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The purpose of the research is to model the pathogen Uncinaria stenocephala in laboratory rodents.Materials and methods. The material for research was the nematode U. stenocephala. The source of the infection was a domestic dog from the Stupinsky district of the Moscow region. In fecal samples, from 90 to 360 helminth eggs were recorded in 1 g of feces. Helminth eggs were obtained by flotation using the Fulleborn and McMaster method. A suspension of larvae was taken into an insulin syringe to a volume of 1 ml and each dose was counted in a watch glass with a diameter of 8 cm. DBA mice and laboratory Beagle dogs were used in the experiments.Results and discussion. An oral challenge dose of 100 U. stenocephala (L3) larvae was fatal to laboratory mice. Over the 6th day of life, the animals decreased their body weight by 3 g. With a reduced oral dose, for 7–14 days the animals showed ruffled hair and, in isolated cases, dyspepsia. When the infective material was administered subcutaneously, no clinical signs of infection were observed in experimental rodents. After infecttion of Beagle dogs with U. stenocephala larvae, no clinical picture of nematode parasitism was observed. After 21 days, the first helminth eggs appeared in the feces of carnivorous animals. On the 28th day and beyond, the release of helminth eggs in dogs increased. From 360 to 2370 U. stenocephala eggs were found in 1 g of feces.

The purpose of the research is a comparative study of morphological changes in Trichinella spiralis capsules and larvae in the lynx and laboratory animals.Materials and methods. The experiment used striated muscle tissue from spontaneously infected lynxes and from white rats experimentally infected with T. spiralis larvae isolated from wild animals in the Kirov Region. Morphometric studies of T. spiralis capsules and larvae in the lynx muscle tissue were conducted on temporary histologic specimens.Results and discussion. Lemon-shaped (50%) and oval (40%) capsules were found in the entire muscle mass of the white rats, and only 10% of the larvae were round in shape. The lynx was not found to have lemon-shaped capsules; oval (60%) and round (40%) capsules predominated. The studies show that the parasite capsule size and shape indicate the adaptive abilities of T. spiralis to various types of host muscle tissue and their morphological characteristics, and are largely determined by the symplast structure and size.

The purpose of the research is to study the morphological changes in the capsules of Trichinella spiralis larvae and their distribution in muscles.Materials and methods. In the experiment, 12 white rats were used, divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each. Rats of the first group were infected with T. spiralis larvae at a dose of 5 larvae per 1 g of body weight, the second – at a dose of 40 larvae per 1 g, rats of the 3rd group served as control and were not infected. The selective dispersal of larvae was studied by determining the intensity of infection in post-mortem studies of the main muscle groups of the animal and measuring the capsules of larvae in different muscle groups.Results and discussion. In the entire muscle mass, 45±10 T. spiralis larvae/animal were found in the 1st group, in the 2nd group the number of larvae was 2250±180, in the control group no T. spiralis larvae were found. It has been established that the distribution of T. spiralis larvae in the muscles of infected animals depends on the dose of infection: at low doses, the largest number was found in the gastrocnemius muscles and diaphragm, at high doses, the number of larvae in the muscles of the head sharply increases.

The purpose of the research is study of morphological and functional characteristics of Trichinella sp. larvae in bears and badgers in the Kirov Region.Materials and methods. The compressor trichinelloscopy (CT) method was used to study 72 sections of muscle tissue samples (in accordance with the Guidelines "Prevention of helminthiasis transmitted through meat and meat products" dated September 23, 1996) from animals obtained during scientific culling. The sections were prepared from the diaphragmatic peduncle muscles and the diaphragm of bears and badgers along the muscle fibers, and placed in the compressorium. The sections were then transferred to glass slides, and provisional slides were prepared and examined using various magnifications (× 8, × 20, × 40). Morphometric measurements were performed using a microscope at × 40 magnification, then the capsule index was calculated. Digestion (peptolysis) in artificial gastric juice was performed according to the P. A. Vladimirova’s method modified by A. V. Uspensky and F. Skvortsova after the test samples were placed in various temperature conditions from 5 to -18 °C, and the parameters of both animal species were compared. The viability of Trichinella sp. larvae was evaluated in a Petri dish in saline at a room temperature. Morphological changes were recorded in the larvae structure (coiled larvae against the total number of isolated, coiled and stretched larvae) and their mobility.Results and discussion. We studied badgers and bears infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae in the Kirov Region. The Trichinella sp. larvae were found in all examined sections of the infected animals. The infection intensity was higher in the badger than the bear and amounted to 218±79.5 larvae per 1 g of muscle, while it was 115±28.5 in the bear. The stated above is explained by the fact that the badger eats carrion more often, and typically visits spontaneous dumps. For postmortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in the obtained bears and badgers, we can use trichinelloscopy and peptolysis methods which are aimed at detecting infection sources and preventing zoonosis in humans.

The purpose of the research is analyze the localization of Trichinella sp. in animals muscle and to evaluate the methods of intravital and post-mortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in domestic, wild and game animals.Materials and methods. In order to prevent trichinellosis in human population and animals, life-time and post-mortem diagnosis methods for trichinellosis are widely used. Life-time diagnosis of trichinellosis is based on detection of specific antibodies in blood serum of sick animals. Modern immunological assays allow detecting specific antibodies (immunoglobulins J and M) at 10–12 days after infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with fractionated antigen has the greatest real possibility of application for individual and mass seroepizootic studies of pigs and horses; ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test. Veterinary and sanitary examination is conducted by methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis (muscle tissue digested in artificial gastric juice). For the compression research method, in particular for pig carcasses, 2 samples of the diaphragmatic peduncles of 60 g each are taken. It is also possible to study samples from masticatory muscles, tongue, intercostal space or esophagus. Twelve sections are made from each sample (24 in total). A more sensitive and productive method is the digestion of muscle tissue using a set of diagnostic devices and instruments such as AVT. The method is based on peptolysis of crushed muscle tissue in technological reactors. Diagnosis of trichinellosis using such devices makes it possible to automate and mechanize all processes associated with the isolation of Trichinella larvae. The main application areas of the devices are meat processing factories, fur farms or veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories in the markets.Results and discussion. We presented data on the role of veterinary and sanitary examination for trichinellosis in susceptible animals as the core measure in the system of measures to prevent this infection. We analyzed indicators of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice. Factors of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice were analyzed. Information was given on localization of Trichinella larvae in various species of domestic and wild animals, optimal sampling sites and volumes of muscle tissue samples with the existing methods of examination for trichinellosis. To study fresh carcasses for trichinellosis at meat processing factories, the peptolysis method is recommended.

The purpose of the research is determination of optimal muscle tissue areas for confirmation of diagnosis in the lynx by trichinelloscopy.Materials and methods. The distribution of Trichinella sp. larvae were studied in spontaneously infected lynxes by the trichinelloscopy method when examining 72 sections in a compressorium. In addition to calculating the total number of isolated larvae and the percentage in muscles, we recalculated per 1 g of animal muscles and performed morphometry of the area and perimeter of Trichinella sp. capsules from various muscles, and calculated the ratio of the capsule length and width, and the M value (arithmetic mean): the area of the capsule and its perimeter. We determined the percentage ratio of the larva size to the capsule and the position in the myosymplast using the Vision Bio system (Epi 2014). The results were statistically processed using the Microsoft Excel software package. The larvae were photographed directly from the screen with digital signal processed by the Vision Bio system (Epi 2014).Results and discussion. It has been found that the capsules in the muscles are more often rounded (90% of all Trichinella sp. have a length-to-width ratio of 1.1 : 1). However, there are also oval capsules, the largest number of which was recorded in the masticatory muscles (33% of the total capsules in the masticatory muscles). When studying the selective expansion of larvae, it was found that the masticatory muscles, tongue, diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles were the most populated. Conclusion. We identified high prevalence and intensity of infection in the lynx, which indicates not only the epizootic significance of the lynx in the spread of trichinellosis in the Kirov Region, but also its epidemiological significance as a source of infection. Due to the fact that the meat of this animal is eaten and there is a risk of human infection, it is necessary to examine the carcasses of these animals for trichinellosis by the compressor trichinelloscopy method or by the peptolysis method.

The purpose of the research is studying intestinal mucosa-associated lymphadenoids (MALT) at trichinellosis. Materials and methods. The number of lymphoid nodules and Peyer’s patches was counted by grossing and microscope slides of intestinal specimen. We investigated their syntopy and morphological traits in Trichinella-infected and control animals. All morphological structures were described in accordance with anatomical, immunological and histological terminology. Results and discussion. The number of lymphoid nodules in the intestinal wall thickness increased by 1.63 times in the experimental group. The changes involved the syntopy of lymphoid tissue. There was an even distribution of lymphoid nodules being concentrated in some segments in the form of Peyer’s patches. The size of the grouped nodules in the experimental trichinellosis increased 1.31 times in the small intestine, and 1.26 times in the straight intestine. It was found that the MALTs were sensitive to the infection. Immunomorphological studies of the MALT should be considered in the development of safe complex drugs, immunostimulants or vaccines. Further, the condition of the MALT should be taken into account in the pathogenesis of trichinellosis along with classical methods such as parasitological (larvae or egg counts), immunological, immunohistochemical or other methods.

Objective of research: The purpose of this research was to study the changes of histology picture and macroanatomic changes in cephenomiosis of elks and to estimate the efficacy of sodium azide against gadfly larvae. Materials and methods: Macroanatomic studies of nasal cavity, sinuses and Eustachian tubes were conducted. Furthermore, histological examinations of elk’s brain with gadfly larvae were carried out to investigate some aspects of pathogenesis of oestrosis. Hard cerebral shell was dissected and removed. After removing brain was dissected into small slices that were placed to the fixative solution. Brain was dissected by standard methods; brain slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. We used carbol-xilol in proportion 1: 4-1: 10 for clearing brain slices. When using this staining method, cell nuclei are purple or blue, cytoplasm is pink-red, connective tissue light pink. Effects of different disinfectants (sodium azide solution 0,1 %, chlorophos 0,1 %, formalin 1 %) on gadfly larvae were studied. extrosal encephalitis Results and discussion: Pathologic-anatomical studies enabled to detect the pronounced microscopic features of meningoencephalitis (hyperthermia, mild hemorrhage, brain swelling). The diagnosis of meningoencephalitis was confirmed after histological examination of several brain sections. More than 300 Cephenemyia ulrichii larvae were detected. When investigating histological slices we carried out differential diagnostics of prion-related encephalitis. Inflammatory infiltrates around the vessels, changes in the vessel wall, diffuse proliferative response of micro-and oligodendroglia were determined. Direct effects of causative agents on brain tissue are important for pathogenesis of extrosal encephalitis. Allergic reactions have also a definite value, especially in subacute encephalitis due to the large number of parasitizing larvae. Sodium azide and chlorophos solutions have proved to be the most effective against gadfly larvae. It was found that larvae died within several hours in sodium azide and chlorophos solution 0,1%. However, in comparison to chlorophos, sodium azide did not cause the death of soil microflora.

The purpose of the research is studying leishmaniosis peculiarities of carnivores in Russia and Italy.Materials and methods. 2000 samples of sera were studied with antigen from Leishmania (Roma) at the IFAT, Italy, 174 samples in crystallographic tests, 76 samples from the dogs from Italy, 52 samples from different preying animals and 46 samples from the dogs were studied in ELISA with an antigen from Toxocara sp. and Trichinella sp. (VNIIP).Results and discussion. Leishmaniosis was registered in the RF in Dagestan, Crimea and etc. Currently leishmaniosis of dogs is widely spread in the peninsular and insular Italy. Sporadic eruptions occur to the east from the Apennines, in central Italy and in some regions of the North Piedmont and Aosta Valley, and in the provinces Verona, Brescia and Rimini. Many occasions were registered in Tuscany. A leishmaniosis control is mainly based on identification and treatment of infected dogs in combination with a transmitter control and a control over animal bowls. Over 30% of samples were positive in Italy and 0.7% of samples were positive in the south of Russia. Over 80% of sera that reacted with leishmaniosis antigen (1/160 and more) reacted in enzyme immunoassay EIA with Toxocara sp. and Trichinella sp. antigens. The obtained data on sporadic occasions in the south of Russia evidence the need for epidemiologic, epizootological and entomological investigations in specified areas and for the development of an epidemiologic surveillance system for leishmaniosis covering all the complex of antiepidemic measures.

Objective of research: To study the prevalence of toxocariasis in the Kirov region, the coproovoscopic investigations of domestic carnivorous and caged fur-bearing animals have been conducted.Materials and methods: Before and after dehelmintization, the blood of carnivorous from fur farms of the Kirov region were tested. Blood tests of carnivorous were performed by standard hematological, crystalloscopic and immunological methods (ring-precipitation test with the BIEM antigen prepared from adult Toxocara parasites) using for the medical and biological analysis the software West Medica Produktionsund HandelsGmbH.The registration of the efficacy of dehelmintization was carried out by coproovoscopy of feces before and 10 days after giving the anthelmintic using the counting chamber VIGIS (Kotel'nikov G.A., Migacheva L.D., 1987)Results and discussion: Helminth eggs in feces of carnivorous (polar fox, silver-black and red fox, mink) were examined by the flotation method of Fuelleborni before and after dehelmintization with tetramisole using the group method. During the coproovoscopic examination, Toxocara eggs were found in 0,5% of anonymous fecal samples, in 0,1% of fecal samples from domestic carnivorous, but in samples from caged fur animals this value ran up to 95,5% before the scheduled dehelmintization, and several days later went down to 92,2% in dehelmintized animals.Toxocara eggs were found in feces from all animals in the fur farm (polar fox, silver-black and red fox, raccoon dogs), in mustelids (polecat and mink) no Toxocara eggs were found. The antheklmintic has a therapeutic effect but it is not high enough. However, the immune-hematological parameters approximated to normal values.

Urine dehydration structurization at experimental trichinellosis of rats is studied. In 4 weeks after exposure rats urine was analyzed with biocrystallomics methods. It was stated, that urine crystallogenic properties changes according to intensity of infection.

Simultaneous usage of microbiological, ecological and crystalloscopic methods can be used for estimation of disinfectants antibacterial and toxic activity. Disinfection action of the substance was made on the model of helminths eggs and pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus anthracis). Toxicity in vivo was estimated on mice urine.

Dynamics of crystallogenic and initiating properties of saliva in patients with alveococcosis during the surgery and in the late postoperative period were specified. Saliva samples of 22 patients with liver alveococcosis were examined at the Kirov Zonal Hepathology Center. The diagnosis has been verified by instrumental methods (ultrasound examination, computer and/or magnetic-resonance tomography) and laboratory tests (latex agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A successful surgical treatment has been conducted in all patients. Crystal-logenic properties of saliva were estimated by the methods of crystalloscopy and thesigraphy along with a criteria-based definition of facies. A spectrometric examination of crystalloscopic and thesigraphic facies of saliva has also been conducted. It was determined that the surgical treatment of liver alveococcosis leads to a partial normalization of the crystallogenic and initiating properties of saliva already on checking out from hospital.

Objective of research: studying of pathomorphological changes in the respiratory organs of elk with dictyocaulosis. Materials and methods: A helminthological autopsy of the elk spontaneously infected with Dictyocaulus eckerti was performed. The infected pieces of lung located close to the edge of the healthy tissue were used for histological examination. The material has been preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Paraffin histological sections having the 5–7 mkm thickness were produced according to the standard methods. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The photomicrography was made with the camera «Digital» on microscope «Genaval». Results and discussion: In lungs of the elk infected with D. eckerti, the essential structural changes were detected. D. eckerti larvae were found in granulomas in the lumens of small and medium-sized bronchi. The pathohistological examination of lungs of the young elk allowed to detect multiple parasitic granulomas, hyperthermic and hemorrhagic foci. In places of parasite localization the lung interstitial tissue becomes thickened due to the infiltration by lymphoid, eosinophilic cells, single neutrophils and histiocytes as well as due to the growth of connective tissue.

The article contains the information on using of bibliometric parameters in order to estimate the contribution of research workers to domestic parasitological science. The data have been obtained from the National Database – Science Citation Index of RF (SCI) – and includes some characteristics of various journals in the field of parasitology. The estimation system of research work contains 27 scientometric parameters, the most frequently used are: number of author’s publications in SCI; number of author’s publications found in lists of literature: citation count in SCI; total citation count; h-index etc. It is important for authors to register the bibliometric indicators of publications which they send their articles to.