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Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La intususcepción es infrecuente en adultos y puede ocurrir en intestino delgado y colon. Su presentación atípica hace complejo el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las causas, características clínicas, desenlaces del tratamiento y determinar si existe asociación entre etiología y presentación clínica. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en un centro de tercer nivel, en pacientes mayores de 18 años con intususcepción tratados entre 2000 y 2020. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial para resumir los hallazgos. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 casos, con una mediana de edad de 46 años (18-80) y duración de síntomas de 18 días. El dolor abdominal fue el síntoma más frecuente (96.42%). Se registraron 14 intususcepciones entero-entéricas, 4 ileocecales, 4 ileocolónicas, 5 colo-colónicas y una colorrectal. Quince de las intususcepciones fueron de etiología benigna, 9 asociadas a malignidad y 4 idiopáticas. Se realizó cirugía en 11 pacientes con intususcepción entero-entérica y en todos los casos de intususcepción ileocecal, ileocolónica, colo-colónica y colorrectal. Se presentaron 2 eventos de mortalidad perioperatoria (8%) y 8 de morbilidad postoperatoria (32%). No hubo diferencia significativa en la duración de los síntomas, ni en estancia hospitalaria al comparar los grupos etiológicos. Conclusiones: La intususcepción es rara en adultos. El diagnóstico es un reto debido a los signos y síntomas inespecíficos. Para el tratamiento definitivo, se debe considerar la resección quirúrgica, individualizando de acuerdo a las comorbilidades del paciente, presentación clínica y riesgo de malignidad. Abstract: Introduction and aims: Intussusception is rare in adults and can occur in the small bowel and colon. Its atypical presentation makes the diagnosis difficult. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the causes, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of adult intussusception and to determine whether there was an association between etiology and clinical presentation. Material and methods: A retrospective study was carried out on patients above 18 years of age that were treated for intussusception at a tertiary care hospital, between 2000 and 2020. The findings were summarized utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Twenty-eight cases were identified. Median patient age was 46 years (18-80) and median symptom duration was 18 days. Abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (96.42%). The intussusceptions registered were enteroenteric (14), ileocecal (4), ileocolonic (4), colocolonic (5), and colorrectal (1). Intussusception etiology was benign in 15 cases, 9 were associated with malignancy, and 4 were idiopathic. Surgery was performed on 11 patients with enteroenteric intussusception and on all the cases of ileocecal, ileocolonic, colocolonic, and colorectal intussusception. There were 2 events of perioperative mortality (8%) and 8 of postoperative morbidity (32%). No significant differences were found regarding symptom duration or length of hospital stay, when the etiologic groups were compared. Conclusions: Intussusception is rare in adults. Diagnosis is a challenge because of the nonspecific signs and symptoms. Surgical resection should be considered in the definitive treatment and management should be individualized according to the patient's comorbidities, clinical presentation, and risk of malignancy.

Resumen: La incontinencia fecal es el paso involuntario o la incapacidad de controlar la descarga de materia fecal a través del ano, siendo una condición que deteriora significativamente la calidad de vida de los sujetos que la padecen, ya que afecta la imagen corporal, la autoestima e interfiere con las actividades cotidianas favoreciendo el aislamiento social. En nuestro país no existe una guía o consenso al respecto, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología reunió a un grupo multidisciplinario (gastroenterólogos, neurogastroenterológos y cirujanos), para que realizaran el Consenso mexicano sobre incontinencia fecal y se establecieran recomendaciones de utilidad para la comunidad médica.Las recomendaciones emitidas fueron a través de 35 enunciados que se presentan en este documento. Se reconoce que la incontinencia fecal es una entidad frecuente, y cuya incidencia se incrementa conforme aumenta la edad, sin embargo, es poco reconocida. La fisiopatología de la incontinencia es compleja y multifactorial y en la mayoría de los casos existe más de un factor de riesgo asociado. Respecto al diagnóstico, se considera que, si bien no existe un estándar de oro, la combinación de pruebas que evalúen la estructura (p. ej., ultrasonido endoanal) y la función (manometría anorrectal) se debe de recomendar en todos los casos. El tratamiento debe ser también multidisciplinario, y se recomiendan medidas generales, fármacos (lidamidina, loperamida), y en casos seleccionados intervenciones no farmacológicas como la terapia de biorretroalimentación. De igual manera, el tratamiento quirúrgico debe ofrecerse a los pacientes seleccionados y debe ser brindado por los expertos. Abstract: Fecal incontinence is the involuntary passage or the incapacity to control the release of fecal matter through the anus. It is a condition that significantly impairs quality of life in those that suffer from it, given that it affects body image, self-esteem, and interferes with everyday activities, in turn, favoring social isolation. There are no guidelines or consensus in Mexico on the topic, and so the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a multidisciplinary group (gastroenterologists, neurogastroenterologists, and surgeons) to carry out the «Mexican consensus on fecal incontinence» and establish useful recommendations for the medical community.The present document presents the formulated recommendations in 35 statements. Fecal incontinence is known to be a frequent entity whose incidence increases as individuals age, but one that is under-recognized. The pathophysiology of incontinence is complex and multifactorial, and in most cases, there is more than one associated risk factor. Even though there is no diagnostic gold standard, the combination of tests that evaluate structure (endoanal ultrasound) and function (anorectal manometry) should be recommended in all cases. Treatment should also be multidisciplinary and general measures and drugs (lidamidine, loperamide) are recommended, as well as non-pharmacologic interventions, such as biofeedback therapy, in selected cases. Likewise, surgical treatment should be offered to selected patients and performed by experts.

Introduction and aim: Intussusception is rare in adults and can occur in the small bowel and colon. Its atypical presentation makes the diagnosis difficult. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the causes, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of adult intussusception and to determine whether there was an association between etiology and clinical presentation. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out on patients above 18 years of age that were treated for intussusception at a tertiary care hospital, between 2000 and 2020. The findings were summarized utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Twenty-eight cases were identified. Median patient age was 46 years (18-80) and median symptom duration was 18 days. Abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (96.42%). The intussusceptions registered were enteroenteric (14), ileocecal (4), ileocolonic (4), colocolonic (5), and colorrectal (1). Intussusception etiology was benign in 15 cases, 9 were associated with malignancy, and 4 were idiopathic. Surgery was performed on 11 patients with enteroenteric intussusception and on all the cases of ileocecal, ileocolonic, colocolonic, and colorectal intussusception. There were 2 events of perioperative mortality (8%) and 8 of postoperative morbidity (32%). No significant differences were found regarding symptom duration or length of hospital stay, when the etiologic groups were compared. Conclusions: Intussusception is rare in adults. Diagnosis is a challenge because of the nonspecific signs and symptoms. Surgical resection should be considered in the definitive treatment and management should be individualized according to the patient’s comorbidities, clinical presentation, and risk of malignancy. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La intususcepción es infrecuente en adultos y puede ocurrir en intestino delgado y colon. Su presentación atípica hace complejo el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las causas, características clínicas, desenlaces del tratamiento y determinar si existe asociación entre etiología y presentación clínica. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en un centro de tercer nivel, en pacientes mayores de 18 años con intususcepción tratados entre 2000 y 2020. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial para resumir los hallazgos. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 casos, con mediana de edad de 46 años (18-80) y duración de síntomas 18 días. El dolor abdominal fue el síntoma más frecuente (96.42%). Se registraron 14 intususcepciones entero-entéricas, 4 ileocecales, 4 ileocolónicas, 5 colo-colónicas, y una colorrectal. Quince de las intususcepciones fueron de etiología benigna, 9 asociadas a malignidad y 4 idiopáticas. Se realizó cirugía en 11 pacientes con intususcepción entero-entérica y en todos los casos de intususcepción ileocecal, ileocolónica, colo-colónica y colorrectal. Se presentaron 2 eventos de mortalidad perioperatoria (8%) y 8 de morbilidad postoperatoria (32%). No hubo diferencia significativa en la duración de los síntomas, ni en estancia hospitalaria al comparar los grupos etiológicos. Conclusiones: La intususcepción es rara en adultos. El diagnóstico es un reto debido a los signos y síntomas inespecíficos. Para el tratamiento definitivo, se debe considerar la resección quirúrgica, individualizando de acuerdo a las comorbilidades del paciente, presentación clínica y riesgo de malignidad.

Fecal incontinence is the involuntary passage or the incapacity to control the release of fecal matter through the anus. It is a condition that significantly impairs quality of life in those that suffer from it, given that it affects body image, self-esteem, and interferes with everyday activities, in turn, favoring social isolation. There are no guidelines or consensus in Mexico on the topic, and so the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a multidisciplinary group (gastroenterologists, neurogastroenterologists, and surgeons) to carry out the «Mexican consensus on fecal incontinence» and establish useful recommendations for the medical community.The present document presents the formulated recommendations in 35 statements. Fecal incontinence is known to be a frequent entity whose incidence increases as individuals age, but one that is under-recognized. The pathophysiology of incontinence is complex and multifactorial, and in most cases, there is more than one associated risk factor. Even though there is no diagnostic gold standard, the combination of tests that evaluate structure (endoanal ultrasound) and function (anorectal manometry) should be recommended in all cases. Treatment should also be multidisciplinary and general measures and drugs (lidamidine, loperamide) are recommended, as well as non-pharmacologic interventions, such as biofeedback therapy, in selected cases. Likewise, surgical treatment should be offered to selected patients and performed by experts. Resumen: La incontinencia fecal es el paso involuntario o la incapacidad de controlar la descarga de materia fecal a través del ano, siendo una condición que deteriora significativamente la calidad de vida de los sujetos que la padecen, ya que afecta la imagen corporal, la autoestima e interfiere con las actividades cotidianas favoreciendo el aislamiento social. En nuestro país no existe una guía o consenso al respecto, por lo que la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología reunió a un grupo multidisciplinario (gastroenterólogos, neurogastroenterológos y cirujanos), para que realizaran el Consenso mexicano sobre incontinencia fecal y se establecieran recomendaciones de utilidad para la comunidad médica.Las recomendaciones emitidas fueron a través de 35 enunciados que se presentan en este documento. Se reconoce que la incontinencia fecal es una entidad frecuente, y cuya incidencia se incrementa conforme aumenta la edad, sin embargo, es poco reconocida. La fisiopatología de la incontinencia es compleja y multifactorial y en la mayoría de los casos existe más de un factor de riesgo asociado. Respecto al diagnóstico, se considera que, si bien no existe un estándar de oro, la combinación de pruebas que evalúen la estructura (p. ej., ultrasonido endoanal) y la función (manometría anorrectal) se debe de recomendar en todos los casos. El tratamiento debe ser también multidisciplinario, y se recomiendan medidas generales, fármacos (lidamidina, loperamida), y en casos seleccionados intervenciones no farmacológicas como la terapia de biorretroalimentación. De igual manera, el tratamiento quirúrgico debe ofrecerse a los pacientes seleccionados y debe ser brindado por los expertos.

Introduction and aims: More than 20% of healthcare-associated infections correspond to those at surgical sites, and there is a higher incidence of infections in colorectal surgery due to the associated bacterial load. Surgical wound protectors are designed to prevent contamination and mechanical trauma. Our aim was to demonstrate the usefulness of a circumferential wound retractor/protector for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) in emergency colorectal surgery. Methods: Forty-one patients that underwent emergency open surgery at a tertiary care hospital were randomized into 2 groups: 20 cases without the retractor (group A) and 21 cases with the retractor (group B). Subjects were assigned to a group in a 1:1 randomization allocation ratio. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were employed for the quantitative variables, and the statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Mac, version 16.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The SSI rate was 17%. Six group A patients developed SSI versus one group B patient. The use of a circumferential wound retractor/protector was statistically significant for the prevention of surgical wound infections, with a p = 0.031 and an OR of 8.5. In addition, preoperative blood glucose levels below 200 mg/dl provided a 3.2-times higher protective effect, compared with glucose levels above 200 mg/dl. Conclusions: In the present prospective randomized pilot study, the use of the circumferential wound retractor/protector significantly decreased the likelihood of surgical wound infection in emergency colorectal surgery. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Más del 20% de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud aparecen en sitios quirúrgicos y la prevalencia es mayor en los procedimientos colorrectales debido a la carga bacteriana asociada. El empleo de separadores de herida está enfocado en evitar la contaminación y el trauma mecánico. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la utilidad de un separador/protector circunferencial para evitar las infecciones de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal de urgencia. Métodos: Se incluyó a cuarenta y un pacientes atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Los pacientes fueron atendidos con cirugía de urgencia y fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: 20 casos sin utilizar el separador (grupo A) y 21 casos utilizándolo (grupo B). La aleatorización se realizó 1:1 de manera consecutiva y el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante prueba exacta de Fisher y chi cuadrada, con el software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 16.0 para Mac (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Resultados: La tasa de ISQ fue de 17%. Seis afectados pertenecían al Grupo A y sólo 1 al Grupo B. El uso del separador/protector circunferencial mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la prevención de ISQ con una p = 0.031 (OR de 8.5). Además, una glicemia perioperatoria por debajo de 200 mg/dl tiene un efecto protector de 3.2 veces en comparación con niveles por arriba de 200 mg/dl. Conclusiones: El uso del separador/protector circunferencial demostró una reducción en la incidencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en los casos de cirugía colorrectal de urgencia en el presente estudio.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Más del 20% de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud aparecen en sitios quirúrgicos y la prevalencia es mayor en los procedimientos colorrectales debido a la carga bacteriana asociada. El empleo de separadores de herida está enfocado a evitar la contaminación y el trauma mecánico. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la utilidad de un separador/protector circunferencial para evitar las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal de urgencia. Métodos: Se incluyó a 41 pacientes atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Los pacientes fueron atendidos con cirugía de urgencia y fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: 20 casos sin utilizar el separador (grupo A) y 21 casos utilizándolo (grupo B). La aleatorización se realizó 1:1 de manera consecutiva y el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher y la chi cuadrada, con el software IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 16.0 para Mac (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Resultados: La tasa de ISQ fue de 17%. Seis afectados pertenecían al grupo A y solo uno al grupo B. El uso del separador/protector circunferencial mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la prevención de ISQ con una p = 0.031 (OR de 8.5). Además, una glucemia perioperatoria por debajo de 200 mg/dl tiene un efecto protector de 3.2 veces en comparación con niveles por encima de 200 mg/dl. Conclusiones: El uso del separador/protector circunferencial demostró una reducción en la incidencia de ISQ en los casos de cirugía colorrectal de urgencia en el presente estudio. Abstract: Introduction and aims: More than 20% of healthcare-associated infections correspond to those at surgical sites, and there is a higher incidence of infections in colorectal surgery due to the associated bacterial load. Surgical wound protectors are designed to prevent contamination and mechanical trauma. Our aim was to demonstrate the usefulness of a circumferential wound retractor/protector for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) in emergency colorectal surgery. Methods: Forty-one patients that underwent emergency open surgery at a tertiary care hospital were randomized into 2 groups: 20 cases without the retractor (group A) and 21 cases with the retractor (group B). Subjects were assigned to a group in a 1:1 randomization allocation ratio. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were employed for the quantitative variables, and the statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Mac, version 16.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The SSI rate was 17%. Six group A patients developed SSI versus one group B patient. The use of a circumferential wound retractor/protector was statistically significant for the prevention of surgical wound infections, with a P = .031 and an OR of 8.5. In addition, preoperative blood glucose levels below 200 mg/dl provided a 3.2-times higher protective effect, compared with glucose levels above 200 mg/dl. Conclusions: In the present prospective randomized pilot study, the use of the circumferential wound retractor/protector significantly decreased the likelihood of SSI in emergency colorectal surgery.

Since the publication of the 2008 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease of the colon by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, significant advances have been made in the knowledge of that disease. A systematic review of articles published in the medical literature from January 2008 to July 2018 was carried out to revise and update the 2008 guidelines and provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English published within that time frame were included. The final versions of the 43 statements accepted in the three rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi method, were written, and the quality of evidence and strength of the recommendations were established for each statement, utilizing the GRADE system. The present consensus contains new data on the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of diverticular disease of the colon. Special emphasis is given to the usefulness of computed tomography and colonoscopy, as well as to the endoscopic methods for controlling bleeding. Outpatient treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis is discussed, as well as the role of rifaximin and mesalazine in the management of complicated acute diverticulitis. Both its minimally invasive alternatives and surgical options are described, stressing their indications, limitations, and contraindications. The new statements provide guidelines based on updated scientific evidence. Each statement is discussed, and its quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendation are presented. Resumen: Desde la publicación en 2008 de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad diverticular del colon de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed de enero de 2008 a julio de 2018 con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guías 2008 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en español e inglés, de alta calidad. Se redactaron los enunciados, que fueron votados utilizando el método Delphi. Se estableció la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Cuarenta y tres enunciados fueron finalmente votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definición, clasificación, epidemiología, fisiopatología y factores de riesgo. Se revisó con especial énfasis la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada y de la colonoscopia, así como los métodos endoscópicos para el control de la hemorragia. Se discutió sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis no complicada, el papel de la rifaximina y la mesalazina, en el manejo de la diverticulitis aguda complicada tanto en sus alternativas mínimamente invasivas hasta las opciones quirúrgicas con énfasis en sus indicaciones, limitaciones y contraindicaciones. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presentan la discusión, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendación de cada uno de ellos. Keywords: Diverticula, Diverticulitis, Mexico, Colon, Disease, Consensus, Palabras clave: Divertículos, Diverticulitis, México, Colon, Enfermedad, Consenso

Resumen: Desde la publicación en 2008 de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad diverticular del colon de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología ha habido avances significativos en el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed de enero de 2008 a julio de 2018 con el fin de revisar y actualizar las guías 2008 y proporcionar nuevas recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Se incluyeron todas las publicaciones en español e inglés, de alta calidad. Se redactaron los enunciados, que fueron votados utilizando el método Delphi. Se estableció la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de las recomendaciones según el sistema GRADE para cada enunciado. Cuarenta y tres enunciados fueron finalmente votados y calificados. Se informan nuevos datos sobre definición, clasificación, epidemiología, fisiopatología y factores de riesgo. Se revisó con especial énfasis la utilidad de la tomografía computarizada y de la colonoscopia, así como los métodos endoscópicos para el control de la hemorragia. Se discutió sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis no complicada, el papel de la rifaximina y la mesalazina, en el manejo de la diverticulitis aguda complicada tanto en sus alternativas mínimamente invasivas hasta las opciones quirúrgicas con énfasis en sus indicaciones, limitaciones y contraindicaciones. Los nuevos enunciados proporcionan directrices basadas en la evidencia actualizada. Se presentan la discusión, el grado y la fuerza de la recomendación de cada uno de ellos. Abstract: Since the publication of the 2008 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diverticular disease of the colon by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, significant advances have been made in the knowledge of that disease. A systematic review of articles published in the medical literature from January 2008 to July 2018 was carried out to revise and update the 2008 guidelines and provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English published within that time frame were included. The final versions of the 43 statements accepted in the three rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi method, were written, and the quality of evidence and strength of the recommendations were established for each statement, utilizing the GRADE system. The present consensus contains new data on the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of diverticular disease of the colon. Special emphasis is given to the usefulness of computed tomography and colonoscopy, as well as to the endoscopic methods for controlling bleeding. Outpatient treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis is discussed, as well as the role of rifaximin and mesalazine in the management of complicated acute diverticulitis. Both its minimally invasive alternatives and surgical options are described, stressing their indications, limitations, and contraindications. The new statements provide guidelines based on updated scientific evidence. Each statement is discussed, and its quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendation are presented. Palabras clave: Divertículos, Diverticulitis, México, Colon, Enfermedad, Consenso, Keywords: Diverticula, Diverticulitis, Mexico, Colon, Disease, Consensus

Introduction: Hartmann’s procedure (HP) is the conventional treatment in patients with complicated diverticulitis. Segmental resection with primary anastomosis (PA) is a treatment alternative for those patients. Our aim was to compare the postoperative results of HP and PA in patients with complicated diverticulitis (Hinchey stage III). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on patients operated on for purulent Hinchey stage III diverticulitis, within the time frame of 2000 and 2019. Results: Twenty-seven patients that underwent PA were compared with 27 that underwent HP. The patients that underwent HP had a greater probability of morbidity at 30 days (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.13–11.25), as well as a greater probability of major complications (OR 10.9; 95% CI 1.26–95.05). Conclusion: The patients that underwent segmental resection and PA presented with lower morbidity rates and higher stoma reversal rates than the patients that underwent HP. Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento convencional en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada es el procedimiento de Hartmann (PH). La resección segmentaria con anastomosis primaria (AP) es una alternativa para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El objetivo fue comparar los resultados postoperatorios entre el PH y la AP en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada (Hinchey III). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes intervenidos por diverticulitis purulenta Hinchey III del 2000 a 2019. Resultados: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes con AP y se compararon con 27 pacientes con PH. Los pacientes a los que se les realizó PH tuvieron mayor probabilidad de morbilidad a 30 días (RM 3.5; IC 95% 1.13–11.25) y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones mayores (RM 10.9; IC 95% 1.26–95.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes con resección segmentaria y AP tuvieron menor morbilidad y mayores tasas de reversión de estoma que los pacientes que se sometieron a PH.

Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento convencional en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada es el procedimiento de Hartmann (PH). La resección segmentaria con anastomosis primaria (AP) es una alternativa para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. El objetivo fue comparar los resultados postoperatorios entre el PH y la AP en pacientes con diverticulitis complicada (Hinchey III). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes intervenidos por diverticulitis purulenta Hinchey III del 2000 al 2019. Resultados: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes con AP y se compararon con 27 pacientes con PH. Los pacientes a los que se les realizó PH tuvieron mayor probabilidad de morbilidad a 30 días (RM 3.5; IC 95% 1.13-11.25) y mayor probabilidad de complicaciones mayores (RM 10.9; IC 95% 1.26-95.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes con resección segmentaria y AP tuvieron menor morbilidad y mayores tasas de reversión de estoma que los pacientes que se sometieron a PH. Abstract: Introduction: Hartmann's procedure (HP) is the conventional treatment in patients with complicated diverticulitis. Segmental resection with primary anastomosis (PA) is a treatment alternative for those patients. Our aim was to compare the postoperative results of HP and PA in patients with complicated diverticulitis (Hinchey stage III). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on patients operated on for purulent Hinchey stage III diverticulitis, within the time frame of 2000 and 2019. Results: Twenty-seven patients that underwent PA were compared with 27 that underwent HP. The patients that underwent HP had a greater probability of morbidity at 30 days (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.13-11.25), as well as a greater probability of major complications (OR 10.9; 95% CI 1.26-95.05). Conclusion: The patients that underwent segmental resection and PA presented with lower morbidity rates and higher stoma reversal rates than the patients that underwent HP.

La literatura reporta una incidencia anual de 5,900 casos de carcinoma anal en países desarrollados. Estos involucran a 3 zonas anatómicas distintas: carcinoma del canal anal; carcinoma perianal (antes denominado carcinoma del margen anal, ubicado a una distancia menor a 5 cm de este) y carcinoma de la piel perianal (a más de 5 cm de distancia del margen anal). El carcinoma basocelular de la región perianal es una neoplasia poco común (0.27% de todos los carcinomas basocelulares diagnosticados) cuyo tratamiento en la inmensa mayoría de las veces es la resección con márgenes libres de enfermedad; debe de diferenciarse de la variante basaloide epidermoide del carcinoma debido a su buen pronóstico y casi nulo potencial de diseminación.

A 65-year-old male with pancreatic cancer stage IV and history of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and plastic biliary stent placement 43 days earlier, arrived to the emergency department with 8-hour right upper quadrant pain, fever, and shivering. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed migration of the biliary stent to the ascending colon, with signs of perforation on its antimesenteric edge. A surgical approach by laparotomy was decided. The biliary stent was found perforating the ascending colon and in contact with the abdominal wall. The stent contained the colonic perforation, avoiding leakage. Removal of migrated endoprosthesis and primary closure was made. The patient remained in observation and with IV antibiotics, a new was performed ERCP with placement of an 8 cm by 10 Fr Amsterdam-type plastic stent on the 7th day due to cholangitis, with subsequent complete recovery. Endoscopic placement of stents has become a well-established procedure for biliary disease. Stent migration may be present in up to 6-8% of the cases. In most cases, distal migration has an uncomplicated passage, but it may cause bowel injury in up to 1%. This life-threatening complication requires prompt evaluation and management either by endoscopic or surgical approach.

Background: Tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with adverse prognostic factors and decreased survival in colon cancer. However, there is no information of their survival impact in rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n-CRT)., Methods: Retrospective study in 223 patients with rectal cancer with n-CRT. A survival analysis of factors associated with decreased overall survival (OS) including TDs was performed., Results: From 223 patients, 131 (58.7%) were men, mean age 59.8 (± 13.06) years, and 42 (18.8%) of them revealed TDs. Survival analysis of TDs showed no association with mortality. Factors associated with decreased 5-year OS were the histologic grade (p = 0.42), perineural invasion (p = 0.001), and mesorectal quality (p = 0.067). Perineural invasion (HR = 2.335, 95% CI = 1.198-4.552) remained as independent factor in the multivariate analysis., Conclusions: TDs were not associated with mortality in rectal cancer patients treated with n-CRT. Factors associated with decreased survival were inadequate mesorectal quality and perineural invasion., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) presentation at our institution., Methods: From January 2009 to January 2018, patients that underwent CRC surgery at our institution were included and retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine independent risk factors for presenting with advanced CRC., Results: A total of 277 patients were included, 53.5% presented with advanced CRC. The multivariate analysis identified that living in a rural area (odds ratio [OR] = 5.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.27-12-10; p < 0.001), weight loss (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.35-4.09; p = 0.002), needing emergency surgery (OR = 4.68; 95% CI: 1.25-17.49; p = 0.022), location in the rectum in comparison with colon (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.44-4.91; p = 0.002), and location in the mid rectum (OR = 6.10; 95% CI: 2.31-16.12; p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of advanced CRC stage at presentation., Conclusions: Patients with lower socioeconomic status, with symptoms, and needing emergency surgery were associated with advanced CRC stage at presentation. Special interventions to improve access to care in this population should be planned to enhance CRC outcomes., (Copyright: © 2023 Permanyer.)

Background: Muscle mass and visceral fat may be assessed at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) in computed tomography (CT). Both variables have been related with adverse surgical outcomes., Objective: The objective of the study was to study the association of skeletal muscle index (SMI) and visceral fat area (VFA) with 30-day mortality in colorectal surgery., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico City. Patients who underwent colorectal surgery with primary anastomosis from January 2007 to December 2018 were included in the study. Their preoperative CT scans were analyzed with the NIH ImageJ software at the level of the third lumbar vertebra to determine their SMI (L3-SMI) and the VFA. Logistic regression analysis (adjusted by surgery anatomical location) was used to determine the association between these variables and surgical 30-day mortality., Results: A total of 548 patients were included; 30-day mortality was 4.18% (23 patients). On univariable analysis, L3-SMI, low SMI, anastomosis leak, pre-operative albumin, estimated blood loss, age, steroid use, Charlson comorbidity index score >2, and type of surgery were associated with 30-day mortality. On multivariable analysis, low SMI remained an independent risk factor with an odds ratio of 4.74, 95% confidence interval 1.22-18.36 (p = 0.02)., Conclusion: Low SMI was found to be an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in patients submitted to colorectal surgery with a primary anastomosis, whether for benign or malignant diagnosis. VFA was not associated with 30-day mortality.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the evidence regarding open versus laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of diverticular colovesical fistula (CVF) in terms of perioperative outcomes., Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies comparing laparoscopic versus open surgery for CVF. We pooled odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) using random or fixed effects models., Results: Five non-randomized studies with 227 patients met the inclusion criteria. All were retrospective studies, published between 2014 and 2020. For laparoscopic surgery, the pooled rate for conversion to laparotomy was 36%. Laparoscopic and open procedures required similar operative time (MD: -11.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -51.41 to 28.16). No difference was found in terms of stoma rates between laparoscopic and open surgery (OR: 1.12; 95% CI 0.44-2.86). Overall, the rate of total postoperative complications was lower in the laparoscopic group (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.30-0.99). The pooled analysis showed equivalent rates of anastomotic leaks (OR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.15-2.45), surgical site infections (OR: 0.44; 95% CI 0.19-1.01), and mortality (OR: 0.18; 95% CI 0.03-1.15). The length of stay was significantly reduced with laparoscopic surgery (MD: -2.89; 95% CI -4.20 to -1.58)., Conclusion: Among patients with CVF, the laparoscopic approach appears to have shorter hospital length of stay, with no differences in anastomotic leaks, surgical site infections, stoma rates, and mortality, when compared with open surgery., (© 2021 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.)

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los resultados perioperatorios y a largo plazo de los pacientes sometidos a exenteración pélvica para cáncer de recto en un centro de referencia en la Ciudad de México., Método: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes que se sometieron a exenteración pélvica por cáncer de recto entre 1995 y 2019. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y patológicas., Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 pacientes operados por cáncer de recto (16 localmente avanzados y 2 recurrentes). La relación hombre: mujer fue de 1:3.5. La morbilidad mayor fue del 27.7%. El sangrado intraoperatorio ≥ 1000 ml se asoció con morbilidad (80 vs. 20%; p = 0,029) y mortalidad posoperatoria (100 vs. 0; p = 0.043). La mediana de sobrevida global fue 102 meses. Las sobrevidas global y libre de enfermedad a los 5 años fueron del 44.4% y el 38.8%, respectivamente. La invasión linfovascular fue un factor de mal pronóstico para sobrevida libre de enfermedad (p = 0.017)., Conclusiones: La exenteración pélvica para el cáncer de recto es un procedimiento quirúrgico con altas morbilidad y mortalidad. La invasión linfovascular es un factor de mal pronóstico para la sobrevida libre de enfermedad., Introduction: Pelvic exenteration is a radical treatment for locally advanced and recurrent pelvic tumors. The aim of this study was to analyze the perioperative and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer at a referral center in Mexico City., Method: We included all patients who underwent pelvic exenteration due to rectal cancer between 1995 and 2019. Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were analyzed., Results: 18 patients were included (16 locally advanced and 2 recurrent). The male-female ratio was 1:3.5. The highest morbidity was 27.7%. Intraoperative bleeding ≥ 1000 ml was associated with postoperative morbidity (80 vs. 20%; p = 0.029) and mortality (100 vs. 0; p = 0.043). The median overall survival was 102 months. Overall survival and disease free survival at 5 years after exenteration were 44.4% and 38.8%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion of the tumor was a poor prognostic factor for disease free survival (p = 0.017)., Conclusions: Pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer is a surgical procedure with high morbidity and mortality. Lymphovascular invasion is a poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival., (Copyright: © 2021 Permanyer.)

Background: Diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) after emergency presentation is associated with a worse prognosis., Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the sociodemographic factors related with emergency CRC surgery at our institution., Methods: From January 2009 to December 2017, patients that underwent CRC surgery at our institution were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the effect of the potential risk factors on the rate of emergency surgery., Results: A total of 247 patients underwent CRC surgery at our institution. The rate of emergency surgery was 7.7%. On univariate analysis, patients without a family history of cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 4.95), living in a rural area (OR: 3.7), and late clinical cancer stage (OR: 5.06) were associated with emergent surgery. Mid-income status was a protective factor for emergency surgery (OR: 0.14, p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, late clinical cancer stage (OR: 4.41, 95% CI 1.21-16.05, p = 0.024) and mid-income economic status (OR: 0.41, 95% CI 0.04-0.55, p = 0.004) were identified as independent risk factors for emergency surgery., Conclusion: Social, economic, and demographic factors were identified as predictors for emergent CRC surgery., (Copyright: © 2021 Permanyer.)

Colonic lipomas are infrequent, benign, non-epithelial, fatty neoplasms. Most of the colonic lipomas are asymptomatic, but around 25% of patients may develop symptoms. Nowadays, surgical resection of the involved segment is the treatment of choice. We report three cases of colonic intussusceptions caused by colonic lipomas in adult patients. The patients underwent surgical resection, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of the specimens., (Copyright: © 2021 Permanyer.)

Background: The implementation of quality-of-care indicators aiming to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes has been previously described by Cancer Care Ontario. The aim of this study was to assess the quality-of-care indicators in CRC at a referral centre in a developing country and to determine whether improvement occurred over time., Methods: We performed a retrospective study of our prospectively collected database of patients after CRC surgery from 2001 to 2016. We excluded patients who underwent local transanal excision, pelvic exenteration or palliative procedures. We evaluated trends over time using the Cochran-Armitage test for trend., Results: A total of 343 patients underwent surgical resection of CRC over the study period. There was improvement of the following indicators over time: the proportion of patients detected by screening ( p = 0.03), the proportion of patients with preoperative liver imaging ( p = 0.001), the proportion of patients with stage II or III rectal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( p = 0.03), the proportion of patients with pathology reports that indicated the number of lymph nodes examined and the number of positive nodes ( p = 0.001), and the proportion of patients with pathology reports describing the details on margin status ( p = 0.001)., Conclusion: This study showed the feasibility of applying the Cancer Care Ontario indicators for evaluating outcomes in CRC treatment at a single centre in a developing country. Although there was an improvement of some of the quality-of-care indicators over time, policies and interventions must be implemented to improve the fulfillment of all indicators.

Background: Despite the potential benefits of fecal diversion after low pelvic anastomosis in colorectal surgery, diverting loop ileostomy construction is related to significant rates of complications., Aim: To determine potential predictors of high output related complications in patients with diverting loop ileostomy creation after colorectal surgery., Methods: Patients who underwent open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery requiring a diverting loop ileostomy from January 2010 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. We included patients older than 18 years, who underwent colorectal surgery with primary low pelvic anastomosis, and with the creation of a diverting loop ileostomy, at elective or emergency settings for the treatment of benign or malignant conditions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the potential predictors on the rate of high output related complications. The high output related complications were dehydration and acute renal failure that required visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations., Results: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 23.5% ( n = 24) suffered high output related complications. In this group of patients at least one visit to the emergency department (mean 1.6), and at least one readmission to the hospital was needed. The factors associated with high-output ileostomy, in the univariate analysis, were: urgent surgical intervention (OR = 2.6; P = 0.047), the development of postoperative complications (OR = 3; P = 0.024), have ulcerative colitis (OR = 4.8; P = 0.017), use of steroids (OR = 4.3; P = 0.010), mean output at discharge greater than 1000 mL/24 h (OR = 3.2; P = 0.016), and use of loperamide at discharge (OR = 2.8; P = 0.032). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two independent risk factors for high output related complications: ulcerative colitis [OR = 7.6 (95%CI: 1.81-31.95); P = 0.006], and ileostomy output at discharge ≥ 1000 mL/24 h [OR = 3.3 (1.18-9.37); P = 0.023]., Conclusion: In our study, patients with ulcerative colitis and those with an ileostomy output above 1000 mL/24 h at discharge, were at increased risk of high output related complications., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Purpose: Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe complication of neutropenia. NEC is characterized by segmental ulceration, intramural inflammation, and necrosis. Factors present in patients who underwent colectomy have never been studied. The present study aimed to describe the clinical factors present in patients who underwent emergent colectomy for the treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis., Methods: Patients admitted with neutropenic enterocolitis from November 2009 to May 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine clinical factors associated with emergent colectomy., Results: Thirty-nine patients with NEC were identified. All patients had a hematological disorder. Medical treatment was the only management in 30 (76.9%) patients, and 9 (23.1%) patients underwent colectomy. No differences were found between the treatment groups regarding sex, age, or comorbidities. Patients were more likely to undergo colectomy if they developed abdominal distention (OR = 12, p = 0.027), hemodynamic failure (OR = 6, p = 0.042), respiratory failure (OR = 17.5, p = 0.002), multi-organic failure (OR = 9.6, p = 0.012), and if they required ICU admission (OR = 11.5, p = 0.007). Respiratory failure was the only independent risk factor for colectomy in multivariable analysis. In-hospital mortality for the medical and surgical treatment groups was 13.3% (n = 4) and 44.4% (n = 4), respectively (p = 0.043)., Conclusions: In our study, most NEC patients were treated conservatively. Patients were more likely to undergo colectomy if they developed organ failures or required ICU admission. Early surgical consultation is suggested in all patients with NEC.

Background: Despite the advantages of diverting loop ileostomy construction, it is related to complications., Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for complications after loop ileostomy closure., Methods: Patients who underwent loop ileostomy closure from January 2010 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the effect of the potential risk factors on the rate of each complication., Results: A total of 136 patients underwent reversal. Indications for the initial operation were colorectal cancer (39.7%), diverticulitis (25.7%), idiopathic chronic ulcerative colitis (ICUC) (8.1%), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (7.4%), and others (19.1%). Multivariate analysis identified the following risk factors: type of incision (midline laparotomy) (odds ratio [OR] = 6.5) for wound infection; treatment with immunomodulator (OR = 12.5) for anastomotic leak; history of FAP (OR = 9.8) for intestinal obstruction; previous use of immunomodulator (OR = 10.0) and performing reversal through midline incision (OR = 18.9) for reoperation; and ≥ 65 years old (OR = 3.5) for medical complications. The rate of incisional hernia was 11%, and the risk factors were time to closure < 3 months (OR = 6.4) and parastomal hernia (OR = 13.2)., Conclusions: Several patient-related and surgical technique factors should be considered at the time of loop ileostomy closure to reduce post-operative morbidity., (Copyright: © 2019 Permanyer.)

Background: Colovesical fistulas in two-thirds of the cases are due to diverticular disease. In recent years, a minimally invasive approach has shown advantages over the traditional open approach. The goal of this study was to evaluate the surgical results and safety of the laparoscopic procedure in patients with colovesical fistula., Material and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 24 patients who underwent surgery for colovesical fistula in a referral center from 2005 to 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: (i) laparoscopic approach, and (ii) open approach., Results: The laparoscopic and open groups had similar characteristics with respect to age and gender distribution. There were a higher number of bladder repairs in the open approach group (83.3 vs. 16.6%; p = 0.01). The operative time (212 ± 74 min vs. 243 ± 69 min; p = 0.313) and intraoperative bleeding (268 ± 222 ml vs. 327 ± 169 ml; p = 0.465) were similar in both groups. The conversion rate of the laparoscopic approach to open surgery was 25%. There was no difference in morbidity (41.1 vs. 25%; p = 0.414), although the laparoscopic group had a shorter hospital stay (9 ± 4 days vs. 15 ± 11 days; p = 0.083) without statistical significance., Conclusions: The treatment of colovesical fistula by a laparoscopic approach is safe and is associated with less bladder repairs and a shorter hospital stay.

Introduction: Gastrocolic fistula is a rare complication of adenocarcinoma of the colon. Despite radical resections, these patients usually have a poor prognosis with a mean survival of 23 months and long-term survival is rarely reported., Case Presentation: A 48-year-old Latino-American man presented with watery diarrhea, diffuse abdominal pain and weight loss for 3 months. A computed tomography scan revealed a mass in the splenic flexure that had infiltrated his stomach and diaphragm. Panendoscopy and colonoscopy confirmed the presence of a fistula between the distal transverse colon and the stomach, which was secondary to a colon cancer. His colon, stomach and left diaphragm were resected en bloc. A histological examination revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon that had infiltrated the full width of the gastric wall with 37 negative lymph nodes and clear surgical margins. Adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin was administered after surgery. Our patient is alive and without any recurrence 5 years after surgery., Conclusions: En bloc resection with adjuvant chemotherapy offers the best treatment option for gastrocolic fistulas. This is one of the patients with greater survival reported in the medical literature.

Background: The use of temporary stomas has been demonstrated to reduce septic complications, especially in high-risk anastomosis; therefore, it is necessary to reduce the number of complications secondary to ostomy takedowns, namely wound infection, anastomotic leaks, and intestinal obstruction., Objective: To compare the rates of superficial wound infection and patient satisfaction after pursestring closure of ostomy wound vs conventional linear closure., Design: Patients undergoing colostomy or ileostomy closure between January 2010 and February 2011 were randomly assigned to linear closure (n = 30) or pursestring closure (n = 31) of their ostomy wound. Wound infection within 30 days of surgery was defined as the presence of purulent discharge, pain, erythema, warmth, or positive culture for bacteria. Patient satisfaction, healing time, difficulty managing the wound, and limitation of activities were analyzed with the Likert questionnaire., Results: The infection rate for the control group was 36.6% (n = 11) vs 0% in the pursestring closure group (p < 0.0001). Healing time was 5.9 weeks in the linear closure group and 3.8 weeks in the pursestring group (p = 0.0002). Seventy percent of the patients with pursestring closure were very satisfied in comparison with 20% in the other group (p = 0.0001)., Limitations: This study was limited by the heterogeneity in the type of stoma in both groups., Conclusion: The pursestring method resulted in the absence of infection after ostomy wound closure (shorter healing time and improved patient satisfaction).

The injection of bulking agents has been described as a useful treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence. Among them, silicone implants have shown benefits in patients with internal anal sphincter (IAS) injury. We describe two patients with a history of hemorrhoidectomy and IAS injuries, which underwent placement of silicone implants. The implants were inserted into the intersphincteric space and the IAS under ultrasound guidance. The Wexner continente score fell from 17 and 19 before treatment, to 6 and 8 at six months follow up, respectively. Patients had no postoperative complications or implants migration. In our patients, injection of silicone implants improved fecal continence score, without postoperative complications or implants migration at six month follow up.

Buschke-Löwenstein tumor is a slowly growing neoplasm with high potential of local invasion. We described a 29 year-old female with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who was surgically treated for a Buschke- Löwenstein tumor with a wide local excision, bilateral gluteal flaps and loop ileostomy. At 12 months follow-up, there was no evidence of recurrence. Despite it does not metastasize, Buschke-Löwenstein tumor has a high recurrence rate and a 50% risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma. Surgery is considered the treatment of choice for this disease. Podophyllin, immunotherapy, interferon and radiotherapy are other treatments with a limited therapeutic response.