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This paper describes a realization approach to evaluate the best fitting service provider in the context of "The Digital Beethoven House" pilot project, involving the digitizing of a composer-referred collection of colored manuscripts and other sources at the Beethoven House Association (Germany). Practical hints for museums are provided on how to find the right scan service providers, how to do the digitizing of their museum's stock right, and how to receive useful output for the museum's Internet offer. The first section presents a methodology for finding the right scan service provider, including the following steps: (1) development of quality criteria for the whole digitization chain; (2) market analysis of scanning services and call for tender; (3) evaluation of the offers; (4) visits of the best qualified vendors; and (5) decision making. The second section describes quality criteria for digitizing paper related to the quality of scans, digital master, scan equipment, and experiences of the scanning service provider. The third section summarizes the most common publishing scenarios for managing digital documents, including digital library and Internet publishing, CD-ROM production, facsimiles and posters, and virtual reality. The fourth section highlights digitizing other media, including audio, video, and 3D objects. (Contains 19 references.) (MES)

Many libraries are creating raster images of paper maps and making them available over the Internet. This presentation provides an overview of imaging technology for map librarians and administrators considering such projects. References in footnotes and the bibliography enable those interested to explore technical questions in depth. There are several approaches to digitizing and distributing raster images of maps on the Internet. Acceptable work for some purposes can be accomplished with very little expense or staff time. Producing high quality images of large maps, however, involves considerable commitments of time and money. Available technologies for digitizing maps include scanning from film (such as the Kodak Photo CD process), use of flatbed scanners, and high-end digital cameras. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Suggested images of large maps require very large data files, and methods of compressing and distributing these files are described. The importance of creating metadata that can be searched on the World Wide Web is also stressed. (Contains 15 Internet resources and 12 notes.) (Author/MES)

Focusing on the experience of the Yale University (Connecticut) social science data preservation project, this document presents a case study of migration as a preservation strategy, exploring options for migrating data stored in a technically obsolete format and their associated documentation stored on paper. The first section provides background and a project description, an overview of the Yale Roper Collection of public opinion research data sets and paper records, and a summary of the literature search. The following nine steps of the data track are described in the second section: identify equipment; copy files from mainframe-based media to local hard disks; examine documentation; define the column binary format; develop standard variable-naming classifications; read in data with SAS (Statistical Analysis System) and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences); identify migration formats; recode data files with SAS; and create spread ASCII data files without recoding. The next section addresses the documentation track, including software/equipment, TextBridge Pro optical character recognition software, PDF (portable document format) files from Adobe Capture, and HTML and SGML/XML marked-up files. Findings and recommendations are presented in the fourth section, including user evaluation, findings about data/documentation conversion, and recommendations to data producers. A glossary is included, and support documents are appended. Contains 18 references. (AEF)

This paper reports on a project that involved the digitization of manuscripts from the Boswell Collection (i.e., personal papers of James Boswell) by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University (Connecticut). In this case, the digitization process was designed to serve a group of scholars already at work on a publication series, and so distinguishes itself from many others by its focus on the scholarly communication process rather than on giving broad access to collections through the Internet. The paper discusses the many reasons that a special collections library might undertake a digital conversion program, and shares the staff's insights into how digital technology has found its place in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Specifically, the paper discusses: background on the library and the Boswell collection; project origins; forming a digitization strategy, including choices regarding where the library should place its emphasis; getting the project underway; the scanning process; results and benefits for the library; results and benefits for the scholar-editors; and conclusions. (AEF)

The sixth session of IT@EDU98 consisted of seven papers on the topic of the learning machine--Vietnamese based human-computer interface, and was chaired by Phan Viet Hoang (Informatics College, Singapore). "Knowledge Based Approach for English Vietnamese Machine Translation" (Hoang Kiem, Dinh Dien) presents the knowledge base approach, which consists of concepts such as things, actions, relations, and attributes, organized on the structure of inheritance hierarchy. "A Learning Algorithm for Feature Selection Based on Genetic Approach" (Nguyen Dinh Thuc, Le Hoai Bac) presents a genetic algorithm that chooses relevant features from a set of given features, for feature selection based on the correlation among the features and between every feature and given target curve. "Artificial Neural Network for Color Classification" (Tran Cong Toai) examines several neural network models, their learning schemes, and their effectiveness in color classification. "Synthesizing and Recognizing Vietnamese Speech" (Hoang Kiem, Nguyen Minh Triet, Vo Tuan Kiet, Thai Hung Van, Luu Duc Hien, Bui Tien Len) presents algorithms applied successfully in Vietnamese isolated word recognition and Vietnamese synthesis. "On-Line Character Recognition" (Nguyen Thanh Phuong) presents a real-time handwriting character recognition system based on a structural approach. "Data Mining and Knowledge Acquisition from a Database" (Hoang Kiem, Do Phuc) considers how to use multi-dimensional data model (MDDM) for mining rules in a large database. "Genetic Algorithm for Initiative of Neural Networks" (Nguyen Dinh Thuc, Tan Quang Sang, Le Ha Thanh, Tran Thai Son) describes a procedure for initiative of neural networks based on genetic algorithms, based on the correlation between every weight and error function. (SWC)

This paper documents issues in converting the Figure Classification Test to the computer. The purpose of the test, which is almost entirely visual, is to determine the subject's ability to discover rules via the visual/spatial environment. The methodology of the paper-and-pencil Figure Classification Test is as follows: the subject views a series of two or three groups of pictures composed of printed shapes and is asked to classify each of the figures as belonging to one of three groups. In converting the paper-and-pencil test to the computer, the immediate concern was scanning the original drawings and converting them to line output. The philosophy of design for the project screens was to keep close to the paper version, yet to help the user navigate the test. The authoring aid used allowed mouse and keyboard input to operate equivalently for the user. Only minor changes to the original instructions were made; instructions to make the user familiar with the interface were added. Preliminary evaluation consisted of direct observation; 15 subjects at different times ran the program with no verbal instructions or coaching. The user interface and screen design seemed to be acceptable. No subject, after moving the mouse, ever attempted to use the keyboard for input. Users did not all gain immediate proficiency at the task, possibly due to the instructions. Device dependence issues also detracted from the computer test's equivalence to the original test. Direct observation of the program users appears to be a good first step toward improving and validating this computer-based test. (Contains 13 references.) (AEF)

This paper examines problems faced by visually-impaired secondary pupils in gaining access to information in print. The ever-increasing volume of information available inundates the sighted and is largely inaccessible in print format to the visually impaired. Important issues of availability for the visually impaired include whether information is up-to-date, accurate, legible, and intelligible. The paper postulates the desirability of empowerment for personal autonomy through advocating a learner centered approach for coping with information. After considering some of the difficulties of presenting print to visually-impaired pupils, the paper examines some recent technological developments: the RNIB electronic newspaper, CD-ROM technology, and optical character recognition systems; notes some of the problems arising from graphical user interfaces; and makes some observations about study from tape. Braille has served the blind community well for over a century and a half, but its abiding utility for providing ephemeral information for visually-impaired people in the electronic information age is questionable. More effort should be put into promoting communication skills which involve keyboards and adaptations of existing communications devices rather than continuing to promote Braille as the only respectable means of information input and output for the visually impaired. (Contains 33 references.) (Author/SWC)

The National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP) began in 1986 with cooperation between the National Agricultural Library and the University of Vermont, and then expanded to include 45 land-grant university libraries and 1 special library. The first activity was to evaluate the new technology of optical scanning. The project was designed to test the feasibility, cost, and effectiveness of newly emerging technologies for capturing page images, providing access to their content, and disseminating them for use in agricultural communities. Four CD-ROM sets, covering aquaculture, international agricultural research, Agent Orange, and acid rain, were produced by scanning printed materials and were distributed to the universities for use and evaluation. Overall, managers concluded that scanning and text digitizing are effective technologies for disseminating information. A few cautions were noted. A great deal of time was required to participate, and participants needed to be able to provide the technical and professional support required. Managers recommended continuation of the project, with specific improvements, and suggestions for particular products. The cooperation of the various institutions and their funding support were essential in program success. Nine tables and three diagrams illustrate the discussion. Nine appendixes provide supplemental information, including additional reports about program operation. A nine-item bibliography of articles about the NATDP is included. (SLD)

In this study, six students were followed through 4 years of high school, documenting the impact of unlimited access to new learning tools--such as computers, scanners, and videodisc players--on their thinking, their approach to learning, and their interactions with others. The students were in two different classes and the years of case studies overlapped. After a total of 5 years of detailed observations of the students, as well as lengthy general and debriefing interviews, researchers saw dramatic shifts in students' thinking, learning, and interaction. The goal was to detail the extent to which students use the computer to expand their choices and ways of knowing, sharing, and collaborating. This study departs from most previous examinations of the impact of computers upon learning, in that traditional indices are not used to address the types of skills students acquire in high computer access classrooms. The focus is on computer literacy in terms of its symbolic, cognitive, and social dimensions. This study identifies eight student competencies or abilities: dynamic exploration and representation of information; experimentation and problem solving; social awareness and confidence; effective communication; computer use; independence; expertness and collaboration; and a positive orientation to the future. (Contains 5 references.) (Author/ALF)

Reviews present and possible future developments in the techniques of electronic document management, the major ones being text retrieval and scanning and OCR (optical character recognition). Also addresses document acquisition, indexing and thesauri, publishing and dissemination standards, impact of the Internet, and the document management industry. (Contains 133 references.) (Author/LRW)

The Print and Computer Enlargement (PACE) System is being designed as a portable computerized reading and writing system that enables a low-vision person to read regular print and then create and edit text using large-print computerized output. The design goal was to develop a system that: weighed no more than 12 pounds so it could be easily carried by students from class to class; would be operable for over 8 hours on internal rechargeable batteries; and would sell for under $3,500. The system design utilizes a hand-held optical scanner, a portable laptop personal computer running the MS-DOS operating system, a "screen catcher" circuit board, and software to generate large print. PACE would produce large print for any printed material scanned by the optical scanner and for any application program that runs on the operating system. Efforts in creating PACE involved the following objectives: select laptop computers; locate hand-held optical scanner; design and test screen catcher circuit board; create optical scanner large-print software; create large-print characters from computer; create the user interface module; field test PACE; and create a national marketing plan for PACE. The project was partially successful, in that it developed and implemented all PACE functions on a MS-DOS compatible desk top computer, but was unable to implement the design on a portable laptop computer. (JDD)

The results of a one year study to identify potential technology-based improvements in the operation, access, and utilization of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) are described. Both current problem areas and future possibilities are considered with respect to the dichotomy: system components and the total system. Emphasis is on characterizing the component functions of data input and data output as well as the total system operation in terms of applicable criteria (data type, volume, purpose, performance). Technological alternatives are then discussed with reference to those criteria. The report concludes with a structural summary of observations, recommendations, and suggestions for follow-up studies. A bibliography is attached. (Author/RAA)

The ERIC network conversion to an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) mode of data entry was studied to analyze the potential effectiveness of OCR data entry for future EPC/s (Editorial Processing Centers). Study results are also applicable to any other system involving decentralized bibliographic data capture and conversion functions. The report does not recommend such OCR applications unless: (1) all OCR keying can be done on standardized forms; (2) consistent high quality of character images keyed on OCR forms can be maintained; and (3) suitable methods can be devised for coping with special notation (e.g., mathematical, chemical). The report contains performance data on both the OCR keying and OCR scanning functions, and provides a cost/savings analysis. Practical guidelines are provided for the implementation and operation of OCR data entry systems. (Author)

For the 1971-72 tryout of IMS Version 3, special-purpose, optically scannable materials were developed and designed. Purpose, design considerations, and developmental stages are described for each form. Adapted formats for use with the Xerox 660 Scanner/Copier are explained. The forms are appended. (SK)

Computer routines for the translation of teacher-prepared mark sense forms to magnetic tape are described. The program, Receiving IMS (RIMS), is part of the Southwest Regional Laboratory's (SWRL) Instructional Management System (IMS). It accepts mark sense sheets from remotely located Xerox 660 scanner copiers and/or IMS update information from remotely located teletypes. Output is a magnetic tape which is then sent over phone lines to an IMS processing program in a larger, remote computer. (Author/DGC)

An Opscan 100 optical scanner was used to score test materials received at the Southwest Regional Laboratory (SWRL) during the tryout of SWRL's Instructional Management System (IMS). This document describes the functional characteristics of the optical scanner. Directions for preparing two types of control forms processed by the scanner and sequential operating instructions for the scanner are included together with diagrams of the correct settings for the machine. Sample forms are also illustrated. (DGC)

A series of tests using OpScan 100DM optical scanner were carried out to determine whether it can mechanically transport paper that does not comply with the manufacturer's specifications for weight and size and see if standard paper stock has sufficient quality, opacity, and brightness to permit it to be used to print forms for the OpScan 100DM. Other objectives were to establish validity and reliability indices and to determine whether standard ink has sufficient reflectivity to be used to print forms for the OpScan 100DM. This report describes the tests and their results. (SK)

A study was conducted to measure the facility of kindergarten pupils in using optically scannable response sheets. Three types of response boxes were tested. It was concluded that pupils are able to handle a ten-item two-sided test with minimal practice and directions. (Author)

Relative cost and effectiveness of techniques for preparing a computer compatible data base consisting of approximately one million words of natural language are outlined. Considered are dollar cost, ease of editing, and time consumption. Facility for insertion of identifying information within the text, and updating of a text by merging with another text are given special attention. It is concluded that Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter (MTST) and Telterm2 (a cathode ray rube terminal) are two highly effective methods of text preparation. The decision of which to use on a particular project would depend on available funds and possible peripheral uses for the equipment. Criteria for making such a decision are discussed. (Author)

ARIEL is a high-speed, high-quality, cost-effective document delivery system that runs on the Internet. Advantages over the fax include no long-distance phone charges, high image resolution, original source can be scanned, can send/receive simultaneously, does not require dedicated equipment, and documents can be stored and forwarded later. Hardware and software requirements, costs, and one library's pilot project are described. (Author/AEF)