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AbstractThe pregnant women and infants have always been the vulnerable groups in society, and their welfare is the main focus of the construction of ‘Healthy Silk Road’. In this paper, we attempt to study the impact of the BRI on maternal and infant health via DID method. The results remain robust in significance and magnitudes, indicating that the annual maternal and infant mortality rates have decreased by 12.38% and 7.62% due to the BRI relative to the untreated means, contributing 81.48% and 51.01% to the actual decline, respectively. The mechanism analysis shows that the economic development of countries under the BRI has been partially translated into health expenditure. Meanwhile, the construction of sanitation facilities in countries along the route has been significantly strengthened. Moreover, the local environment has been improved to reduce the exposure to pollutants and toxic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is China using the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to advance its economic development or to fulfill broader geopolitical objectives? While the BRI is often touted as a primarily economic venture aimed at addressing domestic overcapacity, this paper posits that political objectives are equally important. Drawing on selectorate theory, I assess whether China uses this initiative for political purposes. If so, it would be more likely to partner with authoritarian countries it sees as more amenable to political influence. Using logistic and Cox models to analyze data from 2013 to 2020, I find that political considerations are as relevant as economic ones. This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the BRI within global political and economic contexts and explains China's international strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A persistent rise in the emission of CO2 among several economies in the world makes it challenging to fulfil the aims of the Sustainable Development Goals. The present study empirically examines the connection between economic complexity, which is understood to be structural conversion headed for more refined information-based production, renewable energy demand, per capita income, trade openness, industrialisation, and CO2 emissions among income-based groups of nations from 1998–2021. It also incorporates partner economies of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project because these cover 65% of the global population. The findings of the panel autoregressive distributed lag model confirms that virtually all of the chosen samples of the various economies, aside from high-income economies, show that economic complexity degrades the environment. On the other hand, the demand for renewable energy enhances global environmental quality. The study highlights the significance of clean energy ventures and the production of greener quality products globally to minimise environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the influence of three significant concepts on the international trade flows between countries participating in the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). These concepts, which have been previously examined individually in literature, include the effects of intranational trade, international borders and more importantly, regional trade agreements, on international trade flows. This study employs the structural gravity model with data for various variables such as international trade, intranational trade and regional trade agreements (RTAs) ranging between 1999 and 2019. The approach used in this study produces econometrically robust estimates of the impact of RTAs on trade among OBOR member countries, while various sensitivity analyses including phasing-in effect of the RTAs, endogeneity, reverse causality, and multilateral trade resistances. The findings of this study indicate that the impact of RTAs on trade between OBOR and RCEP countries becomes insignificant when the effects of globalization are isolated. Additionally, the declining influence of international borders on trade flows between OBOR and RCEP countries suggests that trade is facilitated to a greater extent between open economies.

Structural transformation is among the core questions in development economics, but in recent decades, the discipline has shifted its focus away from production and transformation in favour of analyses on exchange, growth and productivity. Yet, the structural transformation question remains central, and needs to be confronted with the main changes in the global economic and political landscape, such as the emergence of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). With its emphasis on an infrastructure-based connectivity agenda, the BRI opens the space for a paradigm shift in development, and for a renewed emphasis on structural transformation. This article introduces a special issue that explores the role of the BRI in promoting structural transformation in low- and middle-income countries, to understand if and under which conditions the BRI creates pathways that can change the structure of the economies. Through an explicit focus on the role of BRI on transformation in low- and middle-income countries, this special issue examines how domestic institutions regulate and coordinate production diversification, national and international sectoral specificities, and drivers and barriers to technological innovation and trade. In this sense, the special issue sheds light on new conceptualisations and empirical examples of industrial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its infrastructural offer and emphasis on connectivity, China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) promises to support developing countries aiming to industrialise. The literature on industrialisation has identified a key role for infrastructure, markets and the state. This article looks at the case of Kyrgyzstan, one of the early members of the initiative, to understand the circumstances under which the BRI can facilitate manufacturing growth. Notwithstanding the presence of accessible markets and financial support for infrastructure, Kyrgyzstan has made limited headway in its industrialisation agenda. This can be attributed to the particular political economy of Kyrgyzstan, which predominantly relies on extracting rent from the mining and other sectors and consequently fails to allocate resources towards industrialisation. Though purportedly interested in revitalising the industrial sector, Kyrgyz politicians have primarily focused on extractive industries, hence impeding diversification and industrialisation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the importance of environmental care for the growth and development of the global world and how One Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR) can help to connect Asia, Europe, and Africa for economic cooperation and long-term sustainability. Paper, based on bibliometric analysis and utilizing Web of Science Core Collection database for calculation, summarizes total OBOR publications in terms of quantity, citations, regions, disciplines, institutes and explains about the most productive countries. Results reveal that total OBOR papers indexed in Web of Science was found 2508 where there were 1335 articles and 854 proceedings papers marking 87.3% of total OBOR research. We find the most productive direction of environmental science and global climate change and work related to environmental policies. Results show that China has contributed 73.3% (1755 publications) to global OBOR publication and have received 69.3% of all citations to "One Belt One Road" publications. Highest average citation level was from Canada, Portugal, and Spain while China's average citations were quite low though very close to average world level. Internationally collaborated publications had more citations than the publications prepared by authors of one country. The paper concludes that environmental concerns should be kept in mind while focusing on the growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Women have become “the source of prosperity and vitality” through their active participation in national economic development. This paper provides the first study to explore the impact of the “One Belt One Road” initiative (Belt and Road Initiative [BRI]) on women's development, which is mainly indicated by gender inequality index (GII). We adopt the difference‐in‐difference method for Asia–Europe regions from 2010 to 2019, and the propensity score matching method is further supplemented for refining the control group. The result suggests a robust negative effect of the BRI on gender inequality, and the decrease in GII caused by the BRI accounts for 33.01%. In addition, a deeper analysis is performed on subindices from multiple dimensions. We find that there has been a significant decrease in maternal mortality due to the policy. Besides, the female population has a larger increase in secondary education compared with men. Moreover, a clear labour shift has been found from family and agricultural labour to high‐value‐added industries and services. The BRI also helps improve the unfavourable condition in backward countries, which is conducive to narrowing the gap in women's development among countries along the route.

As a buffer country between Central Asia and South Asia, Afghanistan has effective transit advantages to advance the economic goals of its surrounding countries. Among these countries, due to its economic strength at the international level (the second economic power in the world), China is trading with South Asia, West Asia and Europe through the One Belt One Road plan, as well as neutralizing India as its regional rival it is now. Therefore, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, due to its land proximity and relative security compared to China's surrounding regions in its western part is considered a desirable solution for the implementation and establishment of the economic strategy of One Belt One Road. This article, by proposing the question of how the Wakhan Corridor plays a role in China's economic considerations, with an analytical-descriptive method, deals with the hypothesis that China, considering the security space that dominates Pakistan's Kashmir and the insecurity of other countries in Central Asia due to the movements of extremist groups, the choice of the Wakhan Corridor, despite being influenced by geographical factors and elements, especially its rough topography, in view of being close to the Great Near East (the world's energy center) and Europe, as well as international waters the long-term portfolio sets its own economic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though global foreign direct investment (FDI) and international foreign portfolio investment (IFPI) flows have recently declined, they remain a significant foreign capital source for developing countries. This study assessed the impact of Chinese FDI (CFDI) and IFPI on financial development (FD) in the BRI economies from 2006 to 2018. The study adds to the current literature that lacks an updated and comprehensive study on the combined effect of Chinese FDI and IFPI on financial development among the Belt and Road economies. This study uses third-generation estimation methods. The results indicated that CFDI and IFPI have a significant positive effect on the financial sector development among BRI countries. The present findings contribute to the current literature by establishing a bidirectional causal flow from FD to Chinese FDI and IFPI. A comparative analysis of OBOR countries revealed that Europe and the Middle East have comparatively more significant structural breaks suggesting a longer recovery from the economic shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the impact of the smart economy on the infrastructure and logistics of the One Belt, One Road (BRI – Belt and Road Initiative) initiative. The integration of smart technologies into the project has the potential to transform traditional systems, improve communication, increase efficiency and contribute to sustainable development. Purpose. This study aims to fill the existing knowledge gaps and shed light on the impact of the smart economy on the infrastructure and logistics of the One Belt, One Road project. By examining the opportunities, challenges and implications, this study aims to contribute to the understanding and successful implementation of smart technologies in this ambitious initiative. Methodology. The article uses the methods of quantitative empirical research, statistical analysis and visualisation, analysis and evaluation of the analytical assessment of tools for forming an innovative logistics network within the framework of the One Belt, One Road project. Results. The article examines the impact of the smart economy on connectivity, efficiency and sustainability, and highlights the perspectives and recommendations of different stakeholders. It emphasises the importance of cooperation between governments, businesses and local communities for successful implementation. The findings suggest that while the smart economy offers immense opportunities, challenges such as the digital divide, data protection and investment requirements need to be addressed. The article concludes with recommendations to foster cooperation, develop supportive policies, invest in digital infrastructure and prioritise sustainability. By following these recommendations, the One Belt, One Road project can effectively harness the transformative potential of the smart economy and create a sustainable and inclusive future. Practical implications. The materials can be used to plan a development strategy, taking into account new technologies and the possibility of implementation in the national development strategy. Value/originality. The integration of smart technologies into the infrastructure and logistics systems of the One Belt, One Road project plays a pivotal role in shaping the impact of the smart economy. By leveraging advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics and blockchain, the project aims to optimise connectivity, enhance operational efficiency and promote sustainable development. Key aspects of development include smart infrastructure projects, digitisation and automation in logistics, blockchain technology for transparency and security, and data-driven decision-making and predictive analytics.

Women have become "the source of prosperity and vitality" through their active participation in national economic development. This paper provides the first study to explore the impact of the "One Belt One Road" initiative (Belt and Road Initiative [BRI]) on women's development, which is mainly indicated by gender inequality index (GII). We adopt the difference‐in‐difference method for Asia–Europe regions from 2010 to 2019, and the propensity score matching method is further supplemented for refining the control group. The result suggests a robust negative effect of the BRI on gender inequality, and the decrease in GII caused by the BRI accounts for 33.01%. In addition, a deeper analysis is performed on subindices from multiple dimensions. We find that there has been a significant decrease in maternal mortality due to the policy. Besides, the female population has a larger increase in secondary education compared with men. Moreover, a clear labour shift has been found from family and agricultural labour to high‐value‐added industries and services. The BRI also helps improve the unfavourable condition in backward countries, which is conducive to narrowing the gap in women's development among countries along the route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Agribusiness / Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United States has improved relations with no other country during the Trump administration as much as it advanced its relationship with India. US-India relations have arguably marked their historical high points since Trump entered office and India seems to be overcoming its suspicion of closer cooperation with the US. Given these developments, this article aims to theorize the relationship through the hegemonic stability theory and explain US strategy toward India. We first demonstrate why India is accepting the hegemonic standing of the US in the Indo-Pacific and then – since balance of power politics are still a staple of policymakers' approach to stability in the Indo-Pacific – we introduce the notion of induced balancing to show what approach the United States has adopted to empower India to expand its balancing capacity vis-à-vis China. The last section of the article empirically maps the various incentives that Washington offers to New Delhi in order to situate it in the desired position of a proxy China-balancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, the structure of global energy consumption has changed, and renewable energy consumption has increased rapidly, which may have a new impact on sustainable economic development. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates the direct and indirect effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, utilizing panel data from 90 countries along the Belt and Road between 2000 and 2019. Employing Granger causality tests and mediating effect models, we detect a bidirectional causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, further affirming the feedback hypothesis. Our findings show that renewable energy consumption directly contributes to economic growth. Additionally, we found that renewable energy consumption has an indirect influence on economic growth via its impact on gross capital formation and trade. Drawing on these findings, we offer practical recommendations for the Belt and Road countries to implement appropriate countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To promote the "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) in India, it is necessary to highlight the economic attributes, highlight the role of the market, cultivate new growth points of cooperation, and consolidate the foundation of common interests. Industrial cooperation is an important part not only of the "Belt and Road" construction, but also of economic cooperation between the countries. The pharmaceutical product industry is India's most advantageous industry, and it is also an industry with which India hopes to strengthen cooperation with China. In the context of "One Belt, One Road," China–India pharmaceutical industry cooperation faces both rare opportunities and some challenges, but from the perspective of development trends, obstacles are gradually reducing. Promoting Sino–Indian pharmaceutical industry cooperation requires the joint efforts of government departments, industry chambers of commerce, and pharmaceutical companies. The key is to choose the right cooperation field and path. Strengthening China–India pharmaceutical industry cooperation is conducive to fostering new growth points for China–India economic cooperation, reducing India's concerns about the BRI, and promoting the BRI in India and the entire South Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as leadingWestern countries have begun withdrawing from the neoliberal Washington Consensus that paved the way for economic globalization over the last 40 years, China has proposed an ambitious Belt and Road Initiative, or One Belt One Road, outlining its vision for global development. President Xi's vision of collectivist cosmopolitanism is centered on the principle of sovereign equality between nations, emphasizing civilizational uniqueness rather than universal human rights. In this view, economic and social development are path dependent, and in China's case, prioritize decolonization and national sovereignty. Xi's view in major speeches is cosmopolitan but collectivist, emphasizing economic growth, openness, dynamism, and an "avowed respect" for the integrity of other cultures, while saying nothing about individual human rights or groups within China. This approach positions ancient Chinese traditions like Confucianism as playing a central role in cultivating individuals' and society's moral qualities so that person, society, and governance are bound together as a mutually beneficial and interconnected whole. It forms the theoretical basis of a Chinese view of cosmopolitanism, which could be the basis of dialogue with Western cosmopolitanists. The challenge is reconciling the different emphasis accorded to human rights versus national sovereignty in the two views. Empirical results of a new measure of Cosmopolitan Orientation that correlates positively rather than negatively with nationalism and religiosity provide insights into the specific basis for this dialogue to become beneficial rather than conflictual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The main purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of Sino-Turkish relations since 2013 (Xi Jinping came to power). China and Turkey represent different political models undergoing and offering the international community their options for changes in international politics. China, which considers itself as a real contender for international leadership, is facing with Turkey’s sub-regional interests. Therefore, the study of changes in the foreign policy of this countries should be present not as a unit, but as sub-spheres with their subsequent analysis. Methods and materials. The authors use a combination of general theoretical and special methods, paying special attention to historical and political analysis. They are based on the analysis of periodicals, as well as on the use of books, articles and materials of domestic and foreign researchers. Analysis. The authors analyzed the current situation in several sub-spheres, showed their specific impact on bilateral relations, and studied how contradictions in the designated areas affected relations between China and Turkey. Results. The conclusion of the article is about the presence of characteristic problems and issues in each sphere of Sino-Turkish relations that determine the trajectory of Sino-Turkish relations.

As a rising power, China, by following globalizing policies, has strengthened its place through industrial production with cheap labor and has become an important actor through investments regional and overseas, noticeably reaching an effective position. In this frame, by this study, China's "One Belt One Road", which constitutes the most known example of international expansionism policy and is called as "Silk Road", was put under the scope, and the investments and constituted policies were examined. With that being said, the probability of the armament phases of the project and Turkey's position in this project were analyzed from the perspective of China's changing naval force strategy, and predictions about possible emergent opportunities for Turkey-China relations were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional practice and engineering education are important developments in the field of engineering. Based on Social Cognitive Career and Motivation Theory, this study aims to understand the motivations, reasons, and career decisions of doctoral students of civil engineering. Specifically, the researcher aims to understand the motivations and reasons that may influence students’ decision-making processes, particularly those of women, in regard to joining a doctoral degree programme in engineering. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilised in this study, with three interview sessions and one focus group activity employed for data collection. The findings indicate that achievements regarding education and career goals (becoming leading engineers and engineering educators), interests in career development (achieving advanced qualifications to obtain higher leadership positions), and the importance of surrounding environments and individuals (integral to One Belt One Road opportunities) are the main motivations and sense-making elements in regard to career decisions. Government leaders, human resources planners, department heads, university leaders, organisational managers, and other researchers may use this study as a blueprint to reform and improve their human resources management and engineering education schemes based on the recommendations and desires of scientists.

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) is a crucial project to direct world trade, and more than sixty-five countries have been involved in the initiative. BKBY is a huge transportation project that will affect a large part of the world's population. The "Silk Road Economic Belt", which is the landside of the project, constitutes an infrastructure network consisting of highways, railways, and oil pipelines stretching across the Eurasian continent. Maritime Silk Road project will greatly improve the transport link between East Asia and Europe and the Mediterranean, between South Asia and East Africa, and between the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean. OBOR will affect not only land and sea transportation but also all sectors related to transportation. In this study, the internal and external motivation sources of China, which has the world's second-largest economy and is the executive of the project, will be examined. The study is aimed at those working in the transportation sector to learn about China's approach to the project and why it gives importance to this international project. Although studies related to this project were reached within the literature research carried out, a study that specifically addressed China's approach in internal and external context could not be reached. In the study, a comprehensive literature review was made and the main motivation sources for China's handling of the project were examined and explained in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food supply chain is very complicated as compared to other supply chain networks. Adulteration and fraud are common in the food supply chain. "World food safety is at risk, and consumers are worried about vulnerability, contamination, and fraud activities." Moreover, time delay increases the detritions and spoilage conditions in perishable foods. Consumers want timely delivery of foods with maximum surety of safety and quality of foods. Respectively, graphical research method developed to ascertain consumer "both aspect" estimated total robustness. "There is a need to increase the food supply chain network robustness according to the consumer point of view—logistics regression and simulation technique used to find the estimated results." We analyzed, to provide the food delivery to consumers beyond their expectations before ever, give a chance to increase food supply chain robustness through physiologically "perception" and actually "saving 2000 miles." Although to prove this strategy, we select the advanced supply chain network of China one belt one road to deliver foods to end consumers "estimated 2.5 times more robust than ancient network." Additionally, this robust supply chain network provides fast delivery of foods with quick traceability, gives less time for fraud activities, increases food supply chain performance, and decreases the vulnerability ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kyrgyz Republic plays a strategic role in Central Asia，and is China’s gateway to Central Asia and an important node of China’s New Silk Road Economic Belt. The seismic monitoring network of the Kyrgyz Republic is an integral part of the “Belt and Road” seismic monitoring network project. Understanding the distribution and operation of seismic monitoring stations （networks） in the Kyrgyz Republic is useful not only for optimizing the layout of the “Belt and Road” seismic monitoring network，but also for improving the awareness of seismic activity in Central Asia and improving the region’s earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation capabilities. This article studies the layout of the existing seismic monitoring network in the Kyrgyz Republic，the equipment used and its transmission methods，etc.，in order to provide a reference for the deployment of my country’s “Belt and Road” seismic monitoring network project.

As regional economic integration and climate change are among the most important phenomena influencing economic and social sustainability in the modern world, a huge volume of research is directed towards these topics nowadays. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of financial globalization and human capital on environmental degradation in One Belt One Road (OBOR) countries in a cultural context that is largely under-explored in spite of being immensely crucial for fulfilling the United Nations' agenda on climate change mitigation. Owing to the presence of vast cultural differences, we check if the national scores on "Power Distance Index" and "Uncertainty Avoidance" in these countries matter for the environment. To this end, we use the latest and annual data set comprising 31 OBOR countries from 1996 to 2018, and employ panel econometric techniques that effectively deal with the threat of endogeneity. Results show that human capital improves environment while financial globalization deteriorates it. Interestingly, high power distance and uncertainty avoidance can reverse the positive impact of human capital. Similarly, financial globalization is favorable for environment in countries with low power distance and uncertainty avoidance. The findings are robust to the use of alternative specifications. Theoretical underpinnings and implications are discussed arising from the interesting reversal of traditional impacts in different cultural scenarios. Specifically, we recommend a culture of entrepreneurship, innovation, and inclusivity, promoted through increased tolerance towards risk-taking and participative decision-making to reap the benefits of human capital and globalization in improving the environment. Our results have important implications for climate change mitigation endeavors in OBOR countries and understanding the cultural context in this regard. Additionally, our study opens a vast avenue for the related research work in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of political risk in deterring China's trade flow with her 132 trading partners with particular attention to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries for 1984-2015 in the Belt Road Initiative (BRI) framework. Using twelve political risk indicators from International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), we use factor analysis to retrieve three underlying factors: 'Cultural Rigidity,' 'Governance Failure,' and 'Partners' Adverse Feeling.' After combining these factors into a dynamic system GMM Gravity equation, we examine their impact on China's trade flow. As we control for Gravity variables and these risk factors, BRI has been found effective for China with MENA countries, ASEAN10, and ASEAN10 + 3 (China, Japan, and South Korea) but detrimental to trade flow within the ASEAN10 + 6 (China, India, Japan, S Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) setup. Among the three factors, 'Partners' Adverse Feeling' is the most substantial deterrent, followed by 'Cultural Rigidities.' Most of the traditional Gravity coefficients like domestic and partner country's GDP, domestic and partner country's per capita GDP, distance, GATT membership of China and Partners, take their right sign and significance. 'Governance failure' has been found as a significant deterrent neither in ASEAN nor in MENA setup. Therefore, China should strive to improve cultural bottlenecks with her partner countries and improve upon the existing adverse perception in enhancing her trade flow with these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance and space are important factors affecting international trade, but they have different effects on cross-border e-commerce (CBE) due to the creation of the Internet. This study utilizes spatial autocorrelation, the multi-dimension gravity model, and the spatial Durbin model to conduct a comparative analysis of international trade and CBE within one-belt one-road (BR) countries. The study obtained several key findings. Firstly, the spatial autocorrelation effect which exists in international trade does not exist in CBE. Secondly, the geographical distance effect of CBE is not significant, which is different from that of international trade. Thirdly, CBE is affected by GDP, culture, policy, and institution distances which are not entirely consistent with international trade. Finally, the spatial Durbin model shows that the spillover effect of CBE and international trade are both significant in the inverse distance weight matrix. These findings provide not only important theoretical contributions but also a practical guide for government policymakers of the BR and CBE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poland, due to its location in the center of Europe, is a key element of the New Silk Road (NSR), an initiative that attempts to create the shortest land connection between China and Western Europe. This article analyzes various industry reports, national development strategies up to 2030, and EU and local projects to see is the further development of NSR an opportunity for container rail transport in Poland. As it turns out, the issue discussed in the article has hitherto been outside the circle of researchers’ interest, thus the analysis is an important supplement to the existing research gap. It indicates that the further participation of Poland in the Chinese One Belt One Road initiative is a great opportunity for the economic growth of the Republic of Poland (RP).

Globalization is facing a major test of sustainability with growing populism and trade protectionism. West, which always endorsed for globalization has left their hands back. ‘America First’ and ‘Brexit’ has changed and challenged the original concept of globalization. China which always remained isolated from globalizations, has started to talk about globalization with its Chinese characteristics - called ‘Shared Globalization’. This study investigates that what kind of characteristics China has applied to get momentum for shared globalization. It is a descriptive study which has taken “One Belt, One Road” (BRI) as case study with the theoretical observation of shared development, shared future, and peaceful coexistence. The study has found that the new trends of shared globalization are emerging in Asia. It has created new opportunities for joint economic cooperation and deeper regional ntegration. The BRI policy framework is providing new drivers to the sustainable economic growth to the BRI counties and would work as a common cause for the world to restore the correct balance of globalization by making it more universally beneficial and inclusive. This study claims that shared globalization is pivotal to Eurasia with the shared attitude of new opportunities that could untangle the regions towards deeper socio-economic integration of shared development toward the community of common destiny.

The article aims at evaluating the One Belt One Road project implemented by China that will define long-term trajectories of the world trade and finance development as well as prospects of Russia’s participation in this project. It seems that the project under consideration is not a full alternative to the existing nowadays world system of railroad and sea shipping both from the viewpoint of the shipping cost and the scope of investment required. A possibility of full-scale refocusing of Russia’s transport systems (the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Northern Sea Route) on the One Belt One Road project is not currently obvious, thus, one cannot state with certainty Russia’s role in this project. Besides, implementing this project results in building in Eurasia a China-centric economy system that does not coincide with the structures built by Russia, i.e. the Eurasian Economic Union, the Customs Union and other ones. At the same time, the One Belt One Road project seems to have no alternatives. None of the other countries has proposed a project that can be compared with the One Belt One Road one in terms of being large-scale, having a global impact as well as long-term effects. It is believed, that after the implementation of the project is complete, the technological and social differences between Europe’s and China’s potentials, which were the reason for shipping goods from Southeast Asia to Europe over the past centuries, will be reduced to a significant extent. In terms of this the China-centric world will have to provide different noneconomic reasons for its existence, i.e. provide the world with new values and meanings of the postindustrial world. In this context Russia’s participating in the One Belt One Road project may appear to be necessary: Russia can act as a project’s security operator, a mediator between China and the countries who are participants of the Silk Road Economic Belt in cases where their interests collide. Russia can also generate values and meanings of economic processes. The safe transportation routes Russia has, i.e. the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Northern Sea Route as well as long-term friendly relations with the countries-participants of the Silk Road Economic Belt and Russia’s being experienced in harmonizing different interests can become the key aspects contributing to success of this project.

The article deals with the process of formation of China’s Arctic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. Till the end of the 1990s, Beijing was not interested in the Arctic region because of its geographical remoteness from China, as well as because of the lack of the necessary scientific and technological basis. The economic reforms of 1972 and the establishment of the Arctic Council in 1996 gave an impetus to the development of China’s policy in the Arctic. Since then, China has intensified its activities aimed at expanding the state’s presence in the region. Special attention is given to China’s policy document in the region ― a white paper titled “China’s Arctic Policy”. It is noted that this document was aimed at legitimizing China’s activities in the region.Despite the fact that the Arctic is not a priority region for Beijing, China is a prominent actor there. China’s attention to the Arctic is determined by economic factors, namely, by the possible development of the region’s resources, as well as its transport capacities, which can be used in the framework of the One Belt One Road Initiative.The article analyses China’s cooperation with the «Arctic five» countries and the position of the Arctic States towards intensifying Beijing’s activities in the region. China is promoting cooperation with Norway, Denmark and Iceland. despite the existing contradictions, it is noted that the Arctic states are interested, as Chinese investments play an important role in the development of the region. China has consistently stated the need for greater involvement of interested non-regional states in the multilateral management of the region, while respecting the sovereignty of the Arctic countries.