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Stability is one of the major challenges in organic semiconductor based optoelectronic devices. A comparative study of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) based organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with alkali-halide lithium fluoride (LiF) vs alkaline halide magnesium fluoride (MgF2) inorganic electron injection interlayers is presented. A TADF emitter 4CzIPN doped in CBP is used as an active layer (thickness = 15 nm @6wt. % doping) in an OLED structure: Glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/NPD/CBP/CBP:4CzIPN/TPBi/interlayer/Al. Prior to this comparative study, a separate exercise is carried out to obtain an optimal thickness of an MgF2 interlayer on the basis of leakage current and efficiency in the TADF-OLEDs. OLEDs with an LiF interlayer showed an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.7% in comparison with an MgF2 interlayer-based OLED showed slightly lower average EQE ∼19.1% at a luminance level of 100 cd/m2; these efficiency numbers are averaged over ∼60 OLEDs. These slight changes in EQE are supported by the relative photoluminescence quantum yield measurements with a whole device stack. However, alkaline halide MgF2 based TADF-OLEDs showed approximately seven-fold enhancement in the stability (LT60) under identical operating conditions. In situ photoluminescence monitoring of operational TADF-OLEDs confirmed that the probable cause of reduced lifetime is degradation of an LiF/TPBi interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for improved electrochemical performance in energy storage systems has stimulated research into advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials for electrodes. In this work, we obtain a layered MXene compound by exfoliating a titanium aluminum carbide precursor using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) ions in a full room temperature process followed by manual shaking. The hexagonal crystal structure and composition of the layered materials are characterized using different techniques. X-Ray diffraction shows the formation of 2D nano-sheets before and after the TMAOH treatment via its characteristic (002) diffraction peak, bringing to light an increase in the interlayer spacing after treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the layered morphology, whose composition is determined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis for the bulk material and by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the surface of the obtained compounds. This study demonstrates a promising route to enhance delamination of this MXene 2D material in a low-cost room-temperature approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfinamidines are promising aza‐SIV chiral building blocks in asymmetric synthesis and drug discovery. However, no report has documented their enantioselective synthesis. Here we present an enantioselective synthesis of sulfinamidines via electrophilic amination of sulfenamides using an enantiopure N−H oxaziridine. The resulting enantiomerically enriched primary sulfinamidines are configurationally stable at 90 °C in solution and show remarkable stability against organic acids and bases under non‐aqueous conditions. We also demonstrate a one‐pot, three‐component, enantioselective synthesis of sulfinamides using N−H oxaziridine reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receptors are lipid bilayer‐resident molecules that perform a myriad of functions in a cell, from recognition to signaling and solute internalization, and are typically based on proteins. Herein, artificial receptors are engineered based on small organic molecules, toward chemical, non‐genetic engineering of cells. Specifically, artificial internalizing receptors are designed for selective targeting and cell‐specific drug delivery. The artificial receptors are shown to afford nanomolar potency of action for the cognate antibody‐drug conjugates. In the chemically engineered cells, the conjugate activity is at the same time more potent and significantly faster than that observed with the use of the pristine drug. In a mixed cell population, an antibody‐drug conjugate targeted to the artificial receptor can selectively eliminate the chemical receptor‐engineered cells. Taken together, these results illustrate that artificial receptors based on small organic molecules are simple by structure but can mediate one of the foundational cellular functions, namely endocytosis, with excellence. Most importantly, these receptors are truly bio‐orthogonal and thus afford a dedicated route of communication with the chemically engineered cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) structure usually requires harsh conditions and long reaction times, which can result in low yields. Herein, ANS was modified to form an ANS group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS), prepared with simple metathesis reactions and distinct cations, namely tetrabutylammonium (N4444), tetrahexylammonium (N6666), and tetrabutylphosphonium (P4444). These ANS-based GUMBOS were investigated as fluorescent probes for membrane binding studies with four proteins having distinct physicochemical properties. Liposomes of 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine were employed as membrane models as a result of their ability to mimic the structure and chemical composition of cell membranes. Changes in fluorescence intensity were used to monitor protein binding to liposomes, and adsorption data were fitted to a Freundlich-like isotherm. It was determined that [N4444][ANS] and [P4444][ANS] GUMBOS have enhanced optical properties and lipophilicity as compared to parent ANS. As a result, these two GUMBOS were selected for subsequent protein-membrane binding studies. Both [N4444][ANS] and [P4444][ANS] GUMBOS and parent ANS independently reached membrane saturation within the same concentration range. Furthermore, distinct fluorescence responses were observed upon the addition of proteins to each probe, which demonstrates the impact of properties such as lipophilicity on the binding process. The relative maintenance of binding cooperativity and maximum fluorescence intensity suggests that proteins compete with ANS-based probes for the same membrane binding sites. Finally, this GUMBOS-based approach is simple, rapid, and involves relatively small amounts of reagents, making it attractive for high-throughput purposes. These results presented herein can also provide relevant information for designing GUMBOS with ameliorated properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, aliphatic polyesters are widely used in the biomedical, packaging and agricultural fields, which are usually accessed by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and the catalysts particularly play an important role. Herein a series of quinolinyl-urea catalysts have been synthesized via the reaction between isocyanate and aminoquinoline with an amino group at different substitution positions and characterized. In combination with 7-methyl-1, 5, 7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (MTBD) as a cocatalyst and benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator, 1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(quinolin-3-yl)urea (3-QU) was observed to be most active for the ROP of δ-valerolactone (δ-VL). The polymerization conditions were optimized by varying the type of organic base, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. By changing the ratio of [M]0/[I], linear polyvalerolactones (PVLs) with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared. The kinetic and chain extension experiments were carried out to prove the "living"/controllable feature. And the NMR experiments were used to support the proposal of possible mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenylamine (TPA)‐based Schiff base chemosensors ((E)‐2‐((4‐(diphenylamino)benzylidene)amino)phenol [TPA‐AP], (E)‐5‐(diphenylamino)‐2‐(((2‐hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol [HTPA‐AP], and (E)‐5‐(diphenylamino)‐2‐((phenylimino)methyl)phenol [HTPA‐A]) were synthesized and explored the role of metal chelating hydroxyl functionality position for heavy metal ion sensing. TPA‐AP and HTPA‐AP showed Cu2+ ion‐induced chemical transformation and produced oxazole derivatives with turn‐on fluorescence. In contrast, HTPA‐A exhibited metal chelation‐induced turn‐on fluorescence for Zn2+ ion. The reactive chemical sensing of TPA‐AP and HTPA‐AP led to high selectivity of Cu2+, and other ions did not show any interference. The concentration‐dependent studies of Cu2+ and Zn2+ indicated the limit of detection (LOD) up to 6.07 × 10−7 and 4.6 × 10−7 M, respectively. Further, Cr3+, Fe3+, and Fe2+ coordination with TPA‐AP and HTPA‐AP exhibited visible color change from colorless to yellow. However, the yellow color was disappeared and becomes colorless due to imine hydrolysis. Interestingly, all three metal ions showed different rate of hydrolysis and color disappearance. TPA‐AP with Fe3+ exhibited fast hydrolysis and immediate color change whereas Fe2+ and Cr3+ required longer time. But HTPA‐AP and HTPA‐A produced stable complexes with Cr3+, Fe2+, and Sn2+ and Fe3+ alone showed hydrolysis. Thus, the present studies provide structural insight for designing reactive fluorescence and colorimetric Schiff base chemosensor for heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical platform based on a covalent organic framework (COF) and FeCr2O4 nanoparticles was prepared for sensitive and selective detection of amoxicillin (AMX). The COF was synthesized with 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl) benzene (TAPB) and 2,5-Dimethoxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde (DMTP) as precursors. The morphology and structure of the materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Owing to the synergistic effect of the large surface area of TAPB-DMTP-COF material and the high catalytic capacity of FeCr2O4 nanoparticles, the sensor exhibits excellent analytical performance for AMX detection. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) experiments prove that the sensor owns a wide detection range (1 ~ 40 and 40 ~ 150 μM) and low detection limit (0.3 μM) for AMX. The sensor has good selectivity and reproducibility and also exhibits a good recovery rate in the actual sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of working fluid significantly impacts the geothermal ORC’s Efficiency. Using a mixture as a working fluid is a strategy to improve the output of geothermal ORC. In the current study, modelling and thermodynamic analysis of ORC, using geothermal as a heat source, is carried out at fixed operating conditions. The model is simulated in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An environment-friendly mixture of fluids, i.e., R245fa/R600a, with a suitable mole fraction, is used as the operating fluid. The mixture provided the most convenient results compared to the pure working fluid under fixed operating conditions. The impact of varying the evaporator pressure on the performance parameters, including energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and net power output is investigated. The system provided the optimal performance once the evaporator pressure reached the maximum value. The efficiencies: Energy and Exergy, and Net Power output of the system are 16.62%, 64.08% and 2199 kW for the basic cycle and 20.72%, 67.76% and 2326 kW respectively for the regenerative cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbits, which are commonly raised as livestock in many rural areas of Asian countries, produce liquid waste called urine that can have negative environmental impacts. In order to tackle this issue, the development of technology is necessary to effectively process this waste into a form that can be utilized without causing harm to the environment. Urine contains valuable organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for the production of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). The quality of this fertilizer is dependent on the availability of microorganism substrates and the duration of fermentation. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different substrates and fermentation periods on the properties of liquid organic fertilizer. The raw material used in this research is locally sourced rabbit urine. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory at the Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. Three types of substrates were employed: bioactivator animal substrate (BAsb), bioactivator plant substrate (BPsb), and commercial microorganism (C-mic) as the control. Two different fermentation periods were tested: 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The data were analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial patterns. The results revealed that the type of bioactivator substrate had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on the N-organic, C/N ratio, P2O5, and K2O content. However, pH and C-organic showed no significant effect (p > 0.05). Additionally, fermentation time had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on C-organic, N-organic, and the C/N ratio, but pH did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the substrate type and fermentation time in the LOF-RU process. The production of N-organic content from local rabbit urine yielded promising results. For the LOF-RU production process with BAsb or BPsb, fermentation periods of up to 4 weeks can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been achieved for the dynamic detection of the adsorption saturation distribution in activated carbon. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by industries pose a serious threat to human health and environmental quality. Therefore, adsorption method is widely used to treat such organic compounds. Activated carbon, as a commonly used adsorbent material, plays a crucial role in the efficient utilization and management of the adsorption process. Traditional adsorption detection methods suffer from information loss and discontinuity. We can obtain the conductivity distribution information during the current passing through the material by measuring the potential changes on the boundary of interest field, and analyze the saturation distribution information of VOCs adsorbed on activated carbon based on the conductivity distribution image. The feasibility of the technology in monitoring the saturation distribution of the adsorption process in activated carbon was verified by principle and simulation. For experimental verification, fixed bed and fluidized bed experiments were carried out, taking into account the special case of impedance change factors of activated carbon particles in the static and flow states. The experimental results confirm that in fixed-bed adsorption, the adsorption impedance change response can be effectively obtained at an excitation frequency of 1.0 MHz, while in a fluidized bed, a good adsorption impedance change response can be achieved at an excitation frequency of 4 kHz. By selecting the appropriate excitation frequency according to the change in the adsorbent's state, stable imaging of the saturation distribution can be achieved. This study introduces a new method for visualizing the monitoring process of activated carbon adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly aggressive variant of breast cancer characterized by elevated rates of recurrence and mortality. Chemotherapy's application as a main cancer therapy is restricted due to its harmful side effects and resistance to medication. In this study, we utilized a covalent organic framework (COF) to apply indocyanine green (ICG), a photothermal agent, and gambogic acid (GA), an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), to treat triple negative breast cancer. MTT results showed that the viability of tumor cells decreased more under laser irradiation conditions after the addition of GA than in the COF@ICG group. In addition, protein blotting results showed that under the action of GA, the blank group exhibited significantly higher HSP90 expression levels than the experimental group. The above results indicate that COF@ICG@GA enhances the therapeutic effect of PTT on cancer by inhibiting the expression of HSP90 in triple negative breast cancer cells and enhancing the sensitivity of tumor cells to temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formal [4+2] annulation reaction of phthalaldehydes and 3‐ylideneoxindoles through a tandem process of a Stetter–aldol reaction was accomplished by the application N‐heterocyclic carbenes as effective catalysts. Under mild conditions, this unprecedented cascade reaction readily occurs in good yield, enabling straightforward access to functionalized tetrahydronaphthalene‐fused spirooxindoles. For the first time, the feasibility of an asymmetric Stetter–aldol reaction has also been briefly explored by employing chiral organic bases to promote the asymmetric transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel kind of open‐shelled covalent–organic framework (TPAPL‐COF‐OX) is fabricated based on organic mixed‐valence (MV) systems, which is used for aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption and activation without the artificial energy consumption. The triphenylamine nucleus endow TPAPL‐COF with an abundance of nitrogen‐active sites. A mild oxidation process on TPAPL‐COF results in the generation of MV structures (TPAPL‐COF‐OX), enhancing its absorption capacity into the NIR‐II region. The nitrogen‐rich TPAPL‐COF‐OX exhibits exceptional adsorption capabilities for VOCs. Its broad light absorption spanning from UV to NIR‐II regions endow it with remarkable photothermal properties, enabling it to attain activation temperatures under sunlight without artificial energy consumption. It is expected that this study may present a novel strategy for managing VOCs by solar‐heating activation with energy‐efficient advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating luminescent dyes within delignified wood templates is a promising strategy for developing wood-based composite luminescent materials. However, the interactions between the nanopore structure of delignified wood, the loading efficiency of luminescent dyes, and the resulting luminescent properties of these composites remains unclear. In this study, we developed a series of wood-based luminescent composites using delignified wood templates as a dispersion platform for encapsulating classical organic fluorescent dyes. By extensively exploring the interrelationships among the delignification degree, organic dye loading efficiency, and luminescence properties, we uncovered the influence of delignified wood templates on the luminescent characteristics of wood-based luminescent composites. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the luminescent color could be controlled by encapsulating varying proportions of blue-, green- and red-fluorescent dyes, thus enabling the achievement of full-color fluorescence in wood-based luminescent composites. These wood-based luminescent composites hold great promise for applications in data anti-counterfeiting and light-emitting diode technology, offering valuable theoretical support for the development and utilization of innovative wood-based luminescent composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of resins combined with nanoparticles represents the prevailing method for fabricating superhydrophobic fabrics. Nevertheless, a notable drawback in this approach has been the limited durability of these fabrics, constraining their practical applications. In our ground-breaking study, we introduce an innovative and reliable solution to address this durability issue. We demonstrate, for the first time, that biopolymer resins offer a significantly enhanced level of durability to superhydrophobic fabrics when compared to their synthetic counterparts, whether organic or inorganic. Our proposed method employs the dip-coating technique, enabling us to create fabrics capable of maintaining their anti-wetting properties even in the face of mechanical stress. The deposition of this coating on the fabric surface elevates the water contact angle to an impressive 157°, with a sliding angle measuring below 10°. In terms of oils, the fabric surface exhibits superoleophilic behavior, with a contact angle of 0°. Furthermore, our coating exhibits outstanding thermal stability, enduring temperatures of up to 250 °C, while also demonstrating UV resistance for up to 50 hours without any loss of superhydrophobicity. Mechanical stability was also assessed, and the coating proved resilient against abrasion until the appearance of tears on the fabric, without compromising its superhydrophobic properties. Our coated fabric has been effectively employed in separating oil/water mixtures, achieving an exceptional separation efficiency of 99%, a performance that remains consistent across multiple cycles. We envision that these superhydrophobic/superoleophilic fabrics, characterized by their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, remarkable durability, and ease of industrial scale application, hold immense potential for applications in clothing manufacturing and water/oil separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new chromophores based on difluoroborondipyrromethene dyes (Bodipy‐1, Bodipy‐2, and Bodipy‐3) are used as precursors to prepare luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) based on poly‐acrylate, following a thermally activated polymerization involving lauryl methacrylate as monomer, ethyl glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linking agent, and lauroyl peroxide as initiator. The new dyes exhibit typical BODIPY absorption and emission properties in dichloromethane fluid solution, assigned to the lower‐lying singlet π–π∗ level, which in the case of Bodipy‐2 and Bodipy‐3, both containing diamino‐substituted styryl subunits in their structure, has a strong charge transfer contribution. The LSCs obtained starting from each of the three Bodipys are interfaced to silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells, and the PV light‐to‐energy conversion efficiencies ηopt for the three systems are calculated. The results yield ηopt of 4.53% for LSC‐Bodipy‐1, 5.26% for LSC‐Bodipy‐2, and 8.23% for LSC‐Bodipy‐3. The optical efficiency for LSC‐Bodipy‐3 is a remarkable value among the LSC based on organic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioureas are preferred structures in the disciplines of chemosensors, organic, and pharmaceutical field. Thioureas, a class of tuneable organosulfur compounds, and their derivatives are widely used in both biological and nonbiological fields. These compounds, which include sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) atoms, have nucleophilic characteristics that assist in intra‐ or intermolecular H‐bonding among the molecules or analytes. Hence, the incorporation of the thiourea moiety into a wide spectrum of organic molecules has resulted in very versatile compounds with widespread applications in a variety of domains. Thiourea derivatives have been frequently produced and researched due to their chemosensing capability. Finally, in this work, a detailed comparison and analysis of the detecting capabilities of thiourea‐based cation sensor is performed. The knowledge gained in this work will be extremely useful in future endeavours to create organic sensors based on Fluorescence (Fl) and colorimetry, for the recognition of physiologically relevant metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel class of crystalline porous materials has been developed utilizing multilevel dynamic linkages, including covalent B−O, dative B←N and hydrogen bonds. Typically, boronic acids undergo in situ condensation to afford B3O3‐based units, which further extend to molecular complexes or chains via B←N bonds. The obtained superstructures are subsequently interconnected via hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions, producing crystalline porous organic frameworks (CPOFs). The CPOFs display excellent solution processability, allowing dissolution and subsequent crystallization to their original structures, independent of recrystallization conditions, possibly due to the diverse bond energies of the involved interactions. Significantly, the CPOFs can be synthesized on a gram‐scale using cost‐effective monomers. In addition, the numerous acidic sites endow the CPOFs with high NH3 capacity, surpassing most porous organic materials and commercial materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vertical organic electrochemical transistors (vOECT) with extended gate was proposed. The vOECT, which exhibited high transconductance (gm), was for the first time used in the preparation of a pH sensor. The extended gate was modified by electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were used to optimize the scan rate, showing a super-Nernstian sensitivity at all scan rates. The pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate was investigated at different pH levels, and it exhibited an ultra-high sensitivity of 3363.6 µA/pH in the pH range 5–9, which was about 36 times greater than the maximum current sensitivity (91 µA/pH) of other transistor-based pH sensors, to the best of our knowledge. This pH sensor performed excellently in terms of reversibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. To confirm the reliability of the pH sensor, we conducted measurements on real samples using this pH sensor and compared the results with those obtained from a standard pH meter. The ultra-high sensitivity pH sensor based on vOECT with extended gate offers a sensitive and promising alternative in environmental monitoring, food safety, chemistry, clinical diagnostics, and bio-sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key motive of the current work is the detailed study of charge transport and optoelectronic properties of Benzotrifuran based organic molecules for organic electronic device applications. Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent‐DFT simulations were executed on studied organic molecules. The absorption characteristics are ascertained and the results are compared with corresponding known experimental results. Frontier molecular orbitals, that is; highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, electron extraction potential, electron affinities, ionization potentials, reorganization energies (Z), and hole extraction potential of all the studied molecules are explored. In contrast, all of the examined organic compounds are with low hole (Zh) and electron (Ze) reorganization energies, making them suitable for use in organic electrical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic framework, UiO-67 was synthesized by coordinating Zr(IV) with 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (BPDC) ligand. Morphology and crystallinity of MOF was confirmed with FE-SEM and PXRD procedure. Danofloxacin (DANO), a veterinary fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was detected in milk by employing UiO-67 as "turn-on" fluorescent sensor. Original photoluminescent (PL) efficiency of UiO-67 sensor was enhanced on its electronic interaction with DANO molecule. Significant PL efficiency enhancement, lower detection limit 0.49 ng/mL (1.37 nM), swift detection (time < 1 min), and excellent linear correlation (R2 = 0.9988) indicated extraordinary sensitivity of developed UiO-67 sensor for DANO. Selectivity and performance of sensor was unaltered in presence of interfering species and detection results were obtained under permissible variation limits. Method applied successfully for ultra-trace detection of DANO residues in milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, the design and fabrication of optical active metamaterials were developed by the incorporation of graphene and joining it to different substrates with variable spectroscopical properties. It focuses on how graphene and its derivatives could generate varied optical setups and materials considering modified and enhanced optics within substrates and surfaces. In this manner, it is discussed how light could be tuned and modified along its path from confined nano-patterned surfaces or through a modified micro-lens. In addition to these optical properties generated from the physical interaction of light, it should be added that the non-classical light pathways and quantum phenomena could participate. In this way, graphene and related carbon-based materials with particular properties, such as highly condensed electronics, pseudo-electromagnetic properties, and quantum and luminescent properties, could be incorporated. Therefore, the modified substrates could be switched by photo-stimulation with variable responses depending on the nature of the material constitution. Therefore, the optical properties of graphene and its derivatives are discussed in these types of metasurfaces with targeted optical active properties, such as within the UV, IR, and terahertz wavelength intervals, along with their further properties and respective potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic room temperature afterglow (ORTA) can be categorized into two key mechanisms: continuous thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), both of which involve a triplet excited state. However, triplet excited states are easily quenched by non-radiative transitions due to oxygen and molecular vibrations. Solid-phase systems provide a conducive environment for triplet excitons due to constrained molecular motion and limited oxygen permeation within closely packed molecules. The stimulated triplet state tends to release energy through radiative transitions. Despite numerous reports on RTP in solid-phase systems in recent years, the complexity of these systems precludes the formulation of a universal theory to elucidate the underlying principles. Several strategies for achieving ORTA luminescence in the solid phase have been developed, encompassing crystallization, polymer host-guest doping, and small molecule host-guest doping. Many of these systems exhibit luminescent responses to various physical stimuli, including light stimulation, mechanical stimuli, and solvent vapor exposure. The appearance of these intriguing luminescent phenomena in solid-phase systems underscores their significant potential applications in areas such as light sensing, biological imaging, and information security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic study of two ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) based on viologens and their first applications in the electrochromic field are reported. The viologen‐based iPOPs are synthesized by electrochemical polymerization with cyano groups, providing a simple and controllable method for iPOPs that solves the film preparation problems common to viologens. After the characterization of these iPOPs, a detailed study of their electrochromic properties is conducted. The iPOP films based on viologens structure exhibit excellent electrochromic properties. In addition, the resulting iPOP films show high sensitivity to electrolyte ions of different sizes in the redox process. Electrochemical and electrochromic data of the iPOPs explain this phenomenon in detail. These results demonstrate that iPOPs of this type are ideal candidates as electrochromic materials due to their inherent porous structures and ion‐rich properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering multifunctional smart separators are important for the ongoing pursuit of fast‐charging and safe batteries. Herein, a novel nanofibrous covalent organic framework (COF) based separator with well‐designed hierarchical porous channels is fabricated to effectively regulate mass transport for fast‐charging and thermally stable lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Such a hierarchical porous separator consists of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with macroporous channels (average diameter of 323 nm) and mesoporous channels (≈7 nm) created between amide‐group‐bonded COF nanoparticles with intrinsic 1.6 nm lithiophilic microporous channels (PAN/AM‐COF). Computational fluid dynamics and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that PAN/AM‐COF can simultaneously facilitate high‐speed and selective transport of Li+, as well as homogeneous deposition of Li, achieving high conductivity (3.33 mS cm−1) and high Li+ transference number (0.79). As a result, Li || LFP full cell with PAN/AM‐COF displays superior cycling stability at 10 C with an acceptable capacity attenuation (0.037% per cycle) over 1000 cycles. Moreover, when operating under an extreme temperature of 100 °C, the Li || LFP full cell with PAN/AM‐COF can still operate stably for 300 cycles at 30 C, highlighting its potential processing scalability for ultrafast‐charging energy storage systems. This study gives insights into designing functional separators for fast‐charging LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers can act as a facile forming route to aluminosilicate ceramic composites due to being processed as fluids rather than as powders. However, the compositions available via typical alkali geopolymers are limited by the presence of alkali cations, introduced by the alkali silicate solution precursors. In order to expand the ceramic compositions that are accessible by geopolymer processing, this study explored the use of three strong organic bases (guanidine, tetramethylguanidine [TMG], and tetramethylammonium hydroxide [TMAOH]) as alternatives to inorganic alkali hydroxides in geopolymer synthesis. Silicate solutions were able to be produced with all three bases and favorable silica speciation was identified in the guanidine and TMG silicate solutions. Monolithic bodies were produced using guanidine and TMAOH, while no TMG samples hardened. By 27Al and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction, the guanidine samples were determined to be structurally similar to those made using sodium hydroxide and hence can be called geopolymers, while the solids made with TMAOH were not structurally similar to sodium geopolymers and contained one or more unknown phases. This study has demonstrated that geopolymers can be made using organic bases rather than alkali hydroxides and that the speciation of dissolved silica alone does not indicate that an organic base silicate solution will be reactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The privileged C2‐symmetric rigid phenol‐type ligand is more attractive but challenging in asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we designed and synthesized a class of rigid‐featured chiral tridentate Phenol‐2NO ligands, that incorporate the advantages of both the phenol skeleton and pyrroloimidazolone‐based N‐oxide moiety, from readily available L‐prolinamides in operationally simple two steps and up to 44% overall yield. More importantly, using an achiral quinoline derivative as an additive, the newly developed Phenol‐2NO ligand could serve as the anioic ligand upon deprotonative activation to coordinate to Zn(II) to form a highly enantioselective catalyst for the asymmetric Michael‐type Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction of indoles with 2,3‐dioxopyrrolidines. Excellent yields (up to 90%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) are obtained for a wide range of substrates under mild conditions. Experiments and DFT calculations revealed the reaction mechanism and the origins of the enantioselectivity. This also represented the first activation of phenol‐type ligand/metal complex by an achiral organic base as the additive in asymmetric catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host‐guest chemistry, a pivotal branch of supramolecular chemistry, plays an essential role in understanding and constructing complex structures through non‐covalent interactions. Organic molecular cages, characterized by their intrinsic confined cavities, can selectively bind a variety of guest molecules. Their host–guest chemistry has been well studied in the solution phase, and several attempts have been made to encode well‐defined molecular architectures into solid‐state polymeric materials. However, only limited studies have explored their potential in the solid state, where their lack of robustness and less ordered networks significantly hinder practical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of a single‐crystal cage framework and a systematic study of its host–guest chemistry, spanning from the solution state to the solid state. Our studies reveal that the host–guest interactions inherent to the cage are successfully maintained in the solid‐state polymeric material. Furthermore, the framework's robustness allows for the guest molecules (fullerene) to be released triggered by an organic acid (trifluoroacetic acid), with subsequent regeneration of the framework through an organic base (triethylamine) treatment. Our findings represent the first synthesis of a robust, single‐crystal cage framework exhibiting highly selective and reversible host–guest chemistry, thus showing great potential towards molecular separation application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrode materials are gaining increased attention in energy storage applications, but often encounter challenges such as low capacity and poor cycling stability. This paper explores the utilization of a 1‐D coordination polymer, copper(II)‐2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone (Cu‐DHBQ), as a cathode material for Li‐ion batteries for the first time. Cu‐DHBQ is air‐stable, devoid of coordinated water molecules, and possesses a high theoretical capacity of 266 mAh g−1. With an optimal sodium alginate (SA) binder content of 25 wt%, the Cu‐DHBQ cathode demonstrates a notable initial capacity of 214 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycling stability, retaining 210 mAh g−1 (98% capacity retention) after 200 cycles at a current rate of 100 mA g−1. A comprehensive investigation into the capacity fading mechanisms, the bonding capability of the SA binder, and the interactions between Cu‐DHBQ and SA is conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM), peel tests, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Additionally, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of Cu‐DHBQ are examined using ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FTIR. These findings offer valuable insights into understanding the electrochemical properties of coordination polymers and metal‐organic frameworks based on DHBQ, shedding light on their potential as materials for battery electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture strongly interferes with the spectra of soil organic matter (SOM) in the near-infrared region, which reduces the correlation between organic matter and spectra and decreases accuracy in the prediction of SOM. In this study, we explored the feasibility of two types of spectral indices, two- and three-band mixed (SI) and three-band spectral indices (SI3), and two water removal algorithms, direct standardization (DS) and external parameter orthogonalization (EPO), to estimate SOM in wet soils using a total of 192 soil samples at six water content gradients. The estimation accuracies of spectral indices combined with water removal algorithms were better than those of full spectral data combined with water removal algorithms: the prediction accuracies of SI-EPO (R2 = 0.735, RMSEp = 3.4102 g/kg) were higher than those of EPO (R2 = 0.63, RMSEp = 4.1021 g/kg), and those of SI-DS (R2 = 0.70, RMSEp = 3.7085 g/kg) were higher than those of DS (R2 = 0.61, RMSEp = 4.2806 g/kg); SI3-EPO (R2 = 0.752, RMSEp = 3.1344 g/kg) was better than SI-EPO; both EPO and DS effectively mitigated the influence of soil moisture, with EPO demonstrating superior performance in small-sample prediction scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach to counteract the impact of soil moisture on SOM estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoactive conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as heterogeneous photocatalysts provide a sustainable alternative to classical metal‐based semiconductor photosensitizers. However, previously reported CMPs are typically synthesized through metal catalyzed coupling reactions, which bears product separation, but also increases the price of materials. Herein, a new type of sp2 carbon linked DCM‐CMPs are successfully designed and synthesized by organic base catalyzed Knoevenagel reaction using 2,6‐Dimethyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐ylidene‐malononitrile and aromatic polyaldehydes as monomers. The new polymers feature inherent porosity, excellent stability, and fully π‐conjugated skeleton with broad visible‐light absorption. They effectively induce the synthesis of benzimidazole compounds under light irradiation, and exhibit wide substrate adaptability with outstanding recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For wavelength‐selective photodetection or color discrimination, organic photodetectors (OPDs) can provide significant advantages as solution processability, chemical versatility and functionality. To eliminate the need for commonly used filters, the development of a narrowing approach that simultaneously achieves a selective detection range of less than 50 nm bandwidth and a spectral response of ~20% as efficiency at a required wavelength, remains a real challenge. Herein, different donor polymers and small acceptor molecules have been involved in bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) at 1:1 weight ratio as photoactive layers in specific OPDs. Indeed, the mechanism of charge collection in these OPDs is based on the charge collection narrowing (CCN) principle. In this approach, the detection window can be selected to match the absorption onset of the junction materials used in the BHJ layer. Although essentially based on very thick layers, we are focusing here on OPDs with layer thicknesses of less than 2 μm and post‐deposition annealing temperatures not in excess of 100°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with abundant reserves, high catalytic activity, and robust stability are highly crucial for efficient electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, we designed and synthesized non-noble metal coordinated porphyrin-based hypercrosslinked polymers (FX-M-TPP), which were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XPS. Their performance as electrocatalysts for OER was evaluated in 1 M KOH, among which FX-FeCo-TPP exhibited a minimum overpotential of 251 mV at 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 35.2 mV dec−1 demonstrating excellent stability. By studying the intermediates in the OER process, it was revealed that the true catalytically active substances are metal hydroxides that evolved from FX-FeCo-TPP. The results of this work provide a new method for designing high-performance OER catalytic materials based on organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the MIL-47/ACET/Nafion/GCE electrochemical senser for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) was prepared with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4· n H2O) and terephthalic acid (H2BDC) as the main raw materials, compounded with acetylene black (ACET) and perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (Nafion). The compound DES belongs to the category of estrogens, and prolonged exposure to the environment can have detrimental effects on the physiological functioning of both humans and animals. Due to the strong DES enrichment performance of MIL-47(V-MOFs) with large specific surface area, in addition to the excellent conductivity and electrocatalysis of composite materials, this modified senser had good electrochemical response to DES. With differential pulse voltammetry, in optimum condition of 0.1 M NaH2PO4–Na2HPO4 at pH = 7.0, potential interval of −1.0 to 1.0 V, enrichment time of 120 s and enrichment potential of 0.2 V, there was a good linear relationship between peak current and the concentration of DES over the range of 0.1 and 50 μ M, and the limit of detection was 0.008 μ M. The sensor accurately detected DES in actual water samples, with recovery rates ranging from 89.21% to 105.3%. The electrochemical sensor was simple to prepare and had practical significance for the detection of DES in water. The research results of the sensor provide another alternative analytical means for the sensitive detection of DES in the environment, which is important for maintaining public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this report we present a simple synthesis of a nickel-based metal organic framework (MOF-Ni) at the room temperature using a solution of dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol and distilled water. The MOF-Ni synthesized in various solvents displayed numerous different properties and advantages over other materials including easy synthesis procedure, good crystallinity, rigidity, and robust chemical stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to analyze the as-synthesized MOF-Ni. The as-obtained MOF-Ni was used to investigate its adsorption kinetics of red telon dye (RTL) molecules. The effects of time (30–270 min), initial RTL concentration (20–300 mg/L), adsorbent dose (2–50 mg), solution pH (2–12), and temperature (10–80 °C) were investigated. The pseudo-first order rate equation was able to provide the best description of the adsorption kinetics data in the studied time scale. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms, and the isotherm constants were also determined. Dye adsorption turned out to strongly depend on pH, and a low pH was found to increase the amount of adsorbed dyestuff. Compared with other samples, MOF-Ni synthesized in (DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O) had a significantly enhanced adsorption ability for RTL dye. The MOF-Ni high adsorption capacity for RTL dye was attributed to the electrostatic attraction/repulsion phenomena. Moreover, MOF-Ni showed an improved stability at 370, 417, and 423 °C temperatures. The results obtained through our experiments suggested that our porous MOF-Ni microstructures synthesized in DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O have potential applications for treating wastewaters containing RTL dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different approaches have been introduced to raise the response speed of bulk heterojunction‐based organic photodiodes (OPDs), with the best‐performing devices now having speeds in the MHz range. In most organic photodiodes, the response speed is commonly assumed to be due to transit time of charge carriers. Upon investigating fluence‐dependent photoresponse of different OPDs, it is found here that bimolecular recombination dictates the response speed at higher fluence levels. Herein, four different organic blend based photodiode systems and their response speed to a range of incident optical fluences are reported. A steep variation in response speed, depending upon the blend system is observed. Using experimental and theoretical studies, the intensity‐dependent response speeds are attributed to differences in the suppressed recombination factor. A high factor enables faster response times in the regime of higher light intensity. This new approach to high‐speed detections has implications for the design of high‐speed organic photodetectors, especially in applications where the speed of the photodetector is most important irrespective of the intensity of the incident signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonogashira coupling is one of the cornerstone Palladium mediated cross coupling reactions, giving a direct and high yield access to symmetric and non‐symmetric alkynes with high tolerance of substituents. The method generally requires the use of CuI as a cocatalyst, an inert atmosphere to protect palladium catalyst, somewhat harsh conditions like prolonged heating and the use of organic solvents due to the hydrophobicity of reagents and products. Leveraging on the opportunities offered by micellar catalysis, we here present a general methodology to perform Sonogashira coupling in water, with moderate or no heating, under air, without copper co‐catalysts and at very low catalyst loading. The method offers the same generality and scope of organic solvents based couplings, but strongly improves sustainability while offering excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of photoactive layer materials for organic solar cells (OSCs) is essential for the photoelectric conversion process. It is well known that chlorophyll is an abundant pigment in nature and is extremely valuable for photosynthesis. However, there is little research on how to improve the efficiency of chlorophyll-based OSCs by matching chlorophyll derivatives with excellent non-fullerene acceptors to form heterojunctions. Therefore in this study we utilize a chlorophyll derivative, Ce6Me3, as a donor material and investigate the performance of its heterojunction with acceptor materials. Through density functional theory, the photoelectric performances of acceptors, including the fullerene derivative PC71BM and the terminal halogenated non-fullerene DTBCIC series, are compared in detail. It is found that DTBCIC-Cl has better planarity, light absorption, electron affinity, charge reorganization energy and charge mobility than others. Ce6Me3 has good energy level matching and absorption spectral complementarity with the investigated acceptor molecules and also shows good electron donor properties. Furthermore, the designed Ce6Me3/DTBCIC interfaces have improved charge separation and reorganization rates (K CS/ K CR) compared with the Ce6Me3/PC71BM interface. This research provides a theoretical basis for the design of photoactive layer materials for chlorophyll-based OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant values (pKa1 and pKa2) of 4,4′-trimethylenedipiperidine (TMDP) was determined by a pH metric titration at 298 K. The experimentally determined pKa values were compared with the predicted pKa values by chem-bioinformatics software like ACD/Labs and ChemAxon. This experiment gave an excellent opportunity to deepen engagement with the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, acid/base dissociation constant (Ka/Kb), and half equivalence point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally friendly oxidant with a wide range of applications, and the two-electron pathway (2e−) of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for H2O2 production has attracted much attention due to its eco-friendly nature and operational simplicity in contrast to the conventional anthraquinone process. The challenge is to design electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity and to understand their structure–activity relationship and catalytic mechanism in the ORR process. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide an efficient template for the construction of highly efficient electrocatalysts due to their designable structure, excellent stability, and controllable porosity. This review firstly outlines the design principles of COFs, including the selection of metallic and nonmetallic active sites, the modulation of the electronic structure of the active sites, and the dimensionality modulation of the COFs, to provide guidance for improving the production performance of H2O2. Subsequently, representative results are summarized in terms of both metallic and metal-free sites to follow the latest progress. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of 2e− ORR electrocatalysts based on COFs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile metalation of Schiff base organic polymer, Te-TETA obtained from terephthalaldehyde and triethylenetetramine, with zinc to produce metalated organic polymer, Te-TETA-Zn has been reported here. Both Te-TETA and Te-TETA-Zn were analyzed by various analytical techniques viz. FT-IR, PXRD, FE-SEM, EDX, XPS, TGA and BET. Further, HR-TEM images of metalated organic polymer, Te-TETA-Zn was also recorded. EDX and XPS analyses clearly revealed the metalation of Zn in the organic polymer. Further, a huge transformation from the spherical morphology of Te-TETA to the flattened structure in Te-TETA-Zn can be seen in the FE-SEM and TEM images endorsing the successful coordination of zinc with the N-coordinating sites. An investigation of the catalytic activity of Te-TETA-Zn in combination with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 2 mol%) reveals it to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst component for the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides producing cyclic carbonate products (up to 99% conversion) under reaction conditions [Te-TETA-Zn (20 mg), TBAB (2 mol%), 5 bar CO2 pressure, 60 °C, 4 h]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the principles of gas-phase proton basicity measurements and theoretical calculations are recalled as a reminder of how the basicity PA/GB scale, based on Brønsted–Lowry theory, was constructed in the gas-phase (PA—proton affinity and/or GB—gas-phase basicity in the enthalpy and Gibbs energy scale, respectively). The origins of exceptionally strong gas-phase basicity of some organic nitrogen bases containing N-sp3 (amines), N-sp2 (imines, amidines, guanidines, polyguanides, phosphazenes), and N-sp (nitriles) are rationalized. In particular, the role of push–pull nitrogen bases in the development of the gas-phase basicity in the superbasicity region is emphasized. Some reasons for the difficulties in measurements for poly-functional nitrogen bases are highlighted. Various structural phenomena being in relation with gas-phase acid–base equilibria that should be considered in quantum-chemical calculations of PA/GB parameters are discussed. The preparation methods for strong organic push–pull bases containing a N-sp2 site of protonation are briefly reviewed. Finally, recent trends in research on neutral organic superbases, leaning toward catalytic and other remarkable applications, are underlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State‐of‐the‐art displays based on organic light emitting diodes for smartphones and tablets consist of side‐by‐side arrangements of red, green, and blue sub‐pixels. In the blue emissive layer, fluorescent materials are used, whereas red and green are realized by phosphorescence. This difference in materials is reflected in very different current‐voltage characteristics which can lead to current flowing in the lateral direction from the active blue pixel to neighboring non‐active red/green sub‐pixels causing undesired emission. This effect is especially dominant in the low luminance regime, thereby reducing color purity significantly. In this paper we introduce recently developed hole transport materials (HTM) which significantly suppress such lateral leakage current thereby preventing sub‐pixel crosstalk without compromise in other device parameters like lifetime and power‐consumption. Applicability of such materials is shown in the combination of hole‐injection‐layer (HIL, with p‐dopant) and hole‐transport‐layer (HTL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light‐based human–machine interactive media is capable of transmitting electrical readouts to machines and providing intuitive feedback to users simultaneously. Currently, many inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials‐based interactive media, typically ZnS‐loaded phosphors (ZLPs), have been successfully demonstrated. However, organic ML materials‐based solutions were rarely exploited despite their huge merits of strong structural modification, abundant luminescence property, low cost, easy preparation, and so on. Here, we propose a novel interactive tactile display (ITD) based on organic ML materials (Cz‐A6‐dye) and triboelectric nanogenerator, with ultra‐brightness (130% enhancement) and ultra‐low threshold pressure (57% reduction) as compared to ZLPs. The proposed ITD achieves the conversion of weak mechanical stimuli into visible light and electrical signals simultaneously, without extra power supplies. Furthermore, the relationship between the luminous performance of organic ML materials and mechanical force is quantified, benefiting from the uniform ML layer prepared. Enabled by convolutional neural networks, the high‐accuracy recognition (97.1%) for handwriting and identity of users is realized at the same time. Thus, the ITD has great potential for intelligent wearable electronics and classified military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional inkjet printing is an emerging manufacturing technology for the production of various planar elements and electronic devices. This technology offers affordable freeform and highly customizable production of thin film micron-scale elements on various substrates. Functional inkjet printing employs various inks based on organic and inorganic materials with diverse functional properties, and among them, conjugated polymers are of particular interest due to their electrical, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. This paper provides an overview of inkjet printing with conjugated (semi)conductive polymers, including the fundamentals of the technology and its scope, limitations, and main challenges. Specific attention is drawn to the synthesis and chemistry of these polymers in connection with the patterning and functional properties of the inks composed thereof. Practical aspects of this technology are also highlighted, namely the manufacturing capabilities of the technology and particular applications for the fabrication of various electronic elements and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of flexible organic crystals changed the perception of molecular crystals that were regarded as brittle entities over a long period of time, and sparked a great interest in exploring mechanically compliant organic crystalline materials toward next‐generation smart materials during the past decade. Schiff base compounds are considered to be one of the most promising candidates for flexible organic crystals owing to their easy synthesis, high yield, stimuli responsiveness and good mechanical properties. This paper gives an overview of the recent development of Schiff base flexible organic crystals (including elastic organic crystals, plastic organic crystals, and flexible organic crystals integrating elasticity and plasticity) from serendipitous discovery to design strategies and versatile applications such as stimuli responses, optical waveguides, optoelectronic devices, biomimetic soft robots, and organic photonic integrated circuits. Notably, atomic force microscopy‐micromanipulation technique has been utilized to bring the multifunctional applications of flexible organic crystals from the macroscopic level to the microscopic world. Since understanding mechanical flexibility at the molecular level through crystal engineering can assist us to trace down the structural origin of mechanical properties, we focus on the packing structures of various Schiff base flexible organic crystals driven by non‐covalent intermolecular interactions and their close correlation with mechanical behaviors. We hope that the information given here will help in the design of novel flexible organic crystals combined with other unique properties, and promote further research into the area of mechanically compliant organic crystalline materials toward multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The turnover of organic phosphorus (Po) may be an important way to maintain P supply for plant growth under the phosphorus (P) deficiency in highly weathered tropical soils. However, there is limited information on Po change pattern and how abiotic and biotic factors influence Po transformation in tropical region. Thus, this study was aimed to the characteristics and controls of Po transformation towards the advanced stage of tropical soil evolution. Methods: A well-establish tropical soil chronosequence (0.09, 0.146, 0.64, 1.12, 1.81, and 2.30 million years) derived from basalt in northern Hainan Island, China, was selected and the Po compounds in all soils determined by solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: Phosphate monoester showed a rapid increase in the earlier stage of pedogenesis (< 0.15 million year), thereafter declined to the minimum in the 1.12-million-year site and fluctuated in older soils. Meanwhile, the proportion of labile Po (including phosphate diester and its degradation products) increased continuously across the chronosequence, suggesting that long-term tropical soil evolution promoted labile Po accumulation that was vital to maintain P supply in highly weathered and P-deficient soil. Redundancy analysis revealed that Po transformation was jointly affected by soil total nitrogen, total organic carbon, phytase, and amorphous iron, accounting for 37.5% (p < 0.01), 29.5% (p < 0.01), 20.7% (p < 0.05), and 14.8% (p < 0.05) of explanation in the variations of Po compounds, respectively. Conclusion: Our study has supplemented the blank of Po transformation during tropical soil evolution over a 2.30-million-year time scale and emphasizes the important role of soil C, N in regulating Po changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage can contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, motivating the applications in aerospace, construction, textiles and so on. Phase change materials have been investigated extensively in the field of high-performance intelligent thermoregulating fabrics for energy storage. Advances toward fibers or fabrics for thermo regulation are developed, but leakage of phase change medium is a concern when directly coated or filled with fibers or fabrics. Thus, different spinning methods have appeared to integrate phase change materials into copolymer fiber to prepare phase change fiber. The present review has been divided into three parts and first deals with spinning technologies such as wet spinning, melt spinning, electrostatic spinning, and centrifugal spinning with the thermal properties and mechanical properties of phase change fiber. Among them, the phase change medium loading in the phase change fiber with wet spinning is up to 70 wt.%, while the fiber strength is below 2.12 cN/dtex. In contrast, phase change fiber prepared by melt spinning achieves a breaking strength of up to 37.31 cN/dtex, but with an enthalpy of only 8.48 kJ/kg. Considering electrostatic spinning, not only enthalpies are satisfactory but the fiber diameters are mostly below 1000 nm, matching with the softness requirement for fabric. Moreover, centrifugal spinning enables efficient production of phase change fiber of large enthalpy by controlling spinning parameters such as rotational speed and spinning fluid concentration. The second part reports that the thermal management effects of different intelligent thermo regulating fabrics are evaluated by designed experiments or simulations to investigate further the more comfortable conditions of thermal comfort of humans. Simulation and experimental results show that the energy storage of smart fabrics extends the time duration of thermal comfort by more than 300 s. In the last part, multifunctional intelligent thermoregulating fabrics are systematically discussed, such as light and heat response, ultraviolet resistance, air permeability, and water resistance. Practical applications of phase change fibers and intelligent thermoregulating fabrics should be further studied and broadened in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]