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AbstractThe development of AR OST-HMDs has expanded interaction possibilities beyond traditional HCI, fostering innovation in MMI. However, the lack of research specifically investigating the combined effects of different modalities, encompassing both input and output in AR OST-HMD, impedes a comprehensive understanding of this research intersection. This study bridges this gap by reviewing empirical studies on MMI in AR OST-HMDs conducted from 2012 to 2022, identifying the current state of research, and synthesizing knowledge on the implementation and evaluation of MMI in this context. The analysis of 30 empirical research yielded insights into the current usage and combinations of input and output modalities in AR OST-HMDs, its known effects, and the approaches used to study and evaluate them. We have identified that input and output are mostly examined as independent components, overlooking the potential effects of input-output combinations. We present opportunities and recommendations for future research in MMI in AR OST-HMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 technology is promoted as improving manufacturing flexibility, and competitiveness; though Australia has been slow to adopt. The Australian Navy shipbuilding program provides opportunities for accelerating technology adoption, revitalising manufacturing productivity and competitiveness. Adopting a sociotechnical systems lens, our research sought to identify usability, workload, and user experience of an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD) deployed to complete multiple work tasks in a workflow (electrical assembly, collaborative robot (cobot) mediated inspection, and remote troubleshooting using video call). Usability was rated 'average' (System Usability Scale mean = 69.8) and workload 'acceptable' (NASA Task Load Index mean = 25.8) for the AR-HMD alone, with usability of the integrated work system (IWS) rated 'good' (SUS mean = 79.2). Results suggest software interfaces, tracking, and gesturing methods for the AR-HMD require improvement. This trial shows the AR-HMD provides a versatile platform for integrating multiple digital technologies without hindering effectiveness of end-user performance, potentially benefiting productivity and quality. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Using an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD) to reduce and correct errors in electrical assembly identified factors influencing technology adoption in shipbuilding. Mental workload, interface design, tracking, and gesturing most hindered successful performance. AR-HMDs can facilitate the use of more complex integrated technologies (i.e. cobot), improving usability and acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Font size is highly related to the legibility and visual fatigue in OST-HMDs, but the effects of font size on these factors remain further explored. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a wider range of Chinese character font size (0.32°–1°) on legibility and visual fatigue, as well as to determine the optimal font size. Results showed that 0.32° had the worst legibility, but there was no continuous improvement as font size increased. A larger font size was found to be beneficial in reducing visual fatigue until it reached 0.95°, beyond which visual fatigue would relatively increase. Font size smaller than 0.32° should be rejected while a larger font size does not always provide more benefits. Considering legibility, visual fatigue and efficiency of text presentation, 0.84° is a relatively optimal Chinese character font size. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: The emergence of Metaverse concept has driven significant advancements in OST-HMDs, while optimising the font size has become a fundamental concern in ensuring legibility and display effectiveness. Considering legibility and subjective visual fatigue, we conducted an experiment which demonstrated a moderate font size (0.84°) for Chinese characters is relatively optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extended Reality (XR) technologies, such as Virtual Reality (VR) and 360°VR are growing rapidly in the scientific literature and sporting practice. These have been used for a range of skills, particularly perceptual-cognitive skills. However, to our knowledge, there is no systematic scoping review on this topic identifying the current state of play of the research area by characteristics such as study type, technology type, or sport investigated, and such a review would help guide the future direction of this area. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the extent of XR technology in sport for assessing and training athletes' and officials' perceptual-cognitive skills. Methods: Electronic databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO) were searched for relevant articles up until January 2024. Studies were included if they used XR technologies to assess or develop sport-specific, higher order perceptual-cognitive skills. Results: 57 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, of which 67% were published from 2020. Most studies conducted quantitative research designs, with 66% of studies adopting a cross-sectional assessment approach and 28% conducting an intervention to assess performance improvements. Decision-making was the most prevalent skill investigated, across 60% of studies. The most common technology was head mounted display (51%) presenting animated environments and the most common sports investigated were football and handball (32% and 19% of studies, respectively). Conclusions: This review highlights a significant growth in the research exploring XR technologies in sport for perceptual-cognitive skill development and understanding, with most studies published in the last 4 years. Prominent technology types (e.g. animated HMD), perceptual-cognitive skills (e.g. decision making), study designs (e.g. quantitative assessment), and sports (e.g. football) are identified and discussed along with practical implications and future research. Key Points: Extended reality technologies for sports perceptual-cognitive skills is an emerging field, marked by key trends in the types of technology used and the perceptual-cognitive skills being studied. Decision-making is the most commonly studied perceptual-cognitive skill, and these technologies report to have high representativeness and engagement when being used. More research is required to explore the effectiveness of this technology through intervention study designs, and further understand how it can be used and the perceptual-cognitive processes through qualitative research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with hearing impairment (HI) face communication challenges during dental procedures due to hearing loss. Studies suggest that distraction techniques, like virtual reality (VR), can effectively divert their focus from stressful stimuli, resulting in a more comfortable dental experience. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of distracting children with moderate to severe (HI) with virtual reality glasses that show cartoons in sign language during pulpotomy treatment compared to conventional management techniques. Methods: Forty children aged five to seven participated in a randomized controlled parallel two-arm clinical trial—the type of behavioral management employed determined which two groups children were randomly placed into. Group I (Study group) used virtual reality glasses as a diversion, while Group II (Control group) used the conventional behavior management approach. Local anesthesia was administrated, and a pulpotomy procedure was performed on the selected tooth, followed by stainless steel crown restoration (SSC). There were three methods used to assess dental anxiety before and after the procedure: the physiological method, which used heart rate (HR); the objective measure, which used the Venham Clinical Anxiety Scale (VCAS); and the subjective measure, which used the modified Facial Affective Scale (FAS). An independent t-test was employed for HR analysis of the difference between the groups as a continuous variable. The Pearson Chi-square test assessed differences between groups for categorical variables, such as (VCAS) (FAS). Results: No significant differences were found in mean (HR) or (VCAS) between the two groups throughout the procedures: during local anesthesia (p = 0.659, 0.282), pulpotomy (p = 0.482, 0.451), and stainless steel crown preparation (p = 0.090, 0.284). Anxiety levels by (FAS) remained statistically comparable between the two groups before and after the procedures (p = 0.507, 0.749), respectively. Conclusions: The use of VR glasses revealed no significant advantages in managing children with HI during the dental visit compared to the conventional method of child behavior management. Trial registration: The trial was prospectively enrolled on 11/11/2023 under the identification number NCT06153823 on ClinicalTrials.gov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to determine the effect of virtual reality glasses application on pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction during a transrectal prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with pre-tests, post-tests, and a control group, using a randomized controlled experimental research design. A total of 70 patients (35 in the intervention group and 35 in the control group) were included in the study. The intervention group watched a video with virtual reality glasses during the biopsy process. A Descriptive Information Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I, STAI-II), Scale of Patient Perception of Hospital Experience with Nursing Care (PPHEN), and Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS) were used for data collection. To evaluate the data, numbers, percentages, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, paired sample t test, independent samples t test, regression analysis, and Cronbach's alpha Reliability Coefficient were used. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of descriptive and clinical characteristics (p >.05). The mean VAS and STAI post-test scores of the patients in the intervention group were lower than the control group, and the difference between them was statistically significant (p <.05). The mean PPHEN post-test scores of the patients in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p <.05). Conclusion: The application of virtual reality glasses during a transrectal prostate biopsy significantly reduced the level of pain and anxiety and increased patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explores the initial views of people with age-related macular degeneration towards wearable electronic vision enhancement systems. Methods: Ten adults with age-related macular degeneration participated in semi-structured interviews, which were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified. Firstly, participants spoke of the wide-ranging impact of sight loss and how current helpful coping strategies still had significant limitations, affecting their desire to seek new solutions. The second theme showed that "other people" offered welcomed support with existing electronic coping solutions and are needed to provide suitable advice and training. However, "other people" limited the acceptability of using new solutions in public places. The third theme captured participants' desire for a wearable aid providing image magnification and enhancement over a range of distances. The final theme covered the reality of some current wearable technology, perceived as heavy, enclosing, or strange in appearance. Appearance caused some to lose interest in use, although others reframed the devices' desired usefulness to solo and sedentary activities. Conclusion: This population are interested in the potential benefits of wearable electronic vision enhancement systems. More work is needed to understand the suitability of current solutions due to participant concerns about training, appearance and performance. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: A device that offers image enhancement and variable magnification in a hands-free, wearable form is very desirable to people with age-related macular degeneration. Some potential users are not seeking new solutions to well-described problems, which may be a useful coping strategy but alternatively may be motivated by fear of the unknown, financial worries, or concerns about appropriate training. The weight and appearance of some of the current wearable electronic vision enhancement systems are not immediately appealing and would stop some from proceeding with a performance trial. After viewing the current devices, the desirable times to use a wearable electronic vision enhancement system may be reframed by users to focus predominately on sedentary tasks taking place in isolation at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In modern Hybrid ORs, the synergies of navigation and robotics are assumed to contribute to the optimisation of the treatment in trauma, orthopaedic and spine surgery. Despite promising evidence in the area of navigation and robotics, previous publications have not definitively proven the potential benefits. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the potential benefit and clinical outcome of patients treated in a fully equipped 3D-Navigation Hybrid OR. Methods: Prospective data was collected (March 2022- March 2024) after implementation of a fully equipped 3D-Navigation Hybrid OR ("Robotic Suite") in the authors level 1 trauma centre. The OR includes a navigation unit, a cone beam CT (CBCT), a robotic arm and mixed reality glasses. Surgeries with different indications of the spine, the pelvis (pelvic ring and acetabulum) and the extremities were performed. Spinal and non-spinal screws were inserted. The collected data was analysed retrospectively. Pedicle screw accuracy was graded according to the Gertzbein and Robbins (GR) classification. Results: A total of n = 210 patients (118 m:92f) were treated in our 3D-Navigation Hybrid OR, with 1171 screws inserted. Among these patients, 23 patients (11.0%) arrived at the hospital via the trauma room with an average Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 25.7. There were 1035 (88.4%) spinal screws inserted at an accuracy rate of 98.7% (CI95%: 98.1-99.4%; 911 GR-A & 111 GR-B screws). The number of non-spinal screws were 136 (11.6%) with an accuracy rate of 99.3% (CI95%: 97.8-100.0%; 135 correctly placed screws). This resulted in an overall accuracy rate of 98.8% (CI95%: 98.2-99.4%). The robotic arm was used in 152 cases (72.4%), minimally invasive surgery (MIS) was performed in 139 cases (66.2%) and wound infection occurred in 4 cases (1,9%). Overall, no revisions were needed. Conclusion: By extending the scope of application, this study showed that interventions in a fully equipped 3D-Navigation Hybrid OR can be successfully performed not only on the spine, but also on the pelvis and extremities. In trauma, orthopaedics and spinal surgery, navigation and robotics can be used to perform operations with a high degree of precision, increased safety, reduced radiation exposure for the OR-team and a very low complication rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of using optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs) as a replacement for conventional monitors for an extended duration, as required for laparoscopic surgery. We developed the experiment scenario including two displays (surgical field and patient vitals) in three different combinations of the HMD and conventional monitors. An experiment was conducted to compare the task performance, situation awareness, physical discomfort, and perceived workload in the three different display settings. From this study, it was shown that even though the OST-HMD resulted in higher physical discomfort and lower self-perceived performance rating, the surgical task performance, and situation awareness were not worse, and in some conditions even better than conventional monitors. The main obstacle to using OST-HMDs to replace conventional monitors in laparoscopic surgery would be the weight of the HMDs and the head discomfort caused by wearing them for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study was to (a) construct a virtual reality (VR) test environment to measure speech recognition in noise (SIN) and localization, and (b) use the VR test environment to establish degree of binaural hearing benefit among a small number of adults with single-sided deafness (SSD) using a cochlear implant (CI). Method: This pilot study included five adults implanted for SSD. The test environment was composed of an eight-speaker array that delivered restaurant noise and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers sentences. VR head-mounted display goggles delivered a video recording of a busy restaurant. Participants completed SIN and localization in two conditions: (a) normal-hearing ear and a CI on the contralateral SSD side (CI-ON) and (b) normal-hearing ear and unaided on the contralateral SSD side (CI-OFF). Results: Overall, CI benefits for SIN and localization within the VR test environment were improved for some participants, although not all. CI benefit for SIN and localization was dependent on speaker location. Conclusions: VR test environments present new opportunities for studying SIN and localization abilities in participants with CIs. This pilot study shows that, within a VR test environment, degree of CI benefit among SSD participants for SIN and localization varies across speaker location and across participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the importance of smart mobile devices grows, organizations face the challenge of selecting appropriate devices such as smartphones, tablets, or smart glasses. The device selection can prevent physical and psychological risks associated with their subsequent use in the workplace. Organizations can avoid bad investments and proactively minimize risks by conducting a pre-purchase risk assessment. In the GBU-SmarD project, an analysis of 253 publications has provided scientific insight into the potential health and safety risks of working with smart mobile devices. In addition, eight focus groups with 20 tablet and 17 smart glasses users complemented the findings with practical experience from the field. This article presents 24 device selection criteria that will form the basis for the future development of a device selection tool for organizational use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to align the virtual and real content precisely through augmented reality devices, especially in optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMD), it is necessary to calibrate the device before using it. However, most existing methods estimated the parameters via 3D-2D correspondences based on the 2D alignment, which is cumbersome, time-consuming, theoretically complex, and results in insufficient robustness. To alleviate this issue, in this paper, we propose an efficient and simple calibration method based on the principle of directly calculating the projection transformation between virtual space and the real world via 3D-3D alignment. The proposed method merely needs to record the motion trajectory of the cube-marker in the real and virtual world, and then calculate the transformation matrix between the virtual space and the real world by aligning the two trajectories in the observed view. There are two advantages associated with the proposed method. First, the operation is simple. Theoretically, the user only needs to perform four alignment operations for calibration without changing the rotation variation. Second, the trajectory can be easily distributed throughout the entire observation view, resulting in more robust calibration results. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted extensive experiments on our self-built optical see-through head-mounted display (OST-HMD) device. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better calibration results than other calibration methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual reality distraction (VRD) on dental anxiety during scaling and root planing (SRP) in periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled split‐mouth study included 60 patients who scored 9 or above on the dental anxiety scale (DAS) and required SRP in at least two quadrants with at least five teeth and two sites with a probing depth of ≥4 mm. Randomly chosen quadrants were treated using virtual reality glasses, and other quadrants were treated without glasses at the same visit. During VRD, a video of nature scenes was projected onto the screen in front of the patient's eyes. DAS and a visual analogue scale about patient feelings were applied at the end of the procedure. Results: With VRD, the scale value of pain and discomfort level (VASP) was significantly reduced (p = 0.01, d = 0.57). Starting treatment without glasses significantly decreased VASP in both control and test sides (p = 0.00, d = 0.85; p = 0.00, d = 0.80, respectively) and increased the sensation of immersion and realism (p = 0.03, d = 0.45; p = 0.02, d = 0.46, respectively). Intraoperative and postoperative DAS values were significantly lower in patients who started treatment without VRD (p = 0.04, d = 0.34; p = 0.02, d = 0.44, respectively). Of the patients, 63.3% preferred VRD in the subsequent treatment. While patient preference did not correlate with sex, it correlated with age (r = −0.48, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The VRD and initiating SRP procedure with VRD affected the pain and discomfort level in anxious periodontitis patients. In addition, the anxiety level was also affected by starting the procedure with glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology, the Virtual Reality (VR) industry is expanding rapidly. However, cybersickness continues to be a major concern. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a visualisation tool that comprehensively considers hardware, software, and user factors that can affect the VR experience, taking into account both objective and subjective measurements. To accomplish this, we primarily refer to the technical guidelines established by the IEEE std 3079™−2020, which focus on resolving VR sickness due to Head Mounted Display (HMD). Hardware and user factors are measured using tools developed in previous studies, while content factors are developed and integrated into the present study. Content evaluation tools are developed using the Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods, which involve the opinions of 20 experts and weigh content cybersickness-causing factors based on four steps. Along with content evaluation tools, a visualisation tool is developed by combining hardware and user factor evaluation tools. The visualisation tool evaluates VR content based on the perceived excitement level (x-axis) and the sickness level (y-axis) in 16 categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have explored use of smart glasses in telemedicine, but no study has investigated its use in teleradiography. The purpose of this study was to implement a six-month pilot program for Western Australian X-ray operators (XROs) to use smart glasses to obtain assisted reality support in their radiography practice from their supervising radiographers, and evaluate its effectiveness in terms of XROs' competence improvement and equipment usability. Pretest–posttest design with evaluation of the XROs' competence (including their X-ray image quality) and smart glasses usability by XROs in two remote centers and their supervising radiographers from two sites before and after the program using four questionnaire sets and X-ray image quality review was employed in this experimental study. Paired t-test was used for comparing mean values of the pre- and post-intervention pairs of 11-point scale questionnaire and image quality review items to determine any XROs' radiography competence improvements. Content analysis was used to analyze open questions about the equipment usability. Our study's findings based on 13 participants (11 XROs and 2 supervising radiographers) and 2053 X-ray images show that the assisted reality support helped to improve the XROs' radiography competence (specifically X-ray image quality), with mean post-intervention competence values of 6.16–7.39 (out of 10) and statistical significances (p < 0.001–0.05), and the equipment was considered effective for this purpose but not easy to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immersive virtual reality (IVR) is a new technology that could motivate learners, but also could contain distracting elements that increase cognitive demands on learners. In contrast, learning with conventional media, such as a narrated slideshow could be less motivating, but also less distracting. Objectives: This experiment investigates: (1) in what situations executive function and working memory capacity play a role in learning in IVR and a slideshow lesson and (2) whether people learn science content better with IVR or with a narrated slideshow lesson. Method: Participants watched a lesson on ocean acidification either using a head‐mounted display IVR device or a pre‐recorded narrated slideshow lesson. A week later, they took a test on this material and completed tasks to assess executive function and working memory capacity. Results and Conclusion: On a post‐test, there was no difference between IVR and slideshow lessons, but there were differences in the role of executive function in learning with these two media. For students learning in IVR, executive function correlated significantly with post‐test scores, such that learners with stronger executive function did better on the posttest than those with weaker executive function, while for students learning with a slideshow lesson, executive function and working memory capacity did not correlate significantly with posttest scores. This research indicates that it is important to understand how a learner's attentional controls impact their understanding when using IVR for learning. Lay Description: What is already know about this topic: Immersive virtual reality increases demands on cognition for learners.Immersive virtual reality for learning has inconsistent effects in prior research.Executive function and working memory capacity are important components in processing material while learning. What this paper adds: Research focused on the role individual differences play in learning with technology.Using common cognitive assessments to understand the process of learning better. Implications for practice and/or policy: Executive function predicted test score for an immersive virtual reality lesson.Use of immersive technology needs to take into account executive function to reduce potential inequity in learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of Apple Vision Pro in early February and the subsequent media coverage have pushed Mixed Reality (MR) and augmenting technologies into public consciousness, raising the question of whether we are moving towards a "smart glasses society" where wearing MR-devices in public becomes commonplace, and regularly engaging with extended realities will be part of our everyday experience. This paper delves into the ethical implications of this potential development, scrutinizing the effects smart glasses may have on our humanity, our relation to the world, and our shared-life world. It calls for a nuanced approach that earnestly engages with these concerns while maintaining a composed outlook, recognizing that many of these issues discussed in the context of immersive technologies, although they seem new, have been with us for quite some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of reading text on an optical see-through head-mounted display during treadmill walking in a virtual environment. Thirty participants were recruited to perform Chinese reading tasks by reading six types of text layouts in two polarity settings. A virtual environment was displayed on a projection screen to simulate a walking situation in which obstacles were encountered. High- and low-density obstacles were applied. Objective measures included reading performance, gait variability, and the error count of obstacles. The subjective measures were the situational awareness rating technique (SART) and NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores. The results indicated that font size and polarity affected the gait variability, reading performance, situational awareness, and mental workload ratings. The obstacle density affects gait variability and situation awareness rating. The layout with 32-point text and positive polarity yielded faster reading speed, better subjective ratings, and less variability in minimum foot clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) technology has developed rapidly in recent years with head-mounted displays (HMDs), which provide immersive VR experiences by inserting users into an artificially constructed digital world. However, there is currently no standardized tool for measuring usability in VR environments. The purpose of this study was to provide initial validation of the GUESS-18, a usability questionnaire for video games, for measuring usability of VR in a gaming environment. Participants played a racing game with an HMD in VR and a traditional monitor and completed the GUESS-18 and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine GUESS-18 validity. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) values indicate appropriate model fit, with values of 0.967 and 0.056, respectively. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was satisfactory for all factors except for social connectivity. Scores from the GUESS-18 were significantly higher with VR by about 6.4%, but SUS scores were equivalent between display types. Playing the game in VR resulted in greater immersion and personal gratification than playing with the monitor. Overall, the GUESS-18 can measure usability of VR games as it distinguishes VR from traditional monitor environments and shows satisfactory validity and consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immersive technologies such as smart glasses can benefit nursing training and clinical practice. In this paper, we explore the views of nursing graduate students about their experience with smart glasses. Methods: Nursing graduate students (n = 13) were recruited using purposeful sampling. First, a virtual reality intervention for hyperglycemia in nursing care was shown. This was an attempt to introduce people to the technology and start discussions about how it might be used in nursing care. After that, participants underwent online interviews. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. Results: The study findings indicated that the use of smart glasses as an enjoyable learning experience and immersive games positively affects nursing students. In addition, it was determined that they had negative experiences such as costs, lack of infrastructure, and smart glass side effects. Conclusions: Smart glasses indicate good usability and availability in nursing education and potential for use in hospital nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) technology presents the rendered virtual object in the real world whose depth cues can assist the depth estimation of the virtual object. For many AR applications, the successful interaction between the real world and the virtual object relies on the accuracy of depth perception. In the past, the research of depth perception in AR mainly focused on the impact of virtual object properties, including the size, color, and shading model. In this study, an experiment has been conducted to investigate the influence of ambient luminance, virtual object luminance, and shading model which is a luminance-related parameter on depth perception using an optical see-through head-mounted display. Results show that a higher luminance contrast between the real scene and the virtual object leads to a lower accuracy of depth perception in AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) are being used to quantify gait characteristics that are associated with increased fall risk, but the current limitation is the lack of contextual information that would clarify IMU data. Use of wearable video-based cameras would provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's habitual fall risk, adding context to clarify abnormal IMU data. Generally, there is taboo when suggesting the use of wearable cameras to capture real-world video, clinical and patient apprehension due to ethical and privacy concerns. This perspective proposes that routine use of wearable cameras could be realized within digital medicine through AI-based computer vision models to obfuscate/blur/shade sensitive information while preserving helpful contextual information for a comprehensive patient assessment. Specifically, no person sees the raw video data to understand context, rather AI interprets the raw video data first to blur sensitive objects and uphold privacy. That may be more routinely achieved than one imagines as contemporary resources exist. Here, to showcase/display the potential an exemplar model is suggested via off-the-shelf methods to detect and blur sensitive objects (e.g., people) with an accuracy of 88%. Here, the benefit of the proposed approach includes a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's free-living fall risk (from free-living IMU-based gait) without compromising privacy. More generally, the video and AI approach could be used beyond fall risk to better inform habitual experiences and challenges across a range of clinical cohorts. Medicine is becoming more receptive to wearables as a helpful toolbox, camera-based devices should be plausible instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the usability of common button colours and background choices in the existing augmented reality (AR) interface. AR is increasingly used in dynamic situations, such as driving using an AR head-up display. However, studies regarding the usability of AR interfaces, especially about the colours, are scarce. Twenty-four participants performed button selection tasks in an experiment using Microsoft HoloLens. Three measures (task completion time, the number of errors, and button colour visibility were collected for the 12 experimental conditions (3 backgrounds by 4 button colours). Significant differences were found in completion time between backgrounds and blue button visibility. On a moving background, the most effective button colour is orange, and the most minor effective button colour is blue. The results of this study can be used for colour choices in designing AR applications and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the influence of temperature deformation of large-size body-mounted radiators on the observation accuracy of space station telescopes and adapt to launch vibration loads, this paper proposes a floating combination stress release mechanism. Firstly, based on the dimensions, operating conditions, and stress directions of the radiator, an "orthogonal + parallel" layout of the radiator stress release mechanism is designed. To verify whether the layout design complies with the fully constrained theory, the layout design model is simplified into a four-point model, including one fixed support, two line-degree-of-freedom release mechanisms, and one plane-degree-of-freedom release mechanism. Degree-of-freedom analysis is conducted, and the statically determinate support goal is successfully achieved. Then, through the layout design of the stress release mechanism, specific modeling designs are carried out for the fixed support, line-degree-of-freedom release mechanisms, and plane-degree-of-freedom release mechanism using three-dimensional modeling software. Finally, the feasibility of the design scheme is verified through finite element simulation and mechanical testing. The results show that under sine and random vibrations, the maximum response amplification factor is 4.2, which meets the design requirement of being less than five. The maximum stress is 192 MPa, which is lower than the material's yield limit. Under the application of an 80 °C temperature difference, the displacement response value of the radiator is 3.28 mm. This value falls within the allowable movement range of the stress release mechanism and meets the design criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Study: The research discusses the need for a paradigm shift in engineering education current practices to accommodate the digital native students. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating disruptive technologies, namely Virtual Reality (VR) through Head Mounted Displays VR (HMD VR) and Desktop Based VR (DB VR) and comparing it with the traditional teaching methods. The research focuses on second‐year undergraduate students enrolled in a concrete structures course. Objectives: The objective of the study is to analyse the impact of DB VR and HMD VR on students' motivation, performance and workload in comparison with traditional 2D drawings. The study also aims to investigate how simulation sickness and system usability could impact students' motivation and performance when interpreting concrete structures. Methods: The study divided second‐year civil engineering students into three groups, 2D, DB VR and HMD VR. The performance and motivation levels of students were assessed based on the number of mistakes identified and an intrinsic motivation survey. Furthermore, data on system usability and simulation sickness were collected. Spearman rank correlation was conducted to analyse the relationships between the variables tested. Results: The results have shown that students' motivation and performance were much higher when using VR in general and HMD VR specifically, students' efficiency and accuracy were also observed. On the other hand, usability was found to be moderately correlated with motivation, with students rating HMD VR as the most usable approach. A moderate inverse correlation was observed between simulation sickness and motivation, indicating that higher simulation sickness led to lower motivation levels. Conclusion: The study concludes that integrating VR in general, DB VR, or HMD VR into a concrete structures course for undergraduate students can significantly improve students' performance and motivation. Furthermore, enhancing usability of any of the methods used can also improve the performance and motivation. On the other hand, simulation sickness inversely affects motivation and performance, therefore, VR developers and educators should not neglect it. Lay Description: What is already known about the topic: Traditional teaching methods in engineering education require improvement.Integrating digital technologies into engineering education enhances performance.Digital technologies can potentially enhance motivation. What this paper adds: Compares traditional teaching methods for concrete structures interpretation with virtual reality.Establishes correlations between motivation, performance and usabilityIntroduces how desktop‐based VR and head‐mounted display VR can produce varying results. Implications for practice and/or policy: Decision‐makers can use the information to integrate updated pedagogy into engineering curricula.Allows for further exploration of different digital technologies that can be used for concrete structure interpretation.Allows instructors to introduce virtual reality in their courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop greenhouse-type smart farms are a promising solution to the climate and food crises because they can utilize waste heat and CO2 from buildings for plant growth and supply fresh produce to urban areas at a low price. However, legal and structural constraints make it difficult to expand existing rooftops to accommodate smart farms, and standardized glass greenhouses are often installed as is, which may not be the most efficient or eco-friendly approach. The purpose of this study is to present a plan for integrating eco-friendly technologies between buildings and smart farms. In the study, 214 eco-friendly and smart farm cases were collected, and a database was built from the perspective of the environment and eco-friendly technology for plant growth. Thirty experts from architects, professors, and greenhouse installation companies were evaluated to determine which eco-friendly technologies can be applied to smart farms. From a building integration perspective, eco-friendly technologies applicable to smart farms were derived from a plant growth perspective. Based on the derived eco-friendly elements, it can be used in planning a rooftop greenhouse-type smart farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of virtual reality (VR) has seen significant recent growth and presents opportunities for use in many domain areas. The use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) also presents unique opportunities for the implementation of audio feedback congruent with head and body movements, thus matching intuitive expectations. However, the use of audio in VR is still undervalued and there is a lack of consistency within audio-centedd research in VR. To address this shortcoming and present an overview of this area of research, we conducted a scoping review (n = 121) focusing on the use of audio in HMD-based VR and its effects on user/player experience. Results show a lack of standardisation for common measures such as pleasantness and emphasize the context-specific ability of audio to influence a variety of affective, cognitive, and motivational measures, but are mixed for presence and generally lacking for social experiences and descriptive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High technology is nowadays leading many aspects of life, like industrialization, education, innovations, and other fields. Moreover, high technology has gained the power to convert materials into smart ones that are not only self-adaptable and selfsensing but can also react to external environmental stimuli, whether by strengthening and embracing all wanted features or by expelling the unwanted ones. Unfortunately, architects are not aware of most of the technologies that can be implemented in building construction and finishing materials, so they squander all opportunities to produce a sustainable building and increase energy performance. The paper undertakes many phases to help architects understand and use smart materials in general and smart glass in particular. These phases start by revealing how materials can be converted into smart ones, followed by the characteristics of smart materials, their importance, types, applications, and advantages in architecture. Smart glass is presented to architects as one of the most significant examples of smart materials that play an important role in building envelopes. Therefore, all types of smart glass will be presented using a comparative analytical method to explain their benefits and features that can assist architects in applying sustainable principles in architecture. Moreover, the research suggests a methodology to assist architects in utilizing smart glass and choosing the most convenient according to surrounding stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visually impaired human beings face many demanding situations of their day by day lives. As conscientious members of society, it is our solemn duty to assist them in leading lives akin to ours, harnessing the potential of cuttingedge technologies such as AI-driven Computer Vision. To address this, we present an ingenious solution: AIoT-powered smart specs. These remarkable spectacles are designed to illuminate the lives of the visually impaired by harnessing their heightened perceptual capabilities to gather information from their surroundings. This Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)- enabled smart specs possesses the remarkable ability to perform real-time currency recognition, character detection, object identification etc. The smart glass includes integrated cameras and sensors to capture text, images, and frames. The result is generated in vocal form, leveraging the sophisticated operations of Convolution and Recurrent Neural Networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We propose a multi‐dimensional convertible optical see‐through head‐mounted (OST‐HMD) display system based on angle multiplexing. The system is mainly composed of multiplexed holographic optical elements (MHOEs), collimators and projectors. Depending on the angle of the incident light, the MHOE can perform different functions, enabling 2D/3D convertible and 2D/3D mixed augmented reality displays. The system is simple in structure, suitable for various use scenarios, and expands the application range of OST‐HMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has led to advances that improve the daily lives of visually impaired people. B-Fit Glasses, smart glasses with sophisticated machine learning algorithms and sensors, cameras, microphones, and processing units orchestrated by a server, are the driving forces behind this technological evolution. The glasses automatically detect and alert users to surrounding obstacles, improving spatial awareness. Their skills go beyond this. Voice commands can transition to facial recognition mode to recognize and name familiar people or document recognition mode to read printed or handwritten information. Currency denomination detection and verbalization are other notable features. Onboard processors rapidly analyze and store data, ensuring real-time responsiveness and accuracy. The comprehensive, user-centric B-Fit Glasses give the visually impaired an enriched, autonomous, and safer method to interact with their surroundings, revolutionizing wearable assistive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: A treatment approach that is widely used as a permanent and natural replacement for missing or extracted teeth is dental implants.VR is a computer-generated simulation that creates a three-dimensional (3D) image or environment. Advances in VR -based learning allow learners and students to practice and also help professionals plan a wide variety of surgical procedures, including the correct placement of dental implants. Therefore, in this systematic review, our aim was to investigate and evaluate the available virtual reality tools for dental implants and their effectiveness. Materials and methods: Studies published up to 01/30/2023 which report the applications of using virtual reality technology in dental implants, were reviewed in three databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. All studies with evidence reporting the role of virtual reality technology in the field of dental implants were included in our analyses, written in English and published in peer-reviewed form, are included. Theoretical articles, and letters that did not provide original data, as well as studies that reported incomplete information, were excluded. Two reviewers independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the included studies, and decisive agreement was reached by discussion and consultation with the third researcher. Narrative synthesis was undertaken to summarize and report the findings. Results: Out of 1633 initial search results, nine were included in the present study based on the inclusion criteria. The focus of seven studies was on teaching and learning, and two studies have examined the implant planning procedure. The most commonly used hardware and software were head-mounted display and Unity3D, respectively. In almost all studies, the results showed that the use of virtual reality-based systems improves and enhances the skills of users, including dental students and specialists. Conclusions: Our findings showed that VR is an effective method for teaching and planning the implant process. Although the use of VR technology is limited for various reasons such as cost, it can increase the skills of dental professionals in performing dental implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychological assessments are often surprisingly inaccurate in mapping clinically-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, presumably due to their low ecological validity. Virtual reality (VR) might offer a potential solution for this problem, given its capability to generate standardized and yet highly realistic virtual environments. As the first adaptation of existing virtual classroom scenarios to an adult population, we developed a Virtual Seminar Room (VSR) for multimodal characterization of ADHD symptoms. To test its feasibility, N = 35 healthy participants were immersed into the VSR via a head-mounted display and carried out a VR-embedded continuous performance task (CPT) under varying levels of distractions in two experimental blocks (24 min each). CPT performance, electroencephalography (EEG) measures, and head movements (actigraphy) were simultaneously recorded and analyzed offline. Although CPT performance remained constant throughout the task, head movements increased significantly from Block 1 to Block 2. In addition, EEG theta (4–7 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) power was higher during Block 1 than Block 2, and during distractor-present than distractor-absent phases. Moreover, P300 amplitudes were higher during Block 1 than Block 2, and P300 latencies were prolonged in distractor-absent compared with distractor-present phases. Although the paradigm awaits further improvements, this study confirms the general feasibility of the VSR and provides a first step toward a multimodal, ecologically valid, and reliable VR-based adult ADHD assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the real-time navigation with guide template using an augmented reality head-mounted device (ARHMD) for pedicle screw placement. Methods: The spatial coordinate relationships between augmented reality images and real objects were established through the custom-made guide template, and the registration and tracking were completed using an ARHMD. The feasibility and accuracy of this method were verified by pedicle screw placement in 2 lumbar models. According to the Gertzbein–Robbins grading scale, the accuracy of pedicle screw placement was assessed. The navigation errors were estimated by measuring the deviation values of entry point and trajectory angle. Results: A total of 20 pedicle K-wires were placed into L1–L5 in 2 lumbar models, which were successfully completed, with an average time of 11.5 min per model and 69 s per screw. The overall K-wires placement accuracy was 100% (20 screws). The navigation error was 2.77 ± 0.82 mm for the deviation value of entry point, and 3.03° ± 0.94° for the deviation value of trajectory angle. Conclusions: The application of an ARHMD combined with guide template for pedicle screw placement is a promising navigation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical switching of nanophotonic structural color elements is a promising approach towards addressable color switching pixels for next generation reflective displays. However, electrical switching between the primary colors to colorless near-white state remains a challenge. Here, we present a reversible electrical switching approach, relying on the electrocoagulation of Ag nanoparticles between silicon nanostructures that support Mie resonances. The electrodeposited Ag nanoparticles enable the excitation of the hybrid plasmon-Mie resonance as supported on Ag-silicon nanostructures, resulting in a large spectral transformation. Importantly, this process is reversible. This device design outperforms other designs in terms of electrotonic color control since it is highly stable and reliable for use in high-resolution reflective displays, such as colored electronic papers and smart display glass, where the combination is scalable to other nanostructure designs and electrolytic solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling phenomenon defined by the periodic absence or reduction of forward progression of the feet despite the intention to walk. We sought to understand whether Google Glass (GG), a lightweight wearable device that provides simultaneous visual-auditory cues, might improve FOG in parkinsonism. Patients with parkinsonism and FOG utilized GG custom-made auditory-visual cue applications: "Walk With Me" and "Unfreeze Me" in a single session intervention. We recorded ambulation time with and without GG under multiple conditions including 25 feet straight walk, dual task of performing serial 7's while straight walking, 180 degree turn after walking 25 feet, and walking through a doorway. FOG and patient experience questionnaires were administered. Using the GG "Walk With Me" program, improvements were noted in the following: average 25 feet straight walk by 0.32 s (SD 2.12); average dual task of serial 7's and 25 feet straight walk by 1.79 s (SD 2.91); and average walk through doorway by 0.59 s (SD 0.81). Average 180 degree turn after 25 feet walk worsened by 1.89 s (SD 10.66). Using the "Unfreeze Me" program, only the average dual task of serial 7's and 25 feet straight walk improved (better by 0.82 s (SD 3.08 sec). All other tasks had worse performance in terms of speed of completion. This feasibility study provides preliminary data suggesting that some walking tasks may improve with GG, which uses various musical dance programs to provide visual and auditory cueing for patients with FOG. Freezing of gait in parkinsonian syndromes is a disabling motor block described by patients as having their feet stuck to the floor leading to difficulty in initiation of gait and increased risk for falls. Wearable assistive devices such as Google Glass™ use visual and auditory cueing that may improve gait pattern in patients with freezing of gait. Augmented reality programs using wearable assistive devices are a home-based therapy, with the potential for reinforcing physical therapy techniques; this is especially meaningful during the COVID-19 pandemic when access to both medical and rehabilitative care has been curtailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleasant exercise experiences increase the likelihood of exercise adherence, and innovative strategies to promote consistently pleasant exercise experiences are needed. In this study we compared a novel nature-based virtual reality environment, a nature-based 360° video, and a control condition to test the hypothesis that greater presence in virtual space would promote positive affective experiences during exercise. Moreover, we assessed prefrontal cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy to explore possible neural underpinnings of dissociative strategies during exercise. Twelve participants (M = 26.2, SD = 7.7 years; M BMI = 25.5, SD = 5.2 kg/m2) completed a maximal aerobic test and three exercise conditions (Control, Virtual Reality [VR], and 360° video). The two experimental conditions differed in terms of the participants' sense of presence (VR eliciting greatest presence), and all conditions utilized similar exercise intensity. The VR condition setting was a virtual mountain forest trail, and the 360° video was of a forest road. The 360° video was perceived as the most distracting (p =.023, d = 1.07), pleasant (p =.007, d =.75), and enjoyable (p =.029; d =.82) condition. ΔHbDiff data indicated that the control condition caused the greatest prefrontal brain activation (p =.008, d =.84). Presence was not a salient factor in distracting participants from bodily sensations during exercise, but immersion in a stimulus was. These results provide support for using head-mounted displays during exercise as a strategy to increase pleasure, with practical implications for practitioners, researchers, and individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoscopy is an essential procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases. However, the literature suggests that distractions affect the quality of bronchoscopy and affect inexperienced doctors more than experienced. Objectives: The objective of the study was as follows: does simulation-based bronchoscopy training with immersive virtual reality (iVR) improve the doctors' ability to handle distractions and thereby increase the quality, measured in procedure time, structured progression score, diagnostic completeness (%), and hand motor movements of a diagnostic bronchoscopy in a simulated scenario. Exploratory outcomes were heart rate variability and a cognitive load questionnaire (Surg-TLX). Methods: Participants were randomized. The intervention group practiced in an iVR environment with a head-mounted display (HMD) while using the bronchoscopy simulator, while the control group trained without the HMD. Both groups were tested in the iVR environment using a scenario with distractions. Results: 34 participants completed the trial. The intervention group scored significantly higher in diagnostic completeness (100 i.q.r. 100–100 vs. 94 i.q.r. 89–100, p value = 0.03) and structured progress (16 i.q.r. 15–18 vs. 12 i.q.r. 11–15, p value 0.03) but not in procedure time (367 s standard deviation [SD] 149 vs. 445 s SD 219, p value = 0.06) or hand motor movements (−1.02 i.q.r. −1.03–[−1.02] versus −0.98 i.q.r. −1.02–[–0.98], p value = 0.27). The control group had a tendency toward a lower heart rate variability (5.76 i.q.r. 3.77–9.06 vs. 4.12 i.q.r. 2.68–6.27, p = 0.25). There was no significant difference in total Surg-TLX points between the two groups. Conclusion: iVR simulation training increases the quality of diagnostic bronchoscopy in a simulated scenario with distractions compared with conventional simulation-based training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess whether tai chi assisted by the Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), a novel virtual reality (VR) technology, was superior to tai chi alone in managing chronic pain in older adults. CAVE may offer a promising alternative to head-mounted displays in chronic pain treatment. The study was a 12-week, 2-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial implemented in VR and non-VR groups (N = 80, each arm = 40). The VR group underwent an 8-week tai chi program in a 3-wall VR-CAVE with projections of nature scenes and music, whereas the control group received tai chi only. Community-dwelling older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain were randomized (1:1) to VR and non-VR groups. Participants were assessed at baseline, posttreatment at 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the Brief Pain Inventory severity score at 8 weeks, modeled within an intention-to-treat framework using generalized estimating equations. Participants had a mean age of 65.1 ± 5.6 years, with 78.8% female and mean BPI-pain severity score of 4.4 ± 1.5. At 8 weeks, the VR group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in BPI severity score compared with the non-VR group (β = −0.75, 95% CI −1.48 to −0.03, P =.043), with the effect sustained to 12 weeks (β = −1.18, 95% CI −1.90 to −0.46, P =.001). No major adverse events were reported. VR-CAVE tai chi was superior to non-VR tai chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Future trials that are longer-term, larger in scale, and include other forms of exercise will further inform VR-CAVE's role in post-acute and long-term rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in mobile technology have shown that augmented unisensory feedback can be leveraged to improve gait using wearable systems, but less is known about the possible benefits and usability of multisensory (i.e., multimodal) feedback. This paper introduces the preliminary results of an innovative research project aiming to develop an mHealth system including Android smart glasses, and providing multisensory cues for gait rehabilitation of people affected by Parkinson's disease in and out of the medical context. In particular, the paper describes a preliminary pilot focusing on the design of visual, auditory, and haptic cues, and testing the design methodologies to be used in further developments of the project. Considered research questions were: Which kinds of images, sounds, and vibrations mostly influence gait speed, stride length, and cadence? Which are the ones stressing the user the least? Which ones induce the most immediate reaction? Thus, in this starting part of the research project, different typologies of sensory cues were designed, tested, and evaluated considering quantitative and qualitative parameters to properly answer the research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optical see-through head-mounted display (OST-HMD) can potentially improve the safety and accuracy of ultrasonography (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of an OST-HMD in US-guided needle-puncture procedures. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled study in which we compared the accuracy and safety of the US-guided needle puncture procedure and the stress on the practitioner when using OST-HMD versus standard US display (SUD). Inexperienced medical students were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. A breast phantom was used to evaluate the required time and accuracy of the US-guided needle puncture. Practitioner stress was quantified using a visual analog scale (VAS). When the procedure was performed for the first time, the time required to reach the target lesion at a shallow depth was significantly shorter in the OST-HMD group (39.8 ± 39.9 s) than in the SUD group (71.0 ± 81.0 s) (p = 0.01). Using the OST-HMD significantly reduced the unintentional puncture of a non-target lesion (p = 0.01). Furthermore, the stress felt by the practitioners when capturing the image of the target lesion (p < 0.001), inserting and advancing the needle more deeply (p < 0.001), and puncturing the target lesion (p < 0.001) was significantly reduced in the OST-HMD group compared with that in the SUD group. Use of OST-HMD may improve the accuracy and safety of US-guided needle puncture procedures and may reduce practitioner stress during the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors of the current study aimed to propose a calibration method for accurate augmented reality visualisation using an optical see-through head-mounted display, and to qualitatively evaluate visualisation accuracy for the application in computer assisted surgery. Methods: An adaptation of stereo single-point active alignment method was proposed as the calibration procedure together with verification. Three tests were performed: display of points in 3D space, on the plane and on the surface of a skull phantom on inexperience users (5 participants) and experienced users (17 participants). Results: The highest accuracy of visualization was obtained for skull phantom visualisation for an inexperienced user (3.00 mm, std 0.75 mm), while the lowest accuracy was obtained in a 3D visualisation test for an inexperienced user (22.95 mm, std 18.04 mm). The largest error was related to the depth component and amounted to 18.49 mm, std 18.10 mm for an inexperienced user. Conclusions: It is possible to achieve relatively high visualisation accuracy (less than 5 mm for visualisation in space) for selected users but providing it for the group of inexperienced users seems to remain a major challenge. The accuracy of point indication can be substantially and statistically significantly increased by visualising objects on surfaces. The proposed methods and obtained results can serve as a basis for further implementation of augmented reality visualisation on an optical see-through head-mounted display in applications requiring high-quality augmented reality guidance of manual tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although physicians gain clinical knowledge in their specialty, it does not mean they receive adequate instruction to teach and provide feedback. Using smart glasses (SG) to provide educators with a first-person learner perspective has not been explored in faculty development such as Objective Structured Teaching Exercises (OSTEs). Methods: Integrated within a 6-session continuing medical education–bearing certificate course, this descriptive study involved one session where participants provided feedback to a standardized student in an OSTE. Participants were recorded by mounted wall cameras (MWCs) and SG. They received verbal feedback on their performance based on a self-designed assessment tool. Participants reviewed the recorded content and identified areas for improvement, completed a survey about their experience with SG, and wrote a narrative reflection. Results: Seventeen physicians at the assistant professor level participated in the session; data were analyzed on the 14 who had both MWC and SG recordings and who also completed the survey and reflection. All were comfortable with the standardized student wearing SG and indicated it did not affect communication. Eighty-five percent of the participants felt the SG provided additional feedback not available with the MWC, with majority noting additional feedback was related to eye contact, body language, voice inflection, and tone. Eighty-six percent see value in using SG for faculty development, and 79% felt that periodically using SG in their teaching would improve quality. Conclusion: Use of SG during an OSTE on giving feedback was a nondistracting and positive experience. SG provided affective feedback otherwise not perceived from a standard MWC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operational costs of multitasking are more pressing given the increase in wearable technologies (head-up displays; HUDs) that facilitate multitasking. Often multitasking comes with performance costs, where the addition of more tasks impairs the performance of the tasks. The current study explored the extent to which multitasking interference can be characterised in simulated environments, as opposed to risky and harsh environments in real operational contexts. Forty-eight participants completed several trials where they performed a visual search task while navigating a simulated environment. There were three conditions: a standalone memory task, a standalone search task, and both tasks simultaneously. Results revealed significant dual-task interference when comparing the dual-task to each of the single-tasks. Results were corroborated by subjective workload and stress metrics. The results could prove useful for designing systems for individuals who routinely multitask in operational environments. Specifically, by furthering the understanding of their performance capabilities and trade-offs due to multitasking. Practitioner summary: Due to the demands of multitasking in operational environments, quantifying the degree of information lost on each task individually will aid in the understanding of the deficits of multitasking performance. This study shows that deficits in multi-tasking (via a HUD) can be understood in simulated environments to a similar degree as real-world tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For military rotary-wing aircrew, little is known about the interactive effects of vibration exposure and the addition of head supported mass (HSM) on target acquisition performance, head kinematics, and muscular demand. Sixteen healthy male participants wore an aviator helmet with replica night vision goggles and completed rapid aiming head movements to acquire visual targets in axial and off-axis movement trajectories while secured in a Bell-412 helicopter seat mounted to a human-rated shaker platform. HSM configuration (with or without a counterweight (CW)) and vertical whole-body vibration (WBV) conditions (vibration or no vibration exposure) were manipulated as independent variables. WBV exposure degraded target acquisition performance and lengthened time to peak velocity of head movements. For yaw peak velocity in the axial movement trajectory, peak velocity was 9.9%, 11.6%, and 8.4% higher in the noCW + WBV condition compared to the CW + WBV, CW + noWBV, and noCW + noWBV conditions, respectively. Practitioner summary: The majority of military helicopter aircrew use a counterweight to counteract the anteriorly displaced load of night vision googles. This study was undertaken to better understand how helicopter vibration and counterweight use interactively affect performance and health-related measures during rapid scanning head movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]