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This paper presents a comparative evaluation of different distance metrics and local planners within the context of probabilistic roadmap methods for planning the motion of rigid objects in three-dimensional workspaces. The study concentrates on cluttered three-dimensional workspaces typical of, for example, virtual prototyping applications such as maintainability studies in mechanical CAD designs. Our results include recommendations for selecting appropriate combinations of distance metrics and local planners for such applications. Our study of distance metrics shows that the importance of the translational distance increases relative to the rotational distance as the environment becomes more crowded. We find that each local planner makes some connections than none of the others do--indicating that better connected roadmaps will be constructed using multiple local planners. We propose a new local planning method we call rotate-at-s that often outperforms the common straight-line in C-space method in crowded environments. Index Terms--Distance metrics, local planners, motion planning, probabilistic roadmaps.

Objective: Electroencephalography changes that occur during the transition from eyes-closed to the eyes-open state in resting condition are related to the early phase of sensory processing and are defined as activation. The present study aimed to reveal the potential deteriorations that may occur in the initial period of sensory processing in resting electroencephalography between children with subclinical hypothyroidism and a control group., Materials and Methods: Electroencephalographies of 15 children with subclinical hypothyroidism and 15 healthy children aged 10 to 17 years were recorded for 2 minutes for EC and 2 minutes for eyes-open conditions in resting state. Absolute electroencephalography band powers (μV2 ) within the delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands were calculated in Fz, Cz, Pz, and Oz electrodes, respectively, for eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions., Results: The results show that, although there was no noteworthy difference between the powers of the electroencephalography frequency bands of children with subclinical hypothyroidism and healthy children during the eyes-open condition, the alpha powers of the control group were significantly higher in all electrodes during the eyes-closed condition. Furthermore, the powers of all frequency bands were observed to decrease in the eyes-open condition in the control group. However, the same net decrease was not observed in the frequency powers of children with subclinical hypothyroidism., Conclusion: According to the results of this study, children with subclinical hypothyroidism may experience information processing impairments starting in the early stages of sensory processing.

Background The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive functions of children with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and healthy children with the use of auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) and neuropsychological tests. Methods Twenty children aged between 8 and 17 years, diagnosed with SH, and 20 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. A classical auditory oddball paradigm was applied during the electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were evaluated between the 0.5- and 20-Hz frequency intervals. P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 amplitudes and latencies were measured in Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, Pz and Oz electrodes. Additionally, a number of neuropsychological tests evaluating the reaction time and various cognitive functions were carried out. Results In children with SH, P3 amplitudes in FCz, Cz and CPz electrodes were significantly lower than those in controls (p < 0.05). In addition to this, the P1N1 and N1P2 peak-to-peak amplitude values were also found to be smaller for children with SH than controls (p < 0.05). With regard to the neuropsychological tests, no significant difference was observed between the SH and control groups on any of the cognitive test parameters, reaction time or correct response rates. Conclusions In the present study, while children with SH did not differ from controls with respect to their cognitive functions evaluated via neuropsychological tests, cognitive differences were detected via electrophysiological investigations. This result implies that implicit changes in cognition which are not yet overtly reflected on neuropsychological tests may be detected at an early stage in children with SH.

Stress and anxiety are states which sportsmen are continuously exposed to. Our study aimed to evaluate neuroelectrical peripheral and central nervous system responses of sportsmen (SPR) and sedentary individuals (SED) during concentration grid test (CGT) employed under time pressure. Forty three SPR and 33 SED participated in the study. Neuroelectrical responses were simultaneously obtained during baseline and CGT. All responses were observed to increase under stress in both SED and SPR. The SPR's stress related peripheral responses were lower than SED's. When central values were evaluated a stress related increase according to baseline was observed in all frequency powers in all of the participants. Statistical comparison of increase rates revealed a significantly greater increase in beta in SED compared to SPR. Beta has been associated to alertness and cortical arousal. As SED exhibit greater beta increase under stress compared to SPR their state of cortical arousal and alertness may be interpreted to be higher than SPR. However the SPR's weak increase in beta and their lower peripheral responses taken together may imply that they are better in stress management. In fact according to their performance scores the SPR's higher level of performance under stress compared to SED shows that they are better at maintaining and focusing their attention under stress than SED.

The aim of this study was to derive regression equations for estimating stature and further to estimate sex from four measured sternal lengths. This study included intact sterna from 65 males and 30 females, aged between 25 and 40 years, obtained during medico-legal autopsies. Stature and four sternal lengths, length of the manubrium (LM), length of the body (LB), length of the manubrium and body (LMB) and total sternal length, of each cadaver were measured. Stature and all measured sternal lengths were greater in males compared to females (p < 0.001). All sternal lengths were positively correlated with stature in sexes. LMB had the highest correlation coefficient in both males and females (correlation coefficient: 0.721 and 0.740, respectively). In both sexes, linear regression analysis for stature estimation revealed equations with the highest R (2) values when derived from LMB (R (2) = 0.521 for males and R (2) = 0.547 for females). On the other hand, only the multiple linear regression equation derived from the combination of the LB and LMB had the higher R (2) value (R (2) = 0.640) for stature estimation in females. Receiver-operating curve analysis for all measurements was statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all). These findings suggested that measured sternal lengths can be used for estimation of sex. However, LB and LMB measurements were found to be the most reliable sternal lengths for estimating sex with an accuracy rate of 90 %. Our results revealed that the sternum is a useful tool for estimating stature and sex when other skeletal bones are not available.

Objective: Previous dichotic listening (DL) studies have shown that interaural amplitude or phase shifts have powerful effects on dichotic ear advantage. However, it is not known how these two factors interact. The present study aims to explore this interaction when amplitude (intensity) and phase (time) shifts occur simultaneously., Design: Participants listened to dichotically presented pairs of consonant-vowel syllables (216 trials) under nine different experimental conditions, systematically varying amplitude (+9 dB) and phase (+35 ms) shifts. Participants reported which syllable they perceived on each trial., Study Sample: Thirty-two healthy adults., Results: The results showed an expected right ear advantage (REA) in the baseline (nosound manipulation) condition. While amplitude shifts favoring the right ear were found to have a greater effect on REA than phase shifts, phase shifts favoring the left ear were found to have a greater effect on left ear advantage (LEA) than amplitude shifts. Furthermore, phase shifts favoring the left ear had a greater effect on LEA than phase shifts favoring the right ear on REA., Conclusions: Present results may have consequences for the training of individuals with auditory and phonetic difficulties, e.g. auditory processing deficits or dyslexia, by aiding the design of optimal combinations of acoustic and phonetic training tools.

Background: The study of brain functioning is a major challenge in neuroscience fields as human brain has a dynamic and ever changing information processing. Case is worsened with conditions where brain undergoes major changes in so-called different conscious states. Even though the exact definition of consciousness is a hard one, there are certain conditions where the descriptions have reached a consensus. The sleep and the anesthesia are different conditions which are separable from each other and also from wakefulness. The aim of our group has been to tackle the issue of brain functioning with setting up similar research conditions for these three conscious states., Methods: In order to achieve this goal we have designed an auditory stimulation battery with changing conditions to be recorded during a 40 channel EEG polygraph (Nuamps) session. The stimuli (modified mismatch, auditory evoked etc.) have been administered both in the operation room and the sleep lab via Embedded Interactive Stimulus Unit which was developed in our lab. The overall study has provided some results for three domains of consciousness. In order to be able to monitor the changes we have incorporated Bispectral Index Monitoring to both sleep and anesthesia conditions., Results: The first stage results have provided a basic understanding in these altered states such that auditory stimuli have been successfully processed in both light and deep sleep stages. The anesthesia provides a sudden change in brain responsiveness; therefore a dosage dependent anesthetic administration has proved to be useful. The auditory processing was exemplified targeting N1 wave, with a thorough analysis from spectrogram to sLORETA. The frequency components were observed to be shifting throughout the stages. The propofol administration and the deeper sleep stages both resulted in the decreasing of N1 component. The sLORETA revealed similar activity at BA7 in sleep (BIS 70) and target propofol concentration of 1.2 microg/mL., Conclusions: The current study utilized similar stimulation and recording system and incorporated BIS dependent values to validate a common approach to sleep and anesthesia. Accordingly the brain has a complex behavior pattern, dynamically changing its responsiveness in accordance with stimulations and states.

This study's primary objective is to analyze human EEG spindle oscillations during propofol-induced anesthesia and to address possible activation sources. Such an analysis also has a secondary role of investigating the short- term spectral patterns and their functional role.Artifact-free epochs of spindle activations were selected from the electroencephalograms of patients undergoing propofol anesthesia. Power spectral analysis and source localization using standardized low-resolution-brain-electromagnetic-tomography (sLORETA) were performed. Additionally, spectrograms were obtained by means of using the Complex Morlet-based algorithm. In order to highlight the functional properties, auditory stimulations were conducted during the propofol administration. The loss of consciousness was reached at a level of 0.8-1.2 µg/mL, which also provided distinct spindle oscillations in the continuous EEG. The un-evoked (spontaneous) and evoked (auditory) conditions were examined across non-medicated and medicated conditions (propofol). The propofol administration resulted in appearance of 12-14 Hz spindle activity mostly localized in BA6, BA9, BA10, BA21, BA24 and BA37 areas. The presence of auditory stimulations slightly shifted these maximum activities to different locations. Between the medicated and non-medicated conditions, there was a significant reduction of spindle activity, which was pinpointed to BA7 (precuneus area). The findings indicate that spindle oscillations may have a dual nature. That is, spindle oscillations may be activity dependent and disruptive for large-scale information processing networks in the brain. Hence, the study of spindle oscillation may provide a basis for understanding the short-term spectral patterns of human EEG.

The basic motive to study the brain asymmetry using a dichotic paradigm, forced the authors to develop an interactive stimulus system, where not only the stimuli but also the responses could be interactively registered real time on to the EEG data. Therefore, an embedded interactive stimulation unit (EMISU) was constructed and applied in such a task, incorporating behavioral and evoked data from 20 volunteers (10 male, 10 female, 21.15 years). The results provided a significant factor of laterality in favor of right ear responses (p<0.001) and also proved the applicability of the proposed design.

The dichotic listening (DL) paradigm is often used to assess brain asymmetries at the behavioral level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic temporal and topographical characteristics of event related potentials (ERPs) obtained with diotic and dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli from the same subjects. We used a novel approach in which we concurrently analyzed on a trial-by-trial basis ERP parameters during trials that resulted in a right ear advantage (REA) or left ear advantage (LEA) or that were presented under diotic (homonymous) conditions. CV syllables were used as auditory stimuli (/ba/, /da/, /ga/, /ka/, /pa/, /ta/). The EEG measurements were performed with 64 channels by mainly focusing on the N1P2, N2P3 and late negativity (LN) components. Overall, behavioral data revealed a clear REA. The central area showed higher amplitudes than the other locations for N1P2 responses. Additionally, responses were faster for the diotic, compared to the dichotic conditions. The LN had shorter latencies in trials resulting in a REA, compared with those producing a LEA. This result makes it likely that the overall REA is a time-bound effect, which can be explained by the structural theory of Kimura. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a specific spatiotemporal shift from central to frontal areas between N1P2 and LN that was pronounced in dichotic trials. This shift points towards the involvement of frontal areas in resolving conflicting input.

From 1981 through 1985, 3,057 patients underwent cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our institution. When we reviewed these cases, we found that in ten cases (0.32%) right ventricular or biventricular failure had prevented weaning from CPB. All ten patients were also refractory to pharmacologic intervention and to systemic intraaortic balloon pumping. Two patients had isolated right ventricular failure, and the other eight had biventricular failure. Four patients had had previous pulmonary hypertension. Of the ten patients who could not be weaned, three were treated with pulmonary arterial balloon counterpulsation (PABC), and seven underwent pulmonary arterial venting (PAV). Procedures performed concomitantly with PABC included left heart bypass in one case and creation of an atrial septal defect in another case. All of the PAV group underwent concomitant intraaortic balloon pumping. One PABC patient and four PAV patients could be weaned from CPB. All who were treated with PABC eventually died, but there are three long-term survivors in the PAV group. In light of this study, biventricular unloading with PAV appears to be a valid method of treating right ventricular or biventricular failure.