARRO, S. NAVAS, P. NECESAL, L. NELLEN, P. NHUNG, N. NIERSTENHOEFER, D. NITZ, D. NOSEK, L. NOZKA, M. NYKLICEK, J. OEHLSCHLAGER, A. OLINTO, P. OLIVA, V. BR, M. ORTIZ, N. PACHECO, D. PAKKSELMI DEI, M. PALATKA, J. PALLOTTA, N. PALMIERI, G. PARENTE, E. PARIZOT, S. PARLATI, A. PARRA, J. PARRISIUS, R. PARSONS, S. PASTOR, T. PAUL, V. PAVLIDOU, K. PAYET, M. PECH, J. PEKALA, R. PELAYO, I. PEPE, R. PESCE, E. PETERMANN, S. PETRERA, P. PETRINCA, A. PETROLINI, Y. PETROV, J. PETROVIC, C. PFENDNER, R. PIEGAIA, T. PIEROG, M. PIMENTA, V. PIRRONELLO, M. PLATINO, V. H. PONCE, M. PONTZ, P. PRIVITERA, M. PROUZA, E. J. QUEL, J. RAUTENBERG, O. RAVEL, D. RAVIGNANI, A. REDONDO, B. REVENU, F. A. S. REZENDE, J. RIDKY, S. RIGGI, M. RISSE, P. RISTORI, C. RIVIERE, V. RIZI, C. ROBLEDO, G. RODRIGUEZ, J. RODRIGUEZMARTINO, J. RODRIGUEZROJO, I. RODRIGUEZ CABO, M. D. RODRIGUEZ FRIAS, G. ROS, J. ROSADO, T. ROSSLER, M. ROTH, B. ROUILLE DORFEUIL, E. ROULET, A. C. ROVERO, F. SALAMIDA, H. SALAZAR, G. SALINA, F. SANCHEZ, M. SANTANDER, C. E. SANTO, E. SANTO, E. M. SANTOS, F. SARAZIN, S. SARKAR, R. SATO, N. SCHARF, V. SCHERINI, H. SCHIELER, P. SCHIFFER, A. SCHMIDT, F. SCHMIDT, T. SCHMIDT, O. SCHOLTEN, H. SCHOORLEMMER, J. SCHOVANCOVA, P. SCHOVANEK, F. SCHROEDER, S. SCHULTE, F. SCHUSSLER, D. SCHUSTER, S. J. SCIUTTO, M. SCUDERI, A. SEGRETO, D. SEMIKOZ, R. SHELLARD, I. SIDELNIK, B. B. SIFFERT, G. SIGL, A. SMIAKOWSKI, R. SMIDA, G. R. SNOW, P. SOMMERS, J. SOROKIN, H. SPINKA, R. SQUARTINI, J. STASIELAK, M. STEPHAN, E. STRAZZERI, A. STUTZ, F. SUAREZ, T. SUOMIJARVI, A. D. SUPANITSKY, T. SUSA, M. S. SUTHERLAND, J. SWAIN, Z. SZADKOWSKI, A. TAMASHIRO, A. TAMBURRO, A. TAPIA, T. TARUTINA, O. TAS CAU, R. TCACIUC, D. TCHERNIAKHOVSKI, D. TEGOLO, N. T. THAO, D. THOMAS, J. TIFFENBERG, C. TIMMERMANS, W. TKACZYK, C. J. TODEROPEIXOTO, B. TOME, A. TONACHINI, P. TRAVNICEK, D. B. TRIDAPALLI, G. TRISTRAM, E. TROVATO, M. TUEROS, R. ULRICH, M. UNGER, M. URBAN, J. GALICIA, I. VALINO, L. VALORE, A. M. VANDENBERG, J. R. VAZQUEZ, R. A. VAZQUEZ, D. VEBERIC, T. VENTERS, V. VERZI, M. VIDELA, L. VILLASENOR, S. VOROBIOV, L. VOYVODIC, H. WAHLBERG, P. WAHRLICH, O. WAINBERG, D. WARNER, A. A. WATSON, S. WESTERHOFF, B. J. WHELAN, G. WIECZOREK, L. WIENCKE, B. WILCZYNSKA, H. WILCZYNSKI, C. WILLIAMS, T. WINCHEN, M. G. WINNICK, B. WUNDHEILER, T. YAMAMOTO, P. YOUNK, G. YUAN, A. YUSHKOV, E. ZAS, D. ZAVRTANIK, M. ZAVRTANIK, I. ZAW, A. ZEPEDA, M. ZIOLKOWSKI, BLEVE, Carla, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, SETTIMO, MARIANGELA, APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), APC - THEORIE, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg (UHH)-Universität Hamburg (UHH), PIERRE AUGER, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Guarino, Fausto, D'Urso, Domenico, Valore, Laura, M., Ambrosio, Aramo, Carla, DELLA SELVA, Angelo, C., Moura, Yushkov, Alexey, The Pierre Auger, Collaboration, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut für theoretische Physik, Abraham, J., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Aguirre, C., Ahn, E., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arisaka, K., Arqueros, F., Asch, T., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Badagnani, D., Barber, K., Barbosa, A., Barroso, S., Baughman, B., Bauleo, P., Beatty, J., Beau, T., Becker, B., Becker, K., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P., Billoir, P., Blanch-Bigas, O., Blanco, F., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R., Busca, N., Caballero-Mora, K., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Chye, J., Clay, R., Colombo, E., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B., de Almeida, R., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S., De La Vega, G., de Mello Junior, W., de Mello Neto, J., De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Della Selva, A., Delle Fratte, C., Dembinski, H., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J., Diep, P., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J., Dong, P., Dorofeev, A., dos Anjos, J., Dova, M., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Duvernois, M., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A., Fazzini, N., Ferrer, F., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fleck, I., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C., Fraenkel, E., Fulgione, W., Gamarra, R., Gambetta, S., García, B., García Gámez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Garrido, X., Gelmini, G., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Goggin, L., Gold, M., Golup, G., Gomez Albarracin, F., Gómez Berisso, M., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Grigat, M., Grillo, A., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G., Gutiérrez, J., Hague, J., Halenka, V., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J., Haungs, A., Healy, M., Hebbeker, T., Hebrero, G., Heck, D., Hojvat, C., Holmes, V., Homola, P., Hörandel, J., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Hussain, M., Iarlori, M., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jiraskova, S., Kaducak, M., Kampert, K., Karova, T., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Kelley, J., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R., Klages, H., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapik, R., Knapp, J., Koang, D., Krieger, A., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, K., Kunka, N., Kusenko, A., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lago, B., Lautridou, P., Leão, M., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., Lee, J., Leigui de Oliveira, M., Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., López, R., Lopez Agüera, A., Louedec, K., Lozano Bahilo, J., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A., Maris, I., Marquez Falcon, H., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martínez Bravo, O., Mathes, H., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P., Mcewen, M., Mcneil, R., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Meurer, C., Micheletti, M., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Monnier Ragaigne, D., Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, J., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C., Mueller, S., Muller, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Newman-Holmes, C., Nhung, P., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parlati, S., Parsons, R., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pavlidou, V., Payet, K., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pepe, I., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Redondo, A., Revenu, B., Rezende, F., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Rivière, C., Rizi, V., Robledo, C., Rodriguez, G., Rodriguez Martino, J., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schroeder, F., Schulte, S., Schüssler, F., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Semikoz, D., Settimo, M., Shellard, R., Sidelnik, I., Siffert, B., Sigl, G., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A., Sutherland, M., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, A., Tarutina, T., Taşcǎu, O., Tcaciuc, R., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tegolo, D., Thao, N., Thomas, D., Ticona, R., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Todero Peixoto, C., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Torres, I., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdés Galicia, J., Valiño, I., Valore, L., van den Berg, A., Vázquez, J., Vázquez, R., Veberič, D., Velarde, A., Venters, T., Verzi, V., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Vorobiov, S., Voyvodic, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Winchen, T., Winnick, M., Wu, H., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Ziolkowski, M., J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, J., ALVAREZ MUNIZ, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, T., Anticic, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, K., Arisaka, F., Arquero, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, M., Balzer, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, T., Bergmann, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., BLANCH BIGAS, F., Blanco, M., Blanco, Bleve, Carla, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, D., Boncioli, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N., Busca, K. S., CABALLERO MORA, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, A., Castellina, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, F., Contrera, H., Cook, M., Cooper, J., Coppen, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J., Cronin, A., Curutiu, S., DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R., Dallier, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., De, Almeida, M., Dedomenico, C., Dedonato, S. J., Dejong, G., Delavega, W. J. M., Demellojunior, J., Demelloneto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., Desouzam, K. D., Devrie, G., Decerprit, L., Delperal, O., Deligny, A., Dellaselva, C., Dellefratte, H., Dembinski, C., Digiulio, J. C., Diaz, M., Castro, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., Dolivo, P. N., Dong, A., Dorofeev, J. C., Dosanjo, M., Dova, D., Durso, I., Dutan, M. A., Duvernoi, J., Ebr, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C., O, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facalsanlui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, U., Frohlich, W., Fulgione, R. 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Subjects
Angstrom exponent, Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Auger, CROSS-SECTIONS, COSMIC-RAY SHOWERS, Observatory, DEPENDENCE, High-Energy Cosmic Ray, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Lidar, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], ANGSTROM EXPONENT, Pierre Auger Observatory, Bi-static lidar, ELECTRONS, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, MULTIPLE-SCATTERING, Light emission, Física nuclear, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, LIGHT-EMISSION, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Extensive air shower, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, SURFACE DETECTOR, Air fluorescence method, 0103 physical sciences, Extensive air showers, RECONSTRUCTION, Aerosol, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cosmic rays, Aerosols, Calorimeter (particle physics), Atmospheric effect, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Atmosphere, Física, Astronomy and Astrophysics, NITROGEN, Air shower, Fluorescence Telescopes, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, AEROSSOL
Abstract

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum., The successful installation and commissioning of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundaçao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; AVCR AV0Z10100502 and AV0Z10100522, GAAV KJB300100801 and KJB100100904, MSMT-CR LA08016, LC527, 1M06002, and MSM0021620859, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden- Württemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-W¨urttemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell’Istruzione,dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Grant Nos. 1 P03 D 014 30, N202 090 31/0623, and PAP/218/2006, Poland; Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Ministry for Higher Education, Science, and Technology, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Castilla La Mancha, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation USA; ALFA-EC / HELEN, European Union 6th Framework Program, Grant No. MEIF-CT-2005-025057, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIEF-GA-2008-220240, and UNESCO.

Published
2010

17. The Northen Site of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author

J. ABRAHAM, P. ABREU, M. AGLIETTA, E. J. AHN, D. ALLARD, I. ALLEKOTTE, J. ALLEN, J. ALVAREZ MUNIZ, M. AMBROSIO, L. ANCHORDOQUI, S. ANDRINGA, T. ANTICIC, A. ANZALONE, C. ARAMO, E. ARGANDA, K. ARISAKA, F. ARQUEROS, H. ASOREY, P. ASSIS, J. AUBLIN, M. AVE, G. AVILA, T. BACKER, D. BADAGNANI, M. BALZER, K. B. BARBER, A. F. BARBOSA, S. L. C. BARROSO, B. BAUGHMAN, P. BAULEO, J. BEATTY, B. R. BECKER, K. H. BECKER, A. BELLETOILE, J. A. BELLIDO, S. BENZVI, C. BERAT, T. BERGMANN, X. BERTOU, P. L. BIERMANN, P. BILLOIR, O. BLANCH BIGAS, F. BLANCO, M. BLANCO, H. BLUMER, M. BOHACOVA, D. BONCIOLI, C. BONIFAZI, R. BONINO, N. BORODAI, J. BRACK, P. BROGUEIRA, W. C. BROWN, R. BRUIJN, P. BUCHHOLZ, A. BUENO, R. E. BURTON, N. BUSCA, K. S. CABALLERO MORA, L. CARAMETE, R. CARUSO, A. CASTELLINA, O. CATALANO, G. CATALDI, L. CAZON, R. CESTER, J. CHAUVIN, A. CHIAVASSA, J. A. CHINELLATO, A. CHOU, J. CHUDOBA, R. W. CLAY, E. COLOMBO, R. CONCEICAO, F. CONTRERAS, H. COOK, M. COOPER, J. COPPENS, A. CORDIER, U. COTTI, S. COUTU, C. E. COVAULT, A. CREUSOT, A. CRISS, J. CRONIN, A. CURUTIU, S. DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R. DALLIER, K. DAUMILLER, B. R. DAWSON, R. M. DE, ALMEIDA, M. DEDOMENICO, C. DEDONATO, S. J. DEJONG, G. DELAVEGA, W. J. M. DEMELLOJUNIOR, J. DEMELLONETO, V. DESOUZAM, K. D. DEVRIES, G. DECERPRIT, L. DELPERAL, O. DELIGNY, A. DELLASELVA, C. DELLEFRATTE, H. DEMBINSKI, C. DIGIULIO, J. C. DIAZ, M. CASTRO, P. N. DIEP, C. DOBRIGKEIT, J. C. DOLIVO, P. N. DONG, A. DOROFEEV, J. C. DOSANJOS, M. DOVA, D. DURSO, I. DUTAN, M. A. DUVERNOIS, J. EBR, R. ENGEL, M. ERDMANN, C. O, A. ETCHEGOYEN, P. FACALSANLUIS, H. FALCKE, G. FARRAR, A. C. FAUTH, N. FAZZINI, A. FERRERO, B. FICK, A. FILEVICH, A. FILIPCIC, I. FLECK, S. FLIESCHER, C. E. FRACCHIOLLA, E. D. FRAENKEL, U. FROHLICH, W. FULGIONE, R. F. GAMARRA, S. GAMBETTA, B. GARCIA, D. GAMEZ, D. GARCIA PINTO, X. GARRIDO, G. GELMINI, H. GEMMEKEAG, P. L. GHIA, U. GIACCARI, M. GILLER, H. GLASS, L. GOGGIN, M. S. GOLD, G. GOLUP, F. GOMEZALBARRACIN, M. BERISSO, P. GONC ALVES, D. 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SQUARTINI, J. STASIELAK, M. STEPHAN, E. STRAZZERI, A. STUTZ, F. SUAREZ, T. SUOMIJARVI, A. D. SUPANITSKY, T. SUSA, M. S. SUTHERLAND, J. SWAIN, Z. SZADKOWSKI, A. TAMASHIRO, A. TAMBURRO, A. TAPIA, T. TARUTINA, O. TAS CAU, R. TCACIUC, D. TCHERNIAKHOVSKI, D. TEGOLO, N. T. THAO, D. THOMAS, J. TIFFENBERG, C. TIMMERMANS, W. TKACZYK, C. J. TODEROPEIXOTO, B. TOME, A. TONACHINI, P. TRAVNICEK, D. B. TRIDAPALLI, G. TRISTRAM, E. TROVATO, M. TUEROS, R. ULRICH, M. UNGER, M. URBAN, J. GALICIA, I. VALINO, L. VALORE, A. M. VANDENBERG, J. R. VAZQUEZ, R. A. VAZQUEZ, D. VEBERIC, T. VENTERS, V. VERZI, M. VIDELA, L. VILLASENOR, S. VOROBIOV, L. VOYVODIC, H. WAHLBERG, P. WAHRLICH, O. WAINBERG, D. WARNER, A. A. WATSON, S. WESTERHOFF, B. J. WHELAN, G. WIECZOREK, L. WIENCKE, B. WILCZYNSKA, H. WILCZYNSKI, C. WILLIAMS, T. WINCHEN, M. G. WINNICK, B. WUNDHEILER, T. YAMAMOTO, P. YOUNK, G. YUAN, A. YUSHKOV, E. ZAS, D. ZAVRTANIK, M. ZAVRTANIK, I. ZAW, A. ZEPEDA, M. ZIOLKOWSKI, BLEVE, Carla, COLUCCIA, MARIA RITA, DE MITRI, Ivan, MARSELLA, GIOVANNI, MARTELLO, Daniele, PERRONE, Lorenzo, SETTIMO, MARIANGELA, J., Abraham, P., Abreu, M., Aglietta, E. J., Ahn, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, J., Allen, J., ALVAREZ MUNIZ, M., Ambrosio, L., Anchordoqui, S., Andringa, T., Anticic, A., Anzalone, C., Aramo, E., Arganda, K., Arisaka, F., Arquero, H., Asorey, P., Assi, J., Aublin, M., Ave, G., Avila, T., Backer, D., Badagnani, M., Balzer, K. B., Barber, A. F., Barbosa, S. L. C., Barroso, B., Baughman, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, B. R., Becker, K. H., Becker, A., Belletoile, J. A., Bellido, S., Benzvi, C., Berat, T., Bergmann, X., Bertou, P. L., Biermann, P., Billoir, O., BLANCH BIGAS, F., Blanco, M., Blanco, Bleve, Carla, H., Blumer, M., Bohacova, D., Boncioli, C., Bonifazi, R., Bonino, N., Borodai, J., Brack, P., Brogueira, W. C., Brown, R., Bruijn, P., Buchholz, A., Bueno, R. E., Burton, N., Busca, K. S., CABALLERO MORA, L., Caramete, R., Caruso, A., Castellina, O., Catalano, G., Cataldi, L., Cazon, R., Cester, J., Chauvin, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, A., Chou, J., Chudoba, R. W., Clay, E., Colombo, Coluccia, MARIA RITA, R., Conceicao, F., Contrera, H., Cook, M., Cooper, J., Coppen, A., Cordier, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covault, A., Creusot, A., Cri, J., Cronin, A., Curutiu, S., DAGORET CAMPAGNE, R., Dallier, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, R. M., De, Almeida, M., Dedomenico, C., Dedonato, S. J., Dejong, G., Delavega, W. J. M., Demellojunior, J., Demelloneto, DE MITRI, Ivan, V., Desouzam, K. D., Devrie, G., Decerprit, L., Delperal, O., Deligny, A., Dellaselva, C., Dellefratte, H., Dembinski, C., Digiulio, J. C., Diaz, M., Castro, P. N., Diep, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., Dolivo, P. N., Dong, A., Dorofeev, J. C., Dosanjo, M., Dova, D., Durso, I., Dutan, M. A., Duvernoi, J., Ebr, R., Engel, M., Erdmann, C., O, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facalsanlui, H., Falcke, G., Farrar, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcic, I., Fleck, S., Fliescher, C. E., Fracchiolla, E. D., Fraenkel, U., Frohlich, W., Fulgione, R. F., Gamarra, S., Gambetta, B., Garcia, D., Gamez, D., GARCIA PINTO, X., Garrido, G., Gelmini, H., Gemmekeag, P. L., Ghia, U., Giaccari, M., Giller, H., Gla, L., Goggin, M. S., Gold, G., Golup, F., Gomezalbarracin, M., Berisso, P., GONC ALVES, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Gorgi, P., Gouffon, S. R., Gozzini, E., Grashorn, S., Grebe, M., Grigat, A. F., Grillo, Y., Guardincerri, F., Guarino, G. P., Guede, J. D., Hague, V., Halenka, P., Hansen, D., Harari, S., Harmsma, J. L., Harton, A., Haung, T., Hebbeker, D., Heck, A. E., Herve, C., Hojvat, V. C., Holme, P., Homola, J. R., Horandel, A., Horneffer, M., Hrabovsky, T., Huege, M., Hussain, M., Iarlori, A., Insolia, F., Ionita, A., Italiano, S., Jiraskova, K., Kadija, M., Kaducak, K. H., Kampert, T., Karova, P., Kasper, B., Kegl, B., Keilhauer, A., Keivani, J., Kelley, E., Kempo, R. M., Kieckhafer, H. O., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, R., Knapik, J., Knapp, D. H., Koang, A., Krieger, O., Kromer, D., KRUPPKE HANSEN, F., Kuehn, D., Kuempel, K., Kulbartz, N., Kunka, A., Kusenko, G., Larosa, C., Lachaud, B., Lago, P., Lautridou, M. S. A. B., Leao, D., Lebrun, P., Lebrun, J., Lee, M. A., Leiguideoliveira, A., Lemiere, A., LETESSIER SELVON, I., LHENRY YVON, R., Lopez, A., Lopezaguera, K., Louedec, J., Lozanobahilo, A., Lucero, M., Ludwig, H., Lyberi, M. C., Maccarone, C., Macolino, S., Maldera, D., Mandat, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, V., Marin, I. C., Mari, H., Falcon, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, O., Bravo, H. J., Mathe, J., Matthew, G., Matthiae, D., Maurizio, P. O., Mazur, M., Mcewenbp, G., MEDINA TANCO, M., Melissa, D., Melo, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikov, C., Meurer, S., Micanovic, M. I., Micheletti, W., Miller, L., Miramonti, S., Mollerach, M., Monasor, D., Monnierragaigne, F., Montanet, B., Morale, C., Morello, E., Ba, J. C., Moreno, C., Morri, M., Mostafa, S., Mueller, M., Muller, R., Mussa, G., Navarra, J. L., Navarro, S., Nava, P., Necesal, L., Nellen, P., Nhung, N., Nierstenhoefer, D., Nitz, D., Nosek, L., Nozka, M., Nyklicek, J., Oehlschlager, A., Olinto, P., Oliva, V., Br, M., Ortiz, N., Pacheco, D., PAKKSELMI DEI, M., Palatka, J., Pallotta, N., Palmieri, G., Parente, E., Parizot, S., Parlati, A., Parra, J., Parrisiu, R., Parson, S., Pastor, T., Paul, V., Pavlidou, K., Payet, M., Pech, J., Pekala, R., Pelayo, I., Pepe, Perrone, Lorenzo, R., Pesce, E., Petermann, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, A., Petrolini, Y., Petrov, J., Petrovic, C., Pfendner, R., Piegaia, T., Pierog, M., Pimenta, V., Pirronello, M., Platino, V. H., Ponce, M., Pontz, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, E. J., Quel, J., Rautenberg, O., Ravel, D., Ravignani, A., Redondo, B., Revenu, F. A. S., Rezende, J., Ridky, S., Riggi, M., Risse, P., Ristori, C., Riviere, V., Rizi, C., Robledo, G., Rodriguez, J., Rodriguezmartino, J., Rodriguezrojo, I., RODRIGUEZ CABO, M. D., RODRIGUEZ FRIAS, G., Ro, J., Rosado, T., Rossler, M., Roth, B., ROUILLE DORFEUIL, E., Roulet, A. C., Rovero, F., Salamida, H., Salazar, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, C. E., Santo, E., Santo, E. M., Santo, F., Sarazin, S., Sarkar, R., Sato, N., Scharf, V., Scherini, H., Schieler, P., Schiffer, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Schmidt, O., Scholten, H., Schoorlemmer, J., Schovancova, P., Schovanek, F., Schroeder, S., Schulte, F., Schussler, D., Schuster, S. J., Sciutto, M., Scuderi, A., Segreto, D., Semikoz, Settimo, Mariangela, R., Shellard, I., Sidelnik, B. B., Siffert, G., Sigl, A., Smiakowski, R., Smida, G. R., Snow, P., Sommer, J., Sorokin, H., Spinka, R., Squartini, J., Stasielak, M., Stephan, E., Strazzeri, A., Stutz, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, A. D., Supanitsky, T., Susa, M. S., Sutherland, J., Swain, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, A., Tamburro, A., Tapia, T., Tarutina, O., TAS CAU, R., Tcaciuc, D., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tegolo, N. T., Thao, D., Thoma, J., Tiffenberg, C., Timmerman, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Toderopeixoto, B., Tome, A., Tonachini, P., Travnicek, D. B., Tridapalli, G., Tristram, E., Trovato, M., Tuero, R., Ulrich, M., Unger, M., Urban, J., Galicia, I., Valino, L., Valore, A. M., Vandenberg, J. R., Vazquez, R. A., Vazquez, D., Veberic, T., Venter, V., Verzi, M., Videla, L., Villasenor, S., Vorobiov, L., Voyvodic, H., Wahlberg, P., Wahrlich, O., Wainberg, D., Warner, A. A., Watson, S., Westerhoff, B. J., Whelan, G., Wieczorek, L., Wiencke, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, C., William, T., Winchen, M. G., Winnick, B., Wundheiler, T., Yamamoto, P., Younk, G., Yuan, A., Yushkov, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, I., Zaw, A., Zepeda, M., Ziolkowski, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), PIERRE AUGER, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Guarino, Fausto, D'Urso, Domenico, Valore, Laura, Aramo, Carla, DELLA SELVA, Angelo, Yushkov, Alexey, and The Pierre Auger, Collaboration

Subjects
Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, high energy, Particle composition, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Cosmic Ray, 01 natural sciences, Auger, North-Site of the Pierre Auger Observatory, Auger Observatory, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Energy spectrum, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Neutrino, High-Energy Cosmic Ray, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Part of Focus on High Energy Cosmic Rays - see paper for full liste of authors; The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international facility dedicated to the full-sky study of the highest-energy cosmic rays. The southern site of the Auger Observatory was completed in June 2008. Data collected since January 2004 have yielded important information on the energy spectrum, the primary particle composition, the fluxes of photons and neutrinos and on the anisotropic distribution of the arrival directions of the most energetic particles. On this basis, the scientific motivation for the northern Auger Observatory site in Colorado, USA, is discussed. The overall layout, the key components and the expected performance of this 20 000 km2 hybrid observatory comprised of an array of 4400 surface detectors and 39 fluorescence telescopes are described.

Published
2010

20. Constant voltage electrodeposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) emulsions

Author

N. Marriaga, O. Bravo, R. Correa, and D. Laverde

Subjects
Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, General Chemistry, Penetration (firestop), Chloride, Galvanization, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, symbols.namesake, Chemical engineering, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, medicine, symbols, Constant voltage, medicine.drug
Abstract

In the field of organic coatings, electrodeposition is a technique that holds many advantages over traditional methods of immersion and dispersion, such as low levels of contamination, ease of control and automatization, and high penetration capacity. In this article, the results of the electrodeposition of poly(vinylidene chloride) emulsions on galvanized steel are presented. The operating conditions to form thin, uniform, and adherent films were established. A mathematical model was also developed to predict film growth with time as a function of the process parameters. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2479–2486, 1998

Published
1998

21. Optimizing Fracture Geometry and Productivity in High Permeability Reservoirs

Author

Moises Machacon, Manuel Lastre, Fernando Armirola, Arthur Milne, C. Pinto, and O. Bravo

Subjects
Permeability (earth sciences), Fracture geometry, Petroleum engineering, Geotechnical engineering, Geology
Abstract

In the Llanos basin of Colombia, there are shallow, highly permeable, poorly consolidated sandstone reservoirs close to oil-water contacts. The Carbonera formation is typical—several small, highly permeable (600 to 3000 mD) producing sands, with poorly defined barriers. High production rates and low bottom hole flowing pressures (BHFP) result in water coning and sand production. One solution is a stacked frac-pack completion. In these applications, conventional cross-linked fracturing fluids have limitations. High polymer concentrations and viscosity are required to control fluid leak-off and create a sufficiently wide hydraulic fracture to admit proppant. High fluid viscosity has led to uncontrolled fracture growth into oil-water contacts, while the high polymer concentration decreases fracture conductivity and effective half-length. A linear fluid comprised of polyacrylamide and polysaccharide polymers has proved an effective solution. The polyacrylamide greatly enhances fluid efficiency and elasticity, while reducing friction pressures and horsepower requirements. Fluid elasticity ensures adequate proppant transport. Fluid efficiency is determined by the polyacrylamide concentration and adjusted to achieve the required fracture geometry. The use of this fluid along with a geomechanical model and pseudo 3D fracturing simulator ensures that the propped fracture remains within the producing sand, with increased effective fracture half-length and conductivity. The polyacrylamide reduces the effective permeability to water and limits potential conning, when the well is produced. Wells completed with frac-packs using the linear fluid produce an average of 1420 bbl/day of fluid with 20% water-cut. The fluid efficiency during the treatments varies between 30% and 15% as a function of permeability. Offset conventionally gravel packed wells with a lower bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP) average 980 bbl/day of fluid with 60% water-cut. Frac-packs, using an efficient linear fluid together with a geomechanical model and a pseudo 3D fracturing simulator have greatly improved the economics of producing these highly permeable reservoirs—maximizing production and recoverable reserves, while minimizing water production.

Published
2011

22. Angular levers and power in the human body

Author

O. Bravo

Subjects
Kinematic chain, Engineering, business.industry, Biomedical Engineering, Biomechanics, General Medicine, Human body, musculoskeletal system, Power (physics), Human skeleton, medicine.anatomical_structure, Control theory, medicine, business, Simulation, Physical law
Abstract

The results obtained from observations and measurements, based on radiographic sequences, of the levers that operate in the rotations of some sectors of the human body around their natural fulcra (ankle, knee, elbow) are reported. They are based on rigorous application of the laws of physics to human movement, no matter how complex. The results show the economy and simplicity of design in the kinematic chain structures into which the human skeleton can be decomposed. >

Published
1992

23. Correlation between I–V slope and TDDB voltage acceleration for Cu/low-k interconnects

Author

John M. Aitken, O. Bravo, M. Shinosky, J. Gambino, Matthew Angyal, D. Badami, F. Chen, and Baozhen Li

Subjects
Acceleration, Materials science, Reliability (semiconductor), Dielectric strength, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Optoelectronics, Wafer, Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown, Dielectric, business, Fluence, Voltage
Abstract

In this paper, a correlation between the I–V slope at low fields and TDDB voltage acceleration is demonstrated for the first time, based on a wide range of data from 32nm to 130nm node hardware. The data supports the √E model, which is based on electron fluence (leakage current) driven, Cu catalyzed, low-k dielectric breakdown. Using this correlation, a fast wafer level screen method was also implemented for process improvement and TDDB reliability monitoring.

Published
2009

24. Line edge roughness and spacing effect on low-k TDDB characteristics

Author

Anthony K. Stamper, M. Shinosky, Alvin W. Strong, James R. Lloyd, F. Chen, Paul S. McLaughlin, Kaushik Chanda, Ravi Achanta, O. Bravo, Sujatha Sankaran, Z.X. He, and E. Gebreselasie

Subjects
Stress (mechanics), Materials science, Electric field, Electronic engineering, Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown, Curvature, Scaling, Intensity (heat transfer), Finite element method, Line (formation), Computational physics
Abstract

The study of low-k TDDB line space scaling is important for assuring robust reliability for new technologies. Although spacing effects due to line edge roughness (LER) on low-k TDDB lifetime were reported previously (Chen et al., 2007; Lloyd et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2007), there has been a lack of an analytical model with which to link line edge roughness to experimental TDDB data in a simple quantitative format. This work reports a thorough investigation into the low-k SiCOH line LER effect on low-k TDDB covering both experimental results and finite element modeling (FEM) simulations. The maximum electric field intensity as a result of sidewall LER bump was found to depend on the bump curvature. The decrease of low-k line spacing that resulted in a shorter TDDB lifetime even under the same applied electric field was then carefully analyzed. A simple analytical model of the effect of line edge roughness on TDDB failure time reduction is presented. This model was verified by experimental results. Additionally, a method to electrically quantify an overall line edge roughness is introduced.

Published
2008

25. Effect of landscape position on the acidification of loess-derived soils under Pinus radiata

Author

Nilda Mabel Amiotti, Pablo Zalba, Norman Peinemann, and O. Bravo

Subjects
Total organic carbon, geography, PH KCL-PREDICTION MODELS, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, biology, Soil acidification, Pinus radiata, Agricultura, biology.organism_classification, LANDSCAPE-VEGETATION INTERACTION, complex mixtures, Grassland, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Loess, Soil water, Environmental science, Spatial variability, SOIL ACIDIFICATION, Saturation (chemistry), Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, TREE
Abstract

Interactions between landscape position and the acidifying effect of trees planted into loess-derived grassland soils were studied in the Ventana region of Argentina. Forests of Pinus radiata planted at the end of 1940, were selected in two different positions from the landscape, plains and slopes. Samples of the soil surface mineral horizon were taken from landscape positions at four distances from the trees and compared with grassland soils. The values of the main soil chemical properties changed significantly with distance from trees, with a decrease in pH, base saturation, exchangeable Ca2+, Mg 2+ and K+, and increase in Na+, Al3+ and particularly H+ closer to the trees. This pattern confirms the prominent role of vegetation in bringing about changes in soil properties. Regression models showed high levels of explanation (r2 > 0.85) indicating that a high percentage of the spatial variability of soil chemical properties is systematic and predictable with distance from the trees. The pH in KCl proved an excellent tool for predicting the cationic composition of soils. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were significantly higher in the plains positions than in the slopes under the trees, whereas there was no difference under grassland. The slopes of the regression lines indicated that acidification is more intense in soils on the plains. Vegetation was the main factor influencing acidification of the studied soils. The landscape position regulates the bio-hydrological factor and thus the speed of acidification process. Fil: Amiotti, Nilda Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Bravo, Oscar Abel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Zalba, Pablo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Peinemann, Norman. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina

Published
2007

26. A Comprehensive Study of Low-k SiCOH TDDB Phenomena and Its Reliability Lifetime Model Development

Author

Kaushik Chanda, James R. Lloyd, Jason Gill, John M. Aitken, F. Chen, P. McLaughlin, O. Bravo, Timothy D. Sullivan, and R. Kontra

Subjects
Materials science, Reliability (semiconductor), Dielectric strength, Field (physics), Electric field, Electronic engineering, Field dependence, Time-dependent gate oxide breakdown, Dielectric, Diffusion (business), Engineering physics
Abstract

In the course of Cu/low-k technology development and qualification, low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is rapidly becoming one of the most important reliability issues. In order to accurately predict low-k TDDB reliability, it is crucial to clarify the electric field dependence and temperature dependence of time-to-breakdown. In this study, bias-temperature stresses of CVD low-k SiCOH dielectric at the 65nm technology node were conducted over a wide range of fields and temperatures. Based on the extensive long-term test results (longer than one year), it was found that the "square-root of E" (radicE) dependence seems to be the best choice for modeling field dependent TDDB data. It was also determined that the TDDB activation energy is dependent on electric field, and that the field acceleration parameter for the radicE model decreases with increasing temperature. The physical mechanism behind radicE and the role of Cu diffusion during bias-temperature-stress are discussed, and an electron-fluence-driven, Cu-catalyzed SiCOH breakdown model is introduced. Finally, it is emphasized that great care must be taken in evaluating low-k dielectric TDDB when different stress fields and temperatures are used for chip operational lifetime projections

Published
2006

27. A 45 nm CMOS node Cu/Low-k/ Ultra Low-k PECVD SiCOH (k=2.4) BEOL Technology

Author

Eva E. Simonyi, William F. Landers, T. H. Ivers, Thomas M. Shaw, K. Ida, D. Jung, Sujatha Sankaran, Kaushal Patel, Johnny Widodo, Naftali E. Lustig, M. Chae, Kaushik Chanda, G. A. Biery, Wan-jae Park, J. Sucharitaves, W. Liu, T. Ko, Christos D. Dimitrakopoulos, M. Kelling, Stephen M. Gates, R. G. Filippi, D. Nielsen, John A. Fitzsimmons, O. Bravo, M. Beck, Satya V. Nitta, Terry A. Spooner, L. Economikos, T. Bolom, Alfred Grill, John G. Pellerin, X. Liu, Eric G. Liniger, G. Matusiewicz, E. Kaltalioglu, C. Tian, Mukta G. Farooq, F. Chen, David L. Rath, Griselda Bonilla, D. Nguyen, Nicholas C. M. Fuller, P. Davis, S. Arai, Daniel C. Edelstein, J.P. Doyle, Kevin S. Petrarca, P. Ong, Kaushik A. Kumar, H. Wendt, L. Wiggins, V. Patel, Stephan Grunow, W. Li, L. Nicholson, I. Melville, Sanjay Mehta, Stephen E. Greco, J. Werking, Robert L. Wisnieff, B. Moon, Darryl D. Restaino, S. Marokkey, R. Hannon, Myoung-Bum Lee, Theodorus E. Standaert, Shom Ponoth, Paul S. McLaughlin, R. Augur, P. V. McLaughlin, C. Labelle, A. Cowley, H. Shoba, S. Rhee, K. Malone, Stephan A. Cohen, Michael Lane, E.T. Ryan, H. Landis, Larry Clevenger, James R. Lloyd, James J. Demarest, Andrew H. Simon, and K. Miyata

Subjects
Back end of line, Reliability (semiconductor), Materials science, CMOS, Homogeneous, business.industry, Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, Electronic engineering, Copper interconnect, Optoelectronics, Node (circuits), Parasitic extraction, business
Abstract

A high performance 45nm BEOL technology with proven reliability is presented. This BEOL has a hierarchical architecture with up to 10 wiring levels with 5 in PECVD SiCOH (k=3.0), and 3 in a newly-developed advanced PECVD ultralow-k (ULK) porous SiCOH (k=2.4). Led by extensive circuit performance estimates, the detrimental impact of scaling on BEOL parasitics was overcome by strategic introduction of ULK at 2times wiring levels, and increased 1times wire aspect ratios in low-k, both done without compromising reliability. This design point maximizes system performance without adding significant risk, cost or complexity. The new ULK SiCOH film offers superior integration performance and mechanical properties at the expected k-value. The dual damascene scheme (non-poisoning, homogeneous ILD, no trench etch-stop or CMP polish-stop layers) was extended from prior generations for all wiring levels. Reliability of the 45 nm-scaled Cu wiring in both low-k and ULK levels are proven to meet the criteria of prior generations. Fundamental solutions are implemented which enable successful ULK chip-package interaction (CPI) reliability, including in the most aggressive organic flip-chip FCPBGA packages. This represents the first successful implementation of Cu/ULK BEOL to meet technology reliability qualification criteria

Published
2006

28. [Oncocytic schneiderian papilloma. A case report]

Author

O, Bravo Domínguez, M, Vela Cortina, R D, Ramírez Ruiz, A, Ros Vergara, D, Dinarés Jaumeandreu, L, Encina Ruiz, G, Arias Cuchí, M C, Ardíaca Bosch, and E, Cánovas Robles

Subjects
Papilloma, Nose Neoplasms, Humans, Female, Nasal Cavity, Aged
Abstract

Cylindrical cell papilloma is the rarest of three morphologically distinct papillomas that occur in the nose and paranasal sinuses. We report a case of a woman affected of a right sinonasal mass who was removed with the final histopatological diagnosis of oncocytic schneiderian papilloma. We review the literature clinical findings, treatment and evolution.

Published
2005

29. [ORL manifestations of myasthenia gravis]

Author

O, Bravo Domínguez, M, Foglia Fernández, X, González Compte, R, Jiménez Montoya, J, Girons Bonells, and M, Dicenta Sousa

Subjects
Adult, Epistaxis, Myasthenia Gravis, Humans, Female, Deglutition Disorders, Ulcer, Nasal Septum
Abstract

Myasthenia gravis is an illness of insidious onset whose first manifestation often is dysphagia. We report the case of a 25 year-old woman who consulted for nosebleed. On her first visit she referred progressive dysphagia, but the results of endoscopic digestive examination and indirect laryngoscopy were normal. The condition evolved until the appearance of weakness of the extremities suggested myasthenia. Myasthenia gravis was diagnosed by means of electromyography and determinations of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors. We reviewed the literature on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and treatment of this condition. This case highlights the importance of suspecting myasthenia gravis in young women with dysphagia and a family or personal history of autoimmune disease in order to reach an early diagnosis and treatment.

Published
2001

30. [Treatment of laryngeal stenosis with laser]

Author

M, Foglia Fernández, X, González Compta, O, Bravo Domínguez, and M, Dicenta Sousa

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Humans, Female, Laryngostenosis, Laser Therapy, Middle Aged, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

Laryngo-tracheal stenosis are conditions in which the treatment remain under discussion and sometimes is far from disappointing. Our results are commented and literature perusal of the subject as well.

Published
2000

31. [Multiple extramedullary plasmocytoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. A case report]

Author

M, Foglia Fernández, J, Nogués Orpí, G, Arias Cuchí, O, Bravo Domínguez, and M, Dicenta Sousa

Subjects
Male, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Humans, Middle Aged, Multiple Myeloma, Combined Modality Therapy, Laryngeal Neoplasms
Abstract

Solitary or multiple extramedullary plasmacytoma is and odd condition. We report one case of multiple extramedullary plasmacytoma of pharyngolaryngeal site, stressing the importance of the area covered in order to rule out the most frequent systemic disease, that is the multiple myeloma. Comments about pathological anatomy features of the diagnosis and elective treatment as well.

Published
2000

32. [Otorhinolaryngological manifestations of varicella-zoster virus]

Author

O, Bravo Domínguez, X, González Compta, M, Foglia Fernández, R D, Ramírez Ruiz, E, Amilibia Cabeza, and M, Dicenta Sousa

Subjects
Herpesvirus 3, Human, Chickenpox, Neuritis, Cranial Nerves, Humans, Female, Aged
Abstract

Otological complications of varicella-zoster syndrome (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) include facial paralysis, tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, dysgeusia, and skin rash. The lower cranial nerves sometimes are affected by this neuritis. A case is reported of a woman without immune-system impairment who had cranial multineuritis with unilateral involvement of the VII, VIII, IX and X cranial nerves after infection with varicella-zoster virus without herpetic lesions.

Published
1999

33. Empleo del garbanzo (cicer arietinum) como única fuente proteica para el cerdo

Author

Alberto Casarín Valverde, Francisco O. Bravo, Luis Angel De Uriarte, and Armando S. Shimada

Subjects
Garbanzo, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Se condujeron tres experimentos con objeto de valorar la utilización del garbanzo como alimento para cerdos de abasto. En el primero se emplearon 24 lechones, Duroc y Hampshire, de 17 kg y se estudió la inclusión de niveles crecientes de DL-metionina (0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.42%) a raciones con garbanzo, durante tres perí­odos de engorda (17-35, 36"¢60, 61-90 kg). Se observó un efecto cuadrático significativo (P < 0.05) sobre la ganancia de peso y la eficiencia alimenticia de toda; las etapas, excepto la conversión alimenticia de la fase de finalización, que fue de tipo lineal. El efecto cuadrático pudo deberse a que el nivel más alto de metionina haya resultado en un imbalance de aminoácidos. El segundo experimento se llevó a cabo con 24 lechones Hampshire de 20 kg y se dividió en dos fases; en la primera (20-35 kg) se emplearon niveles erecientes de L-lisina (0, 0.07, 0.15 y 0.22%) observándose un efecto cuadrático significativo, nuevamente debido a un imbalance. En la segunda fase, se compararon combinaciones de sorgo-garbanzo que resultaron en dietas con niveles crecientes de lisina total (0.66, 0.74, 0.82 y 0.90% lisina); los datos de ganancia de peso mostraron que los crecimientos óptimos se lograron con 0.82 y 0.90% de lisina. En el tercer experimento, con 60 lechones Yorkshire X Duroc de 24 kg, se compararon las combinaciones sorgo-soya y sorgo-garbanzo, obteniéndose comportamientos similares para ambos tratamientos. La dieta con garbanzo permitió un ahorro de $0.62 en el costo de producción por kg de ganancia, teniendo además la ventaja de prescindir del uso del sorgo y la pasta de soya.

Published
1976

45. [Cricoid calcification in the study of esophageal foreign bodies]

Author

X, González Compta, J, Menén Navarro, M, Foglia Fernández, O, Bravo Domínguez, M, Sandoval Puig, and M, Dicenta Sousa

Subjects
Adult, Male, Aging, Coturnix, Foreign Bodies, Bone and Bones, Cricoid Cartilage, Diagnosis, Differential, Calcification, Physiologic, Esophagus, Animals, Humans, Esophagoscopy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Abstract

Lateral radiography of the neck is performed for the study of radio-opaque esophageal foreign bodies that are not visualized by indirect laryngoscopy. This projection may reveal a calcified linear image behind the cricoid cartilage due to calcification of the posterior lamina. In such cases, esophagoscopy and/or computed tomography must be performed to determine whether the image is due to an anatomic variant or a true foreign body.

Published
1998

47. Laser polarimeter LP101M and its applications in liquid cromatography

Author

R. Gonzalez, O. Bravo, G. Cossio, M. Martinez, V. Fajer, and C. Rodriguez

Subjects
Chromatography, Chemistry, law, Measuring principle, Sugar cane, Detector, Polarimetry, Analytical chemistry, Medium molecular weight, Polarimeter, Laser, Filtration, law.invention
Abstract

cromatography achieving a sensitivity better than 0.001°. The operation principle and technical characteristics ofthis instrumentare described. It was also designed and calibrated a liquid gel cromatography column system suitable for sugar cane juiceanalysis. It was separated and analyzed the medium molecular weight carbohydrates and demonstrated the strong influence ofthese substances in the conventional polarimetric determinationsKeywords: laser polarimeter, polarimeter, chromatographic detector, polarimetric detector1 INTRODUCTIONThe magneto-optical polarimeter LASERPOL 1O1M (LP1O1M) has been designed and constructed' for high sensibilityapplications.One ofthe applications developed on the basis ofthe measurement principle conceived consists in the use of theLP1O1M as a detector for liquid gel chromatography2.The employment ofchromatograhic methods such as the filtration through gels3 allowed it to be established that colloids (PS)and carbohydrates ofmedium molecular weight(MMW) vary their concentration in thejuice during the growth and developmentofthe sugarcane plants.These studies require liquid chromatograhic separations through gels, which permit the separation of PS and MMW The

Published
1996

48. Ochroconis gallopavum and Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare in an immunocompetent patient

Author

Lazaro O. Bravo and Viseth Ngauy

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, biology, business.industry, Ochroconis gallopavum, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Medicine, Mycobacterium avium complex, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology
Published
2004

50. Intraannual variations in the pollinic spectrum of honey from the lower valley of the River Chubut (Patagonia, Argentina)

Author

O. Bravo, A. Forcone, and M.G. Ayestarán

Subjects
VARIACION ESTACIONAL, Apiary, ANALISIS CUANTITATIVO, BEE PLANTS, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Tamarix gallica, PLANTAS MELIFERAS, Pollen, Botany, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, SEASONAL VARIATION, POLEN, medicine, Nectar, ARGENTINA, IDENTIFICATION, IDENTIFICACION, POLLEN, PALINOLOGIA, biology.organism_classification, Honey samples, Horticulture, PALYNOLOGY, MIEL, HONEY, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Thirty honey samples from the lower valley of the River Chubut, obtained by successive harvests in five apiaries overtwo consecutive apicultural periods (between 1997 and 2000) were analysed. Three hives per apiary were selected, fromwhich three successive harvests were obtained at the end of the following periods: initial (September 1st-December 20th),middle (December 20th-January 30th) and final (January 30th-March 15th). Pollen types were identified by comparisonwith a reference collection. Both reference pollen and sample pollen were subjected to acetolysis. A total of fifty entomophilouspollen types were identified: thirty-six, thirty-five and thirty-seven in initial, middle and final periods,respectively. The most abundant pollen was similar over the whole season, due to the long flowering periods of the taxaproducing dominant and secondary pollen. Tamarix gallica and Medicago sativa were main sources of nectar duringthe entire production period. Significant differences (P Se analizó el contenido polínico de 30 muestras de miel obtenidas de forma secuencial en cinco colmenares del valle inferior del río Chubut durante dos temporadas apícolas consecutivas, entre los años 1997 y 2000. Se seleccionaron tres colmenas por apiario, en las que se efectuaron cosechas sucesivas correspondientes a tres períodos de la temporada apícola: inicial (1 de septiembre-20 de diciembre), medio (20 de diciembre-30 de enero) y final (30 de enero-15 de marzo). Los tipos polínicos fueron reconocidos por comparación con una colección de referencia de polen provenientes de plantas del lugar. En todos los casos el polen fue acetolizado. Se identificó un total de 50 tipos de polen entomófilo, 36 en el período inicial, 35 en el período medio y 37 en el período final. Al comparar los períodos de cosechas se detectaron diferencias significativas (P

Published
2003

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