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It can be said that the phenomenon of state in the West developed in the Ancient Greek Period and until the Enlightenment, the state was valued both ontologically and epistemologically as a higher purpose with priority over the individual. This study aims to examine how the origin and changes of the state in the West from the Ancient Greek Period to the Enlightenment Period affected the approaches to human nature and the casuality of the political roles attributed to the individual with the hermeneutic method. In this respect, in the conclusion, the phases of state-individual relations in the aforementioned historical interval and the kind of interaction they have undergone are interpreted through Hegel’s concepts of moralität and sittlichkeit [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rights of liberty have their foundation in the history of the origin of states. They are their innate and necessary limit. For the law they therefore have an exclusively historical foundation.

The question at the title of this paper, “Will or reason in the origin of the political order? The answer of Medieval and Contemporary Political Theology�, renews an alternative that has become a locus classicus of political theory: the political order enters in the rational constitution of reality and, consequently, is not a created thing but has its existence discovered as an entity amongst other natural entities, or, on the other hand, the political order dues its existence exclusively to human institution and, consequently, appears as a result of an act of human will? I will not although analyze here both positions, one naturalist and another voluntarist, but I intend to show how the political theories of Gilles of Rome and Carl Schmitt answer the question about the Origin of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inonu University Law Review / İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Inonu University Law Review (IULR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is dedicated to the impact of the process of transforming the role of religion in western societies on various aspects of human life. Particular attention is paid to the influence of secularisation in its different senses on the statehood's treatment and the legitimacy of power. The origins of the concept of secularisation, its key features are considered. A review of changing the understanding process of secularisation in the context of the historical process and within the framework of various philosophical concepts, in particular, in the teachings of O. Comte, L. Feuerbach, G. Hegel, K. Marx, K. Schmidt and K. Levit. Within the framework of the article, the author paid attention to the issues of the secularisation concept origins, its various definitions and criticism of its appropriateness. The main topic of the article is changing the role of religion in society, desacralization of the origin of the state theory and interpretation of statehood within the framework of the concept of post-secularism. Attention is drawn to certain social transformations associated with secularisation in the western world. The pluralism of public opinion, as a phenomenon typical in the post-secular society and the problems that are inherent in it, is emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Kavilando is the property of Kavilando and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In his anthropological manifesto in this issue, Marshall Sahlins argues that our main theories of 'economic determinism' represent a self-consciousness of modern capitalist societies masquerading as the science of others. He suggests that, in the great majority of societies known to anthropology and history, power consists in the direct control of people, from which comes the ability to accumulate wealth, rather than control of their means of livelihood, of capital wealth, from which comes the control of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the key aspects of the conception of the State in The Anti- Oedipus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972), in particular the developments offered in chapter three: "Savages, Barbarians, Civilized". The innovative idea of the State arises from a game polyphonic from the notion of Asian Production Mode (Karl Marx), from the concept of origin and domestication (Friedrich Nietzsche), and from the notion of latency (Sigmund Freud). The central features for conceptualization are summarized as follows: 1) The Despotic State (Urstaat) as paradigmatic moment of every State and 2) the State is understood as a social machine, in its double articulation: social (socio-political institutional system) and libidinal (the field of desire and subjectivity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study provides a critical examination of the relationship between segment states and nationalist crises through a consideration of Nicaragua's recent history. Nicaragua experienced a nationalist crisis from 1981 to the mid-1980s. That crisis ended with the creation of two autonomous regions on the Atlantic Coast. Although relations between the common state and the new segment state proved difficult over the next few years, the new arrangement held for two decades. Roughly around 2007, however, a new nation-state crisis emerged in Nicaragua. Taking advantage of the fact that Nicaragua provides an opportunity to compare two nation-state crises across time, this study asks whether the country's pattern of nation-state crisis, creation of a segment state, and emergence of a second nationalist crisis may mean that segment states are endogenous to nation-state crises. In addition, it raises the question of whether, if fully followed through, autonomy arrangements may prove stabilizing under certain contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This rejoinder to the contributions from Matthew Hoddie, Caroline Hartzell, Bethany Lacina and Andreas Mehler returns to the original question posed in Where Nation-states Come From and puts the questions and evidence raised by these colleagues in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the nature of a common tendency in studies of the political philosophies of Hobbes and Kant to presume that a dichotomy exists between them. In order to investigate this tendency, the two prevailing approaches in current scholarship on Kant and Hobbes are explored, and the content of two ideologies on which these studies heavily rely, Hobbism and Kantianism, are revealed. In the final section, a discussion of Hobbes' and Kant's theories of international politics will be used to point to how this tendency functions and what consequences it has for the study of political philosophy. The article closes by drawing attention to the wider implications of this tendency when it is applied to studies of Western political thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article documents a speech by philosopher Hermann Schweppenhäuser on the history of politics and democracy, delivered at the Bahnhof Göhrde education center, Germany, on July 20, 1996. Topics discussed include politics in ancient Greece, the political philosophy of philosopher Hannah Arendt, and the idea that political systems and the state emerge to impose order on a chaotic state of nature.

A critical response to the article “Relativismus und Menschenrechte” by Marie-Luisa Frick, published in this issue of the journal, is presented. The author addresses several issues, including the history and philosophy of human rights from the perspectives of cultural relativism and universalism, the history of humankind from prehistory onwards, and the origins and history of the state.

The article comments on and critiques an article by geographer Benno Werlen on social geography, social theory, and the social construction of space, published in this issue of the journal. Topics addressed include the relationship between geography and history, the origins and history of the state, and environmental history.

Historical oriented macro-sociology of knowledge analyses of the origins and development of nations and other societies and global formations are usually confined to the examination of the United States and European countries and Europe as a continental global space. In this essay the author plays with ideas and tries on sociology of knowledge concepts for size in exploring the pre-colonial, colonial, and genocide apartheid societal roots of post-genocide Rwanda as an East-Central African society emerging symbolically as an extraordinary 21st century Post-Cold War African State. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

What is the political locus of the "holy trinity" of institutional attributes: legitimacy, autonomy, and capacity? Is it the state, the regime, or the government? This paper proposes a return to the Weberian definition of the state and the incorporation of micro-foundations in order to re-analyze the meaning of "state legitimacy", "state capacity" and "state autonomy". An important result of the analysis is a novel, albeit classical, definition of "state policy" (as opposed to government policy) and of "state autonomy", in which the state can be captured not only powerful economic groups but also the government itself. An illustration of the usefulness of the assessment is provided a brief application of the concepts to the analysis of the varieties of the "Left turn" in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

所谓酋邦分布的绝对普遍性问题并不是当代国际学术界的公论, 明确这点对于我 们准确把握酋邦概念和理论的本来意义有积极价值。通过对古希腊等个案的分析而开 展的关于酋邦形态在欧洲和世界更多地区分布情况的进一步研究, 并不会改变关于中 国个案适用酋邦模式的基本认识, 也不会对中国国家起源的研究产生新的重大难题。 在对中国国家起源问题的理论研究中, 对国外学者成果的借鉴无疑非常重要。而这需 要研究者对有关国外资料做切实深入的了解, 从而准确理解和概括有关成果的真实意 义。目前国内有些研究虽然提出对于国外研究成果的某种概括, 但实际上并没有经过 对有关原始资料本身的认真研究, 所谓的概括性意见是不准确的。这是在当前研究中 需要注意的一个问题。 关键词: 酋邦 部落联盟 国家起源 There is no consensus in international academia on the absolutely universal appearance of chiefdom in all parts of the world. Making this point clear has positive significance for the correct understanding of the original meaning of the concept and theory of chiefdom. Further researches on the distribution of chiefdoms in Europe and other parts of the world, based on studies of ancient Greek and early medieval Germanic cases, will not change our basic understanding of the chiefdom model’s applicability to the case of China, nor will it pose a serious challenge to the ongoing researches on state emergence in China. It is undoubtedly very helpful if we diligently apply foreign academic findings to our own studies in this subject, but genuine and in-depth understanding is necessary, if researchers are to accurately interpret and sum up the real implications of these foreign materials. At present, some Chinese scholars have produced various generalizations based on their own understanding of foreign research results. However, since they are not based on careful study of the original literary sources and other materials, those “generalized” views are often inaccurate. This is a problem that deserves our serious attention in current researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been published theorizing the origins of states, but ethnography has lagged behind in developing the conceptual tools to theorize the state, generally preferring to study the margins of states or 'stateless' societies, even though they were enmeshed in or colonized by states. In recent decades states seem to have been bypassed by an interest in global and transnational phenomena that presumes states as political organizations to be increasingly irrelevant. This review examines three texts that cut across archaeological and socio-cultural anthropology to analyze contemporary research on states and propose new directions in the study of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have brought the emergence of new official concepts of the "Russian nation" and collective "pan-Russian identity." The author traces the creation and dissemination of these formulas and analyzes their content and significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Hobbes bequeathed to us a comprehensive system, the interpretation of which remains a matter of disagreement even today. In his political theory, he pays most attention to the state community. He deliberates over the reasons for its origin, its decline and fall. Among the more detailed issues dealt with in his reflections, the more important ones are the following: the concept of the state of nature, human motivation, the state of war and peace, as well as considerations concerning the social contract. In order to be consistent in his argument, Hobbes also deals with the analysis of the structures of the state, the division of power and with the functions a state should perform. Due to these deliberations, he finally arrives at the secret of the state's durability. Though it is certainly the case that, since his times, the socio-political situation and circumstances have changed, many of the solutions postulated by Hobbes have not lost their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author examines the creation of states. A number of aspects of the creation of states are discussed including historical institutionalism, that is the reduction of states to institutions, those who accept the political idea of the state but see social forces in the developing world as important actors, and those who stress the importance of sovereign society over the state. The central focus of the article is an examination of those who study state formation in comparison and in perspective.

The article discusses a historical origin theory of respect for The State and the abstract and practical forms of the Mongol and Chinese states in the Deed Mongol community. The Deed Mongols' past imperial powers and decline of contemporary social power are discussed. The political situation of Tibetan repression and Chinese governance under which they live are discussed in the context of a social contract that produces an abstract state form. Relations between Mongols and non-Mongols and conflict over pasture land are mentioned. The Deed Mongols' culture of obligatory ritualized respect is discussed.

The article is a response to the article "Render Unto Caesar. . . What? Reflections on the Work of William Cavanaugh," by Paul S. Rowe, published in the same issue of the journal. It discusses Rowe's criticisms of the author's political theology and the origins of Western political structures. The historicity of the separation of church and state is discussed in relation to the evolution of the nation-state. Other topics include the missionary imperative of liberalism, religious aspects of wars between nations, and civil powers in a Christian society.

The Copenhagen school's theory of securitisation has mainly focused on the middle level of world politics in which collective political units, often but not always states, construct relationships of amity or enmity with each other. Its argument has been that this middle level would be the most active both because of the facility with which collective political units can construct each other as threats, and the difficulty of finding audiences for the kinds of securitisations and referent objects that are available at the individual and system levels. This article focuses on the gap between the middle and system levels, and asks whether there is not more of substance there than the existing Copenhagen school analyses suggests. It revisits the under-discussed concept of security constellations in Copenhagen school theory, and adds to it the idea of macrosecuritisations as ways of getting an analytical grip on what happens above the middle level. It then suggests how applying these concepts adds not just a missing sense of scale, but also a useful insight into underlying political logics, to how one understands the patterns of securitisation historical, and contemporary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the book "The King's Two Bodies: A Study of Mediaeval Political Theology" by Ernst H. Kantorowicz, particularly the book's emphasis on medieval constitutional history and what Kantorowicz termed "constitutional semantics." The success of the book and its importance to the field of medievalism and art history are discussed as is the difficulty of interpreting Kantorowicz's text and his conception of the "state." The criticism of the book by medieval historian and translator Jean-Philippe Genet is examined and others believe that this book is an early example of the use of New Historicism.

From beginning of XXth century to 1925 (c.a) the theory of Law and the theory of the State were concerned in two important debates: first, the discussion about sciences, and second the question about the role played by the concept of State. Those raised interesting questions about the Law and State nature in Germany, France and Italy. I concentrate on the work of some of the most outstanding coetaneous German jurists, like Kelsen or Carl Schmitt, to analyze despite their different approaches, the juridical meaning of the phenomenologist philosopher Edith STEIN's An Investigation Concerning the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores how the political philosophy of ancient Greek philosopher Plato is affected by its presentation in the style of a dialogue, as illustrated by a close reading of two passages from Plato's "Politeia" (Politics, also known as "The Republic"): one regarding the role of women in the ideal state, the other regarding the introduction of political rulers. The article also discusses how the modern reader can engage in and interact with the text thanks to its dialogic form.

Philosopher Michel Foucault identifies in the modern State two tendencies in the exercise of his power, one that totalizes and another that individualizes, a bureaucratic modality and another pastoral modality. The presence of this double phenomenon in the institutions of the Venezuelan State will be reviewed, through an analysis of the constitutional speech on the education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that even in its most critical moments public administrative thought has failed to move beyond the basic socio-political coordinates and divisions of modernity, elements of what the author calls the "political ontology of representation." Contemporary theories of governance, however, raise serious questions about the efficacy of this ontology and so open avenues for rethinking the nature of the field's inquiry and practices. These theories gesture toward a conception of order that breaks from the tripartite state-market-civil society model. But governance theory is not without its own lingering fidelity to representation that generates some important tensions and contradictions between its empirico-historical account of the contemporary world and its conceptual apparatus. The article concludes with an outline of how to advance our understanding of governance beyond representation and modernity through a fundamentally relational rather than sectoral conceptualization of governing called the "analysis of compositions." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We in public administration and the interdisciplinary spaces where public administration theory is increasingly relevant are seemingly engaged in an academic discourse about alternative constitutions of state administration, a fact that may be reason for optimism. Yet this is a fabricated discourse to the extent that there is very little discussion about how the state and its associated literary practices are constitutive and therefore whether or not this discourse represents genuinely liberating alternatives to the often undemocratic past. The lack of public debate and critical thinking about the concept of governance raises the question of whether or not governance can be considered a "democratic" development and whether or not it represents a break with previous conceptions and forms of the state. What has changed is not the ontology of the state, but the constitutive logic of the late capitalist state. In this brief discussion I re(ad)dress network governance and the ontology of the liberal constitutional state. Subsequently, I explore the question of whether or not governance represents a break with the ontology of liberal constitutionalism. Finally, I will propose that in their constituitiveness theories of the governance network represent a new constitutional theory of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents additional evidence on abang from the middle and upper Kapuas that supports a Kapuas origin based on both Dutch and oral historical sources in Borneo. The use of abang in the middle and upper Kapus River confirms the existence of the honorific in Sarawak may be tied closely to its ubiquity in the Kapuas drainage. Abang occurs frequently especially as a title for everyday use within the middle and upper Kapuas kingdoms with the exception of Sintang and Silat.

This paper presents an examination of processes of secondary state formation that occurred during the emergence of the Ryukyu Kingdom, in southwestern Japan, from the tenth to seventeenth centuries A.D. These processes include the influx of new populations, the appearance of new subsistence strategies and political groupings, shifting patterns of long-distance trade, the development of new patterns of foreign relations with China and Japan, the creation of indigenous culture and new ideology, and the transformation of gender hierarchy. I examine these processes from the perspective of political leadership and the nature of political hierarchy, concluding that the Okinawan case is distinctive in its heterarchical organization. The corporate, collective nature of Okinawan communities was overlain by a state-level network system that developed at the time of tributary linkages with China in the fourteenth century A.D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional explanation of the origin of Egypt credits the legendary Menes with founding the state through the conquest of the Delta region, but this is more of a political legend than explanation. Anthropological archaeologists and Egyptologists are bringing new methods and questions to their search for an adequate explanation for the development of one of the world's first territorial states. Early investigations of cemetery sites in Upper Egypt and settlements in the Delta have been supplemented by the excavation of more Upper Egyptian settlement sites, while cemeteries and other important settlements are now being uncovered in the Delta. Three trends are particularly important for the development of social complexity in ancient Egypt: (1) a growing appreciation of regional differences in Predynastic culture; (2) chronological refinements; and (3) an emphasis on group social and political developments, and trade. A consensus appears to be developing that stresses the gradual development of complex society in Egypt, in which a number of small polities coalesced into three or four larger entities during the late Predynastic, followed by the assimilation of the northwestern Delta by the Thinite rulers. The effort to control trade with the southern Levant and Mesopotamia seems to have encouraged expansion of Upper Egyptian cultural and political influence northward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of warfare in the emergence of state-level societies. The study "A Theory of the Origin of the State," by Robert L. Carneiro, has produced a remarkable increase in scholarly attention to the role of warfare and stimulated a great amount of research from a modern anthropological perspective. Under the study of Carneiro, he has argued that state formation has been a result of the interplay of three crucial elements, including environmental circumscription, population pressure, and warfare.

Examines the relationship of knowledge to power in the early and modern Southeast Asian state formations. Overview on three examples of universalizing knowledge; Emergence of universalizing knowledge as a result of contemporary problems with a view to dominating time and space; Variation of power effects and relations of each knowledge.

Surveys histories of the court in early modern Europe and its role in the origins of the modern state. Historiographical developments that have overturned the traditional devaluation of the court; Increasing differentiation of the princely court and its promotion of majesty; English historiography of the relation between court and state; Court in relation to networks of patronage and clientage.

Examines the contributions of jurists in the formation of the modern state in Italy. Development of intellectual foundation for the social and political process in Italy; Historiographical themes; Ius commune and ius propium; Venice and its dominion; Period between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Presents an outlook on the formation of the modern state from the point of view of the Western political experience. Two traditional standpoints on the birth of the state; Italian origins of the state; Development through legitimacy, discipline and institutions; Territorial aspects; Role of the Church.

Comments on Carl Schmitt's fundamental thesis that the history of the modern state is characterized by a series of neutralizations. State's aim of normalizing politics and attempt to translate it into a series of legal procedures; Emergence of conflicts inside and outside the state; Implications of the equivalence of state and politics.

The article reports on an anthropological study which aims to explain the origin of primary states in the U.S. Those which arise in a context of interacting prestate societies has remained an objective of anthropologists since the publication of Morgan's "Ancient Society." It is a fundamental problem which, though it cannot have an ultimate solution, serves as a measure against which to evaluate the effectiveness of new perspectives and new methods. In this article, a commentary discusses definitional problems, and assesses recent research on several cases of state development. In conclusion, it is argued that recent research has already obviated some of the positions taken in the synthesis and has clarified the directions which future theory-building and research must take.

Evaluates the circumscription theory of Robert Carneiro on the origin of the state. Problems with the formulation of the theory; Role of coercive powers and political complexity in the emergence of chiefdom and state; Impact of evolving technology on the emergence of the state.

The state has come to be a major focus of political and historical sociology in recent years. In the growing literature, there appears to be an underemphasis on the cultural and institutional contexts of the state's emergence and expansion. Two distinct issues are crucial: (a) the evolution of society as a collective actor, including the establishment of sovereignty and the expansion of its jurisdiction; and (b) the degree to which this sovereignty and jurisdiction are structured within a particular bureaucratic organization. We first review studies of the emergence of states in formerly stateless polities. We then discuss the processes of state formation and nation building in the Western system. Finally, we review more specialized theoretical works concerning classes, the world economy, and the construction of national institutions. The literature discussed has added considerably to macrosociology. More work is needed, however, in which the state is viewed as an institution that is essentially cultural in nature and that derives from a wider rationalizing project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]