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Abstract Background With rapid urbanization, massive migration, and non-family–based eldercare involvement, Chinese concepts of eldercare responsibility and filial piety are shifting. We performed age-period-cohort (APC) analyses to assess the transition of old-age pension coverage, eldercare responsibility, and filial piety concepts and its urban-rural differences among Chinese adults using data from the China General Social Survey (2006–2017). Methods Old-age pension coverage (yes/no) and primary eldercare responsibility (government/offspring/self/sharing) were investigated in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017. Filial piety was evaluated using customized questionnaires in 2006 and 2017. The APC effects were estimated using mixed effects and generalized additive models. Results Among 66,182 eligible participants (mean age: 48.8 years, females: 51.7%) in the six waves, APC analyses indicated that old-age pension coverage increased with aging and over time. Across cohort groups, it grew as the cohort was younger in urban residents but decreased in rural residents. The concept of offspring-based (> 50%) and government/self/offspring-shared eldercare (> 30%) predominated. APC analyses revealed that the offspring-based concept declined with aging (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.79–0.84), whereas the government-based (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.33–1.41) and self-based (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.47–1.63) concepts increased with aging. People born around the 1940s have a comparatively higher possibility to perceive that the primary eldercare responsibility should be undertaken by the government and elder parents. In contrast, people born in the younger cohort were more likely to perceive that adult children are responsible for their parents’ primary eldercare. Filial piety score slightly increased with aging (β = 0.18, SD: 0.05) but decreased as the birth cohort was younger. In addition, rural participants were more likely to perceive offspring-based eldercare and maintain filial piety, and the related urban-rural difference was intensified by aging. Conclusions The traditional concept that eldercare solely relies on offspring has changed to relying on multiple entities, including the government and self-reliance. Diluted filial piety in people born in the young cohort requires reinforcement. Moreover, future healthy aging policies need to focus more on urban-rural disparities to promote equity in social well-being.

Background: With rapid urbanization, massive migration, and non-family–based eldercare involvement, Chinese concepts of eldercare responsibility and filial piety are shifting. We performed age-period-cohort (APC) analyses to assess the transition of old-age pension coverage, eldercare responsibility, and filial piety concepts and its urban-rural differences among Chinese adults using data from the China General Social Survey (2006–2017). Methods: Old-age pension coverage (yes/no) and primary eldercare responsibility (government/offspring/self/sharing) were investigated in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017. Filial piety was evaluated using customized questionnaires in 2006 and 2017. The APC effects were estimated using mixed effects and generalized additive models. Results: Among 66,182 eligible participants (mean age: 48.8 years, females: 51.7%) in the six waves, APC analyses indicated that old-age pension coverage increased with aging and over time. Across cohort groups, it grew as the cohort was younger in urban residents but decreased in rural residents. The concept of offspring-based (> 50%) and government/self/offspring-shared eldercare (> 30%) predominated. APC analyses revealed that the offspring-based concept declined with aging (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.79–0.84), whereas the government-based (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.33–1.41) and self-based (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.47–1.63) concepts increased with aging. People born around the 1940s have a comparatively higher possibility to perceive that the primary eldercare responsibility should be undertaken by the government and elder parents. In contrast, people born in the younger cohort were more likely to perceive that adult children are responsible for their parents' primary eldercare. Filial piety score slightly increased with aging (β = 0.18, SD: 0.05) but decreased as the birth cohort was younger. In addition, rural participants were more likely to perceive offspring-based eldercare and maintain filial piety, and the related urban-rural difference was intensified by aging. Conclusions: The traditional concept that eldercare solely relies on offspring has changed to relying on multiple entities, including the government and self-reliance. Diluted filial piety in people born in the young cohort requires reinforcement. Moreover, future healthy aging policies need to focus more on urban-rural disparities to promote equity in social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Extensive studies have discussed the economic and welfare effects of social pensions worldwide, while scant attention has been paid to their nutritional effects, especially in emerging economies. Using multitopic longitudinal survey data of households and individuals in Kyrgyzstan covering four waves of 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2019, this study aims to examine the impact of an old‐age pension on the nutritional outcomes of the elderly and shed light on their underlying mechanisms. Our empirical identification rests on a propensity score matching with difference‐in‐differences estimation design to address the endogeneity problem of receiving an old‐age pension. Overall, the results indicate that receiving an old‐age pension has a significant and negative impact on body mass index and the probability of being overweight for males, while no significant impact of the old‐age pension has been observed for females. Receiving an old‐age pension has no significant effect on expenditure of food consumption, calorie intake, and macronutrient intake, while it significantly reduces the ratio of protein intake to total calorie intake. We also observe significant heterogeneity in the nutritional effect of an old‐age pension across various education levels and income levels; the negative nutritional effect is more salient for elderly individuals who are relatively poor or who have lower education. Our findings provide profound implications for policies targeting improving the nutritional status of rural residents in emerging economies through the implementation of the old‐age pension [EconLit Citations: H55, I15, I38]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of 'divorce splitting'. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries' monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of our research is to present the pension system of Hungary, to explore its specificities, so that the reader can get a comprehensive picture of its characteristics and determining elements. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that not only in our country, but in all countries of the world, the issue of an adequate and sustainable pension system is considered a very pressing problem. In order to establish the subject, it was essential to undertake an in-depth study of the domestic literature on pension provision, which we have endeavoured to do to the best of our knowledge. In addition to the catalogues of our country's libraries, the various databases and other on-line services available on the Internet were of great help in accessing and processing these data. Our study of the literature has confirmed that the literary background of the pension system and its connections is so wide-ranging and extensive that it would be beyond the scope of this work to present all its aspects. Therefore, we have tried to synthesise the theoretical background knowledge that is essential for the presentation of the pension system of Hungary. Our country’s pension system and its history can be traced back to the 16th century. From then on, it has gone through a very long journey and has been modified several times before the characteristics of today's pension system have been developed. It is clear that the pension system and the changes it has undergone are influenced directly or indirectly by a number of factors, given the complexity of the subject. Our research has focused exclusively on certain aspects of demographic trends. With the help of these, we tried to answer the question of the impact of demographic trends on the Hungarian pension system and the challenges it faces. Our exploratory research has shown that demographic factors cannot be considered in a purely national context, as different but closely related processes are taking place in different areas and counties of the country. It is precisely for this reason that we considered it important to conduct a dynamic statistical analysis of the population in the counties. From the demographic trends identified, it is clear that the low fertility rate, the increase in average life expectancy at birth and the increasing economic emigration have a demonstrable impact on the pension system in our country.

The paper deals with the concept of “child upbringing” by a parent in the pension insurance. First, attention is paid to which persons are considered to be the parents of a raised child, then the fulfilment of the condition of the child’s upbringing is analysed for the purpose of determination of the retirement age of women as one of the conditions for the entitlement to an old-age pension. The individual aspects of a child’s upbringing are described in selected court decisions. From year 2023, upbringing of a child also plays a role in increasing the old-age pension. In this context, a discrepancy in the legal regulation in the assessment of children who died at a young age is pointed out. The reasons for the emergence of this contradiction are analysed, undesirable effects in determining the retirement age of women are pointed out and possible solutions are outlined.

In the Polish public old-age insurance scheme requirements for the old-age pension payment are differentiated for employees and other groups of insured persons. The pensionable age is 60 (women) or 65 (men). However, in case of employees, the old-age pension entitlement is suspended, irrespective of income, if employment performed directly before the date of acquiring old-age pension right settled by a decision of the social security institution is continued without its prior termination. This solution results from political, judicial and theoretical discussions undertaken over many years and presented in this paper. The formal recognition of the old-age pension entitlement differs from its realisation. Thus, the contingency does not cover survival beyond a prescribed age as such, but it rather pertains to the termination of employment and similar events (i.e., transformation of the disability pension into old-age pension, application of the person concerned) which here are collectively referred to as "retirement." The regulation was adopted in order to reduce the costs of benefits while enabling smooth replacement of older employees by younger ones, because at the same time, courts developed stricter antidiscriminatory case law on the admissibility of dismissals on the grounds of acquiring pension rights. Meanwhile, the labour market situation changed and fiscal or labour law solutions supporting the activity of senior workers should be correlated with the complex regulation of the old-age pension entitlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Women, especially in old age, are vulnerable to poverty and poor health. The social assistance, such as women's old-age pension, provided by the government helps households with elderly women improve household well-being by increasing household consumption expenditure and reducing household poverty. This paper analyses the effects of the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), on the well-being of households with elderly women in India, using the 2011-12 India Human Development Survey-II data and applying the non-parametric propensity score matching (PSM) method. The effect of pension amount received under IGNOAPS on household monthly per capita consumption expenditure is estimated. The IGNOAPS increases household monthly per capita consumption expenditure on food items, education, and health by 8%, and reduces household poverty. As the programme involves unconditional cash transfers to the targeted elderly women, the entire household derives the larger benefits in terms of increased consumption. Thus, the IGNOAPS is a welfare-improving and poverty-reducing social assistance programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemological hierarchies in the social sciences stipulate that sedentarism is naturalised as a normality, and that mobility is viewed as a deviation. This article sets out to propose an analytical framework that takes the analysis beyond this kind of nationalized knowledge production, and to empirically show the gains of de-nationalized frameworks for analysis of social protection and dynamics of in-/equality in the globalised society. I will do this relying on the empirical example of the public old-age pension scheme in Sweden.

The Old Age Pension (OAP) to elderly South Africans is one of the biggest programs in developing countries. It's a vital income source to many households because it puts a significant cash transfer into the hands of many poor households, and the sharp increase in its take‐up at the minimum eligibility age further demonstrates its importance. This paper estimates the OAP's impact on households' food security, quality of water and sanitation facilities, where the last two are essential public health‐related outcomes. We find that the OAP has a significant and positive impact on food security, but not on the quality of drinking water and sanitation. We attribute the latter to the high fixed costs associated with access to quality drinking water and proper sanitation services and their nature as a form of public good. The paper further attempts to understand whether gender influences these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of transforming from planned economy to market economy, both China and Russia faced the issue of pension reform. There are similarities in the reform and development process and the system model of the pension security system in China and Russia. Transition from planned economy to market economy and aggravation of population aging are main reasons for the reform of pension system in both countries. Under the influence of the World Bank and other international organizations, China and Russia have gradually established a multi-tier pension system, with the state, enterprises and individuals sharing the pension costs. Differences also exist in the old-age security system of China and Russia.

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Social justice as one of the basic principles of social policy is a relative phenomenon that can be interpreted differently in space and time. The research paper addresses the content framework of the social justice phenomenon in the optics of the socio-political-economic specifics of the theory and practice of the axiological systems of Western civilization. The main aim is to identify the understanding of social justice by the power governments of the Slovak Republic through the mechanisms of valorisation of old-age pensions in the time horizon of 2010 – 2018.

The current importance of public pensions is given by the fact that this is the main form of support for inactive or unemployed people. Through this article we aim to review, in a brief way, the evolution and particularities of public pension. In particular, we want to analyze the evolution of the number of retirees in the public system, of the average pension but also of the service pensions during the years 2010-2021, in order to identify some directions for improving the public pension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the following issues: the legal nature of the survivor's pension, the possibility of obtaining the survivor's pension by a person, if his legal provider was also the holder of a survivor's pension, how to calculate the survivor's pension in case it is established, having as legal reference another survivor's pension, the possibility of applying the correction index when establishing the amount of the survivor's pension. The beginning of a relatively detailed legal analysis, in connection with these aspects presents a relevant degree of novelty for the Romanian legal literature, as neither the doctrine, nor the case law paid due attention to these problems, of indisputable theoretical interest and real practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a theoretical analysis configured in the matrix of a critical examination on the rulings of the Constitutional Court of Romania contained in the Decision No 702/2019. To this end, there were examined the conclusions promoted by the constitutional contentious court, which applied, in support of its point of view, the principle of equal treatment, constitutional rule, as well as of proportionality, praetorian construction, promoted by the case law, from which it resulted that, from a legal perspective, the disabled pensioners who acquired this legal condition based on the Law No 19/2000 will benefit from the application of the correction index regulated by the Law No 263/2010, if at the time of the ex officio transformation of the invalidity pension into an old-age pension the latter law was in force. In order to reach this solution, the Constitutional Court of Romania invoked the circumstance that for these pensioners it is finally established the pension according to Law No 263/2010, that the old-age pension is the only „stable” legal formula of the right to a pension and that excluding these persons from the benefit of increasing the amount of the pension, by capitalizing the correction index, represents an unacceptable discrimination in constitutional order, illustrating an unreasonable excess not based on an objective and rational purpose. Similarly, the Constitutional Court of Romania supported its solution promoted by the Decision No 702/2019 resorting to an interpretation, close to the legal „heresy”, of the legal phrase „initial registration for pension” and decided, bluntly, that the legislator wanted us to understand by this expression, exclusively, the concept of old-age pension, as a normative reference in connection with the capitalization of the correction index. Vis à vis to this solution, we have emphasized in detail, concretely and argued, the reasons why we consider that the solutions proposed by the Decision No 702/2019 are completely erroneous both from the perspective of the constitutional principles concerning the matter, and in relation to the legal rules, which fix the functional competence of the Constitutional Court of Romania. Thus, we have emphasized the fact that Law No 19/2000 did not regulate the correction index and that, regardless of the type of pension granted to a person during the period of application of this law, the beneficiary of the pension could, neither illo tempore, nor after the entry into force of the Law No 263/2010, access this legal benefit (correction index), considering the application of the rule tempus regit actum. We also pointed out that the Decision of the Constitutional Court No 207/2019 illustrates the forbidden interference of the constitutional contentious court in the functional competence of the courts in that it interprets the law, in its application, passing „nonchalantly” the limits of its own competence, circumscribed only to verifying the compliance of the law with the constitutional provisions. In conclusion, we have pointed out, moreover, in accordance with some preliminary rulings of the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which we have developed in their argumentative substance, that the rule of non-retroactivity of the law always has priority in application, so that the „addition” with legal bonuses of some rights, including the right to pension, pursuant to some laws subsequent to the acquisition of rights is, as a rule, contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates bridge employment beyond retirement, as nowadays it is one of solutions often mentioned to stabilize pension systems in the context of an aging population. The aim of this paper is to identify individual, financial, and other factors that influence retirees to work beyond retirement in Lithuania. This research was done using unique administrative Lithuanian data, allowing to analyze post-retirement employment in Lithuania for the first time. The sample consists of 26,000 new old-age pension recipients from 2015 to 2017. By applying binary models of the probability of being employed beyond retirement, it is found out that a greater acquired retirement record, a higher average wage before retirement, and living in a bigger city with a higher employment rate were positively associated with accepting bridge employment, while a higher sickness rate, higher old-age pension, and earlier receipt of an unemployment benefit were inversely related to accepting such employment. Moreover, being a professional or manager increases the likelihood of bridge employment in comparison to unskilled workers. This probability increases even more if a person works in the public sector. Finally, some social groups were excluded, finding that widows with disabilities or widowed women with worse health are not likely to work beyond retirement and are consequently under a bigger risk of poverty. To sum up, retirees who should stay in the labor market in their old age because of their bad financial situation are less likely to do it. This suggests that persons with bigger needs, lower-skilled workers, and women deserve particular attention in labor market reforms.

In the reporting period (1 February - 30 June 2020), there were five noteworthy cases in the field of social security. Two cases originated in French courts and concerned E 101 certificates. The Vueling case concerned the conditions for disregarding fraudulent E 101 certificates. Bouygues travaux publics dealt with the effects of E 101 certificates on obligations at the crossroads of social security and labour law. In Pensionsversicherungsanstalt v CW, the issue concerned whether a Member State of origin, Austria, must grant a rehabilitation allowance to a national no longer working or residing there. Caisse d'assurance retraite et de la santé au travail d'Alsace-Moselle v SJ related to the obligation for the competent institution to take into account an allowance paid by another Member State for raising a disabled child when calculating an insurance period for entitlement to an old-age pension. Finally, Caisse pour l'avenir des enfants v FV was a case about access to family benefits by a frontier worker for a child living in the same household but with whom there was no blood relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Investigate prospective associations between combinations of job demands/job control and future labor market situation. Methods: A population-based prospective cohort study of 2,194,694 individuals in paid work. Using multinomial logistic regression, we calculated the association between combinations of job demands/control in 2001, according to a job exposure matrix, and their long-term unemployment, sickness absence/ disability pension, early old-age pension, emigration, and death in 2012. Results: Low demands/low control at baseline was associated with longterm sickness absence/disability pension at follow-up among both women and men (odds ratios [ORs] 1.49; 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.46-1.53). High demands/low control at baseline was associated with a higher likelihood of old-age pension among women (OR 1.91; Cl 1.82-2.00). and with a lower likelihood among men (OR 0.59; Cl 0.53-0.66). Conclusions: Combinations of job demands/job control in 2001 were associated with labor market situation in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives We examine the sharp increase in poverty among older adults since the mid-1990s in South Korea. Method We apply decomposition analyses to quantify the contributions of demographic and household characteristics, as well as income sources, to the rise in poverty among older adults. Results A rapid increase in the number of older adults living independently, combined with an increase in the number of old older adults, largely explains the rising poverty rate among Korean older adults. At the same time, market incomes and private transfers are no longer dominant sources of income for older adults. Gradually rising public transfer incomes offset most of the decline in market and private transfer incomes. Public transfer could not counteract the formidable consequences of changing living arrangements and other changes related to a rapidly aging population. Discussion The Korean experience shows what would have happened to older adults in rich welfare states if mature old-age income security programs had not been in place. It may also provide some lessons for lower-income countries where poverty among older adults is set to become a larger problem in the coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates bridge employment beyond retirement, as nowadays it is one of solutions often mentioned to stabilize pension systems in the context of an aging population. The aim of this paper is to identify individual, financial, and other factors that influence retirees to work beyond retirement in Lithuania. This research was done using unique administrative Lithuanian data, allowing to analyze post-retirement employment in Lithuania for the first time. The sample consists of 26,000 new old-age pension recipients from 2015 to 2017. By applying binary models of the probability of being employed beyond retirement, it is found out that a greater acquired retirement record, a higher average wage before retirement, and living in a bigger city with a higher employment rate were positively associated with accepting bridge employment, while a higher sickness rate, higher old-age pension, and earlier receipt of an unemployment benefit were inversely related to accepting such employment. Moreover, being a professional or manager increases the likelihood of bridge employment in comparison to unskilled workers. This probability increases even more if a person works in the public sector. Finally, some social groups were excluded, finding that widows with disabilities or widowed women with worse health are not likely to work beyond retirement and are consequently under a bigger risk of poverty. To sum up, retirees who should stay in the labor market in their old age because of their bad financial situation are less likely to do it. This suggests that persons with bigger needs, lower-skilled workers, and women deserve particular attention in labor market reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is empirically intended to look into the effects of basic income security on poverty elimination and life independence in income security policies. To achieve this, poverty elimination and life independence through the national pension and basic pension as old-age pension for basic income security and the unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit as employment insurance were determined as dependent variables. The 10th data from Korea Welfare Panel Study were used in the statistical package program to analyze these variables. The overall findings showed that the national pension and basic pension as part of the old-age pension had a positive effect on poverty elimination and life independence. The unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit of employment insurance were not significant and they were rejected. And poverty elimination had a significant effect on life independence and it was adopted. Consequently, the old-age pension is a pensionable income security policy given to all the elderly with lower income, which it is very useful for guaranteeing a basic income. Poverty elimination leads to life independence through the guarantee of a certain basic income, suggesting that they are closely related to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study adopts a cultural gendered perspective to examine policy in two financially risky periods in women's life course: when raising young children and in post-employment in old age, when income is mainly from pensions. Specifically, we look at the intersection of social policy and cultural schemas of motherhood in relation to two policy axes: family policy and old age policy. The analysis is based on a cross-national comparison of social policies in six countries with significantly different welfare state and cultural traditions: Germany, France, Israel, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Data are gleaned from document analysis of care and pension policies and the database of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The policy analysis revealed nuanced differences between countries that are captured through a typology composed of the level of generosity in family policy and the level of generosity in old age policy. The analysis addresses a research lacuna regarding the intersection between gendered cultural schemas and the generosity of socialpolicies and its plausible relation to the genderedness of old-age vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2004, a new pension system has been introduced in Slovakia; this system with small adjustments is valid till nowadays. However, this system is not long term sustainable. The government tries to place the responsibility of the future income of oldage pensions on workers themselves. Even the last modification of the pension system attests the unpopular and superficial solution of this important topic. The endeavor of the population in the productive age is to mind about securing their income in the post productive age. There are several options to secure a dignified income in the old-age, via not only mandatory levy to the social system and savings but also in the form of suitable financial investments. The point of this article is to reconsider not only changing position of population to their future old-age pension but also to reconsider the government approach to the improvement of redistribution of old-age pensions mainly equity-wise. This article uses data mainly from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic and also material from the valid Slovak legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Poverty has often been associated with malnutrition, stunted growth, impaired cognitive development and poor earnings. We studied whether these associations were found in German men born and raised shortly after World War II during severe and long-standing nationwide malnutrition.Methods: We analysed German old-age pension payments, as a rough measure of lifetime earnings, in German men born from 1932 to 1960 and compared the at-risk-of-poverty rates of German men born in 1945-1948 versus 1935-1938 and 1955-1958.Results: Substantially fewer women worked during this period and their longer life expectancy makes their pension payments difficult to interpret. We therefore limited our analysis to men. Men born in the 1930s received the highest monthly old-age pensions and these declined slightly in men born from 1945 to 1948, indicating a minute impairment in work-related income in cohorts born shortly after the war. We also found that there was no evidence for increased at-risk-of-poverty rates in men born in 1945-1948 versus those born in 1935-1938 and in 1955-1958.Conclusion: Being born and raised following World War II was associated with a minute work and pension impairment that was not visible in the at-risk-of-poverty rates. These findings question statements associating early childhood nutrition and future lifetime earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pension systems, as well as other subsystems of state social policy must respond to socio-demographic development of the society, especially the increasing life expectancy, changes in family behaviour and the development of fertility. The current debate on pension reform in thefield of expert commission for pension reform also includes innovative approaches that have no basis in economic theory and world practice. The paper analyses one concrete measure proposed consisting in differentiating the amount of pension insurance contributions, depending on the number of children raised. It undergoes a thorough analysis of both the microeconomic and macroeconomic points of view and assesses it in the context of current theory pension systems. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that in relation to the objectives which should be fulfilled - support for families with children - the proposed measure is inappropriate, inconsistent and brings only marginal effects for families 'with children, which does not include all types of family life. Under the current social policy, there are better measures that would lead to achieving the targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes China's pension arrangement and notes that China has recently established a universal non-contributory pension plan covering urban non-employed workers and all rural residents, combined with the pension plan covering urban employees already in place. Further, in the latest reform, China has discontinued the special pension plan for civil servants and integrated this privileged welfare class into the urban old-age pension insurance program. With these steps, China has achieved a degree of universalism and integration of its pension arrangement unprecedented in the non-Western world. Despite this radical pension transformation strategy, we argue that the current Chinese pension arrangement represents a case of "incomplete" universalism. First, its benefit level is low. Moreover, the benefit level varies from region to region. Finally, universalism in rural China has been undermined due to the existence of the "policy bundle." Additionally, we argue that the 2015 pension reform has created a situation in which the stratification of Chinese pension arrangements has been "flattened," even though it remains stratified to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]