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Background. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the key food crops, ranking fourth in the world in terms of sown area and production among cereals. Often, one of the main factors that reduces yield and product quality is the spread of fungal pathogens in commercial crops. Powdery mildew (causative agent: Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal) is considered one of the most common and harmful among barley diseases. Plant resistance to B. graminis limits the spread of the disease, and the development of resistant cultivars prevents a decrease in plant productivity. The specificity of the host–pathogen relationship and the loss of efficiency in many genes determine the need for a continuous study of previously unexplored local barley forms and a search for new, most effective resistance genes.Materials and methods. The genetic control of juvenile resistance to B. graminis was studied in 14 accessions of spring barley from the Ethiopian (Abyssinian) center of crop origin. The natural population of the pathogen served as infectious material for infecting barley. The intensity and nature of sporulation as well as the qualitative reactions of plant tissues in response to the penetration of the fungus (necrosis and chlorosis) were accepted as indicators of resistance in the accessions. Powdery mildew resistance was assessed under laboratory and field conditions. The genetic control of the resistance trait was studied using the method of hybridological analysis followed by statistical processing.Results and conclusions. Barleys from the Ethiopian center of morphogenesis are characterized by great genetic diversity. Studying the inheritance of juvenile resistance to powdery mildew made it possible to ascertain the monogenic control of the trait in all studied forms. Ten barley accessions with one effective recessive resistance allele and four with the dominant control of the trait may be recommended for immunity-targeted breeding.

Background. The problem of resistance to aluminum toxicity of soils is very relevant for the cultivated type of barley. The area of acidic soils in Russia is about forty percent of the total area of arable land, so the toxicity of aluminum is one of the main factors that reduce the yield of barley. The study of wild relatives of the main crops, including barley, is of considerable interest for the development of stress-resistant cultivars. Wild barley Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch has biological characteristics similar to the cultivated H. vulgare L., grows in various ecogeographic zones, and is well adapted to local soil and climate conditions. All this makes it possible to use it as a new donor of source material for breeding high-yielding cultivars adapted to certain environmental conditions. The objective of this work was to search for H. spontaneum genotypes highly resistant to ionic (Al3+) toxicity.Materials and methods. One hundred accessions of H. spontaneum from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) were examined. The resistance of barley accessions to toxic aluminum ions was studied at the early stages of plant development by the root test method (185 mcМ Al3+, pH 4.0) with the calculation of root and sprout length indices.Results and conclusions. The studied fragment of the wild barley collection demonstrated broad genetic diversity in terms of resistance to phytotoxic aluminum ions. Laboratory assessment allowed us to identify barley genotypes differing in the reaction of their roots and sprouts at the early phases of ontogenesis. The identified genotypes with a high level of resistance to ion stress can be used as a valuable source of genetic material to improve existing cultivars and develop new ones by introgression of foreign resistance genes.

Introduction. The digital educational environment is becoming not only a challenge of the new time, but also an important condition, a means of training a specialist of the new formation for the digital society. In the digital environment, a teacher will have to learn how to organise, accompany and support the educational activities of students, build network interaction, exercise control and assessment, and create flexible personalised mastering of content. For this, it is important to understand the new nature and features of the implementation of pedagogical management in the context of the global digitalisation process.Aim. The aim of the paper is to comprehend the systemic changes associated with pedagogical management in the digital educational environment, to study the new content of the structural components of pedagogical management.Methodology and research methods. The present research was carried out in reliance on the system-activity, subject-personal and environmental approaches. Theoretical and empirical research methods were used. The online survey method formed the basis of the research. The respondents were young practice teachers studying for a master degree in the direction of “Pedagogical Education”. They begin their professional activities at the stage of the formation of a digital society; they will have to implement blended (distance, digital) learning. The authors applied the methods of comparative and contrastive analysis (comparison of the nature of management in a classical (classroom) and digital environment), synthesis and systematisation of data, modelling. Additionally, the methods of statistical analysis were used.Results. The necessity of a systematic understanding of pedagogical management in the context of digitalisation was substantiated. The essence of the concept of “pedagogical management in digital educational environment” was clarified. The features and nature of pedagogical management in digital educational environment were determined, its structural components were highlighted: motivational-target, information-content, organisational-activity and control-evaluative. The vectors of strengthening the professional training of specialists in the field of education were determined.Scientific novelty. The novelty of the research lies in the systemic understanding of the category of pedagogical management in the new digital conditions; in the system-functional description of the digital educational environment management model. It manifests itself in the possibility of revising the professional training programme for future teachers in the context of the digital transformation of the educational process, as well as building innovative educational practices at different levels of education, taking into account the new model of pedagogical management in digital educational environment.Practical significance. It is advisable to use the results of the study to improve the quality of professional training of teachers in digital and blended learning, improve programmes and courses of advanced training, to increase the efficiency of autonomous educational and cognitive activities, implemented with digital tools and technologies, at different levels of education. The material of the article can be useful for specialists studying the issues of pedagogical management in vocational education.

Background. Barley is the second cereal crop in Russia in terms of its importance and production volume. It is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. The production of malting barley in Russia exceeds 1.5 million tons; each year the area under this crop increases by 10–15%, reaching 600,000– 800,000 hectares. Barleys suitable for brewing must have certain physicochemical and technological properties. The main requirements for raw materials are presented in GOST 5060-86 (state standard for malting barley). An important condition for obtaining sustainable harvests is the development and utilization of cultivars resistant to a set of edaphic stressors. The purpose of this work was searching for resistant cultivars for use in targeted breeding.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 161 spring barley cultivars for brewing from the collection of plant genetic resources held by VIR. The laboratory assessment of aluminum tolerance in barley accessions was carried out at the initial phases of plant growth and development, using the method of calculating root and shoot length indices. The tested malting barley was classified into five resistance groups.Results and conclusions. Cultivars resistant to Al3+ ions were identified among different ecogeographic groups of malting barleys. The trait had a wide range of variability in terms of both the root length index (0.17–0.95) and shoot length index (0.47–0.99). Accessions with high resistance to ionic (Al3+) stress can be used in barley breeding targeted at the development of high-yielding malting cultivars most adapted to harmful environmental factors.

Any common disease (including Parkinson’s disease) is inevitably overgrown with myths. As a result, not scientifically grounded approaches based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, but irrational ideas, especially often of a pharmacophobic nature, begin to dominate in primary clinical practice among doctors and patients. In clinical practice, we can often face to a situation when doctors, dogmatically accepting the principle of delayed initiation of levodopa therapy, for a long time try to guide the patient on other antiparkinsonian drugs, despite the obvious ineffectiveness of such therapy and the increasingly growing immobility of the patient. This phenomenon, based on the irrational beliefs of not only doctors, but also patients in the toxicity of levodopa, is commonly referred to as levodopa phobia. Levodopa phobia, along with the emergence of a new generation of dopamine agonists (DAs), whose ability to delay the development of fluctuations and dyskinesias has been proven in a series of placebo-controlled studies, as well as the erroneous interpretation of the withdrawal syndrome of DAs as evidence of their high effectiveness, have led to the widespread use of this class. drugs. However, the use of DA turned out to be associated with an increased risk of such adverse events as daytime sleepiness, leg edema, impulsive-compulsive disorders, and withdrawal syndrome. All this served as the basis for the appearance of “dopamine agonists phobia”, which can lead to unjustifiably early prescription of levodopa and the development of dyskinesias. What is the optimal way for managementof PD patients today? In our opinion, the patient management formula that doctors should adhere to should be as follows: early prescription of dopaminergic drugs (more often DAs or levodopa) is necessary, which provides a quick possible, albeit incomplete, correction of a motor defect, which would be sufficient to preserve the patient’s motor activity, including his professional activity; as the symptoms increase, an escalation of antiparkinsonian therapy with the sequential addition of levodopa (or DAs), MAO B inhibitors, amantadines is necessary.

Background. The most rational way to reduce barley crop losses from diseases, pests and adverse edaphic factors is cultivation of resistant varieties. The specificity of the host– pathogen interactions necessitates a constant search for new donors of resistance for breeding, and phytosanitary monitoring of cultivars.Materials and methods. The research material comprised 248 barley cultivars included in the State Register of Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage in the Russian Federation – 168 were developed domestically, and 80 by foreign breeders. Their resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust was studied in under laboratory and field conditions. Barley cultivars distinguished for powdery mildew resistance were analyzed using molecular markers. In the laboratory, barley was screened for greenbug resistance. To study the sensitivity to toxic aluminum ions in barley, we used the laboratory method for the early diagnosis of the trait – the root test method.Results and conclusions. Field and laboratory screening revealed a fairly wide diversity of barley cultivated in Russia in terms of resistance to harmful organisms and the edaphic stressor. It was established that 24 barley cultivars were resistant to powdery mildew, and 14 accessions were carriers of the effective mlo11 allele. Two cultivars manifested combined resistance to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust. In 11 cultivars, a distinct greenbug resistance was revealed. High resistance to toxic aluminum ions according to the root and sprout length indices was observed in 26 cultivars. Accessions with the complex resistance to harmful organisms and the edaphic stressor were identified.

Background. Analyzing the adaptive potential of cultivated barley with the aim of using new genotypes selected and developed in the process of work is a priority trend in scientific research. The Ethiopian barleys adapted to a variety of soil and climate conditions are characterized by many valuable biological and agronomic traits. Of particular value are genotypes that combine resistance to harmful organisms and environmental stressors.Materials and methods. The collection accessions of Ethiopian barley possessing powdery mildew resistance were studied for tolerance to adverse edaphic factors (chloride salinity and high content of toxic aluminum ions in the soil). Resistance to abiotic stressors was assessed in laboratory experiments. In the study of salt tolerance, a ‘roll-based’ assessment technique was used, which takes into account the inhibition of root growth under salt (NaCl) stress conditions, compared with the reference conditions without salinization. Aluminum sensitivity of barley accessions was diagnosed in the early stages of plant development using the root test.Results and conclusions. A polymorphism of Ethiopian barleys for resistance to adverse edaphic factors was revealed. Twentyone new sources of barley resistance to toxic aluminum ions were identified, of which accessions k-8552 and k-22933 were classified as highly resistant. Accessions k-17554, k-19975, k-20029, k-20048, k-22752, k-23450 and k-25009 proved resistant to soil salinization. Barley accessions k-17554, k-22752 and k-25009 were characterized by complex resistance to powdery mildew, toxic aluminum ions, and chloride soil salinity.

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of motivation for teaching students of higher education institutions in Ukraine. The authors consider the problem of forming students' motivation from two perspectives - psychological and philosophical. The psychological approach is used to analyze internal motivation, and the philosophical one to analyze external motivation and the influence of external factors on the formation of values ​​in students and teachers, which also affect the motivation to learn. The four phases of the economic development of society and the types of universities that are formed in each phase are analyzed. University 1.0 in the pre-industrial phase, University 2.0 in the industrial phase, University 3.0 in the post-industrial phase and University 4.0 in the cognitive phase. Although universities have developed pedagogical methods for teaching in higher education, a gap has recently arisen between a student and a university. Proven techniques do not show already familiar high results. There is a need for the restructuring of teaching methods, programs and the universities themselves. This shows the main trends in the development of society and the characteristics of new universities, as well as the main pedagogical methods of increasing motivation among students. The goal of the new university is to train specialists in the project attitude to the world, in the broad sense of entrepreneurs and engineers (including financial, cultural, social. Creating an open learning environment with the possibility of implementing individual learning paths. In addition to classrooms, libraries and laboratories, necessary business incubators, design offices, and platforms for communication with the outside world - exhibition centers. Only after overcoming isolation from pressing problems for society is the standardized, “subjectless” educational process and introducing the discipline into the curriculum to form an “entrepreneurial culture”, the student will receive reasons for motivation to study at the university.

Russia contains the largest areas of soil with excessive acidity in the world. According to the results of agrochemical surveys of arable lands, the area of acidic soils (pH less than 5.5) is currently about 65 million hectares. The losses in agricultural products calculated in grain per year amount to 15-20 million tons. The negative effect of acid soil on plants is explained by the low content of exchangeable bases and the presence of large quantities of mobile forms of aluminum (2-20% from the weight of the soil). Absorption and assimilation of aluminum by plants depends on the forms by which it is represented in acidic soils. The importance of aluminum in plant life is ambiguous, as the reports on the toxic effect of aluminum ions are more numerous. High concentrations of aluminum directly or indirectly affect the processes of vital activity of plants: water regime, nitrogen metabolism, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction reactions. Phytotoxic metal ions also affect various physiological and biochemical processes in plants, stimulate numerous anatomical and morphological changes. Excess aluminum ions in soil disrupt the mineral nutrition of plants. Various agrochemical methods are used to reduce the harmful toxic effect of aluminum ions on plants. Most plants are sensitive to high concentrations of aluminum. The resistance to toxic concentrations of metal ions in plants is due to the action of several mechanisms that are characteristic of each species. Some species of plants have protective mechanisms by which the adverse effects of toxic ions are reduced or completely eliminated. It has been established that root growth is the better indicator of resistance than the growth of the above-ground plant parts. The methods of diagnosing sensitivity to aluminum in the early stages of plant development are based on the change in root length after exposure to a stress factor. Knowledge of the genetic and physiological foundations of plant resistance to high concentrations of ions of heavy metals and aluminum is necessary for the search for tolerant genotypes of cultivated plants.

Purpose. This article clarifies the significance of the person’s social self-identification as a basis for civilization and institutional explanation of national self-identification in Ukraine. Theoretical basis. The authors found that the analysis of the cultural and anthropological principles of national self-identity reveals two main opposed concepts: the concept of "eastern" cultural and social self-identity of Ukraine, which correlates with the metaphor of the split between "East" and "West", and the concept of "western" projection of the European future of Ukraine, which correlates with the metaphor of the bridge between "East" and "West". These concepts reflect the options for the citizens of Ukraine to make a personal choice of the way in achieving social self-identity. Douglas North’s concept of "open-access order" states and "limited access order" states can be used as a basis for an alternative, pragmatic approach to choice the criteria of national self-identity. Originality. National self-identification is a result of the choice of the person’s self-identification: still the person takes into account the history of the nation, the ethnic diversity of the nation, its cultural and civilizational characteristics. The philosophical-anthropological approach contributes to the demystification of the grounds of social self-identification, revealing the decisive role of the personal choice in shaping the new institutional foundations of national self-identity. Harmonization of the social institutions of Ukraine with the institutions of the European Union and the international community institutions opens wide opportunities for Ukraine’s successful integration into the "open-access order" societies. The clarification of the value and symbolic aspects of national self-identity in Ukraine contributes to the successful functioning of these institutions. Multilingualism is an adequate response to the global challenge of the reconstruction of Ukraine’s national self-identity. The education system is a key area for introducing multilingualism. Conclusions. The development, justification and systematization of cultural and institutional criteria for choosing the best ways to strengthen of national self-identity in Ukraine are a prerequisite for the successful self-identification of Ukrainian citizens in a complex and ever-changing global world.

Research objective. The research objective was to identify and analyse the general trends, manifested in the information behaviour of students in terms of realising and taking advantage of lifelong learning in the digital society. The authors attempted to answer the question: What is the specificity of modern students’ information behaviour strategies? Materials and methods. The research was based on the concept of “information behaviour”, considered by the authors as a system of actions to implement the processes of interaction with the information environment. In the conditions of digital society development, the effectiveness of information strategies largely depends on the adoption of the values of lifelong learning. In the context of the activity approach, information behaviour includes the motivational aspect (acceptance of the lifelong learning paradigm, motives of educational activity, relations, interests and orientations within the current learning stage) and the activity aspect (general learning strategies, approaches to new information acquisition, self-management strategies in the learning process, as well as the possession of modern tools to implement these strategies – ICT tools). The research methods included a survey and statistical analysis. During the survey, Russian and Polish students were asked to relate the degree of information behaviour characteristics to a five-point scale. Statistical analysis comprised descriptive statistics, including the distribution of answers for all respondents, comparative statistics for Polish and Russian students, and correlation analysis.Results of the study. The research results have showed that students understand the importance of lifelong learning and accept it as a value and requirement of the 21st century. However, their information behaviour is not always based on effective strategies. Educational activity is insufficiently supported by the use of ICT tools for self-management, goal setting, and construction of an individual educational route. Direct correlations were revealed between the readiness for lifelong learning and the development of initiative, responsibility, self-management, including the active use of specialised electronic tools. Information behaviour is associated with future professional activities. For example, for socially oriented professions, information behaviour comprises such features as openness and empathy.Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, recommendations for lecturers can be formulated to support the process of mastering the advanced strategies of information behaviour by students. Firstly, it is necessary to encourage students to use open electronic resources, not only to access the newest information, but to join the processes of qualitatively new knowledge creation in collaborate work (self-directed learning, learning in partnership, collaborative learning). Secondly, it is important to create conditions for the expansion of professional experience through the strengthening of the practice-oriented assignments role, as well as the inclusion of students in project, competitive and grant activities.

Clinicians often see a recurrent miscarriage caused by isthmic cervical incompetence. Today, obstetric pessaries and surgical sutures are widely used to correct cervical incompetence during pregnancy. The occurrence rate of this abnormality continues to rise, which emphasizes the need to diagnose and correct cervical incompetence prior to the upcoming pregnancy. In the available literature there is little information about the «hidden» defects of the cervix that can lead to miscarriage in the I-III trimesters of pregnancy. Here we present a case of two different pregnancy outcomes in a single patient with cervical incompetence before and after surgical correction of the cervix by the LASH procedure. The present case supports the importance of surgical correction of cervical incompetence in non-pregnant women.

The paper introduces the concept of "pedagogical ICT tools", which makes it possible to identify the necessary professional teacher activity transformations in electronic educational environment. The paper presents the typology of tools and describes their features. The introduction of the concept allows revealing the range of opportunities and transformations of the university teachers' activity in electronic environment. Experimental data on the use of pedagogical ICT tools by teachers of European universities was obtained during the implementation ofthe European IRNet project.

The paper analyzes the effects that occur in the process of the educational environment informatization. The following effects were analyzed: information richness, openness, individualization of learning and collaboration. Examples of educational practice, illustrating the significant changes of the university educational environment associated with the manifestation of these effects, are presented. The aim of the pilot study carried out in Herzen University was to identify the attitude to the listed effects of teachers and students who are using information and communication technology in the educational interactions. The leading method of study were a series of surveys addressed to teachers and students. Groups of questions were related to basic information effects, manifested in the educational environment of the university. The total number of the survey participants is 200 students (bachelors and masters) and 100 teachers, most actively using electronic environment for research, education and professional activities. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results showed that information richness, spatial and temporal freedom of educational interactions are demanded by students, but at the same time, the data indicated a lack of systematic pedagogical support for the information and educational activities of students. A large part of students show a high autonomy in the information educational environment, but also demands implementing individualized information and communication educational request. Students and teachers are actively using a variety of information and communication opportunities of the electronic environment, but students’ activeness in the electronic environment is largely determined by the recommendations of teachers, rather than by a free choice of educational opportunities. The participants of the educational environment acquire a significant degree of freedom in relation to the time and place of interaction with educational resources, but evidence suggests that educational activities in the electronic environment is not sufficiently focused on expanding the range of educational opportunities and preparing students for continual self-improvement of knowledge and skills. As the conclusions, we note the need to improve both the corporate strategy of the university electronic environment development and the competences of educational interactions in the extended information and communication space. This will reveal the full potential of e-learning environment and provide greater guarantees for obtaining high-quality educational outcomes. For teachers are in demand special competences, providing the possibility of forming a diverse and adaptive media environment for saturated solution of educational problems in accordance with university policies, introduction of e-learning and global education trends. For students, come to the fore the competences which help to improve their information culture and individual requests for the use of a variety of educational opportunities available in the electronic space. These ideas are fully consistent with the demanded by modern society the lifelong learning strategy.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is endogenously synthesized gasotransmitter that has a regulatory effect in cardiovascular system. Diabetes mellitus leads to an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, so the purpose of the study was to analyze the contractility of the atria mice after application of L-cysteine and H2S. Contractile activity of the myocardium was investigated in the experiment on isolated mouse atria. Alloxan was used for modeling diabetes. Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan resulted in a significant increase of glucose concentration in blood, whereas the concentration of glucose didn’t change at the injection of physiological solution. In control, the addition of NaHS resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease of the amplitude of contraction of the myocardium, whereas the negative inotropic effect of NaHS was significantly lower in terms of modeling diabetes compare to control conditions. In the control, L-cysteine reduced the amplitude contractions significantly, whereas L-cysteine did not lead to significant changes in the amplitude of contractions in terms of modeling diabetes. These data indicate that the sensitivity of mice’s atria reduced for H2S and L-cysteine in diabetes mellitus.

The approach for the analysis of some large-scale biological systems, on the base of quasiequilibrium stages is proposed. The approach allows us to reduce the detailed large-scaled models and obtain the simplified model with an analytical solution. This makes it possible to reproduce the experimental curves with a good accuracy. This approach has been applied to a detailed model of the primary processes of photosynthesis in the reaction center of photosystem II. The resulting simplified model of photosystem II describes the experimental fluorescence induction curves for higher and lower plants, obtained under different light intensities. Derived relationships between variables and parameters of detailed and simplified models, allow us to use parameters of simplified model to describe the dynamics of various states of photosystem II detailed model.

Frequency of occurance ofdifferent somatotypes and predisposing factors to abortion in women at the age of 22 to 35 of the 2-nd trimester of pregnancy has been understudy. It is determined the women with different somatotypes are characterized by different frequency of occurance of extragenital and genital pathology