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The scarcity of freshwater in many countries, the excessive production of wastewater, and the high demand for water for agriculture have been responsible for the implementation of wastewater for agricultural irrigation, thus achieving environmental benefits. The purpose of this research is to take advantage of wastewater generated in the production of microalgae and to analyze its impact on the growth and development of Pelargonium x hortorum, thus seeking to promote the reuse of resources and explore sustainable alternatives in agriculture. Two sources of wastewater were used for microalgae production (wastewater from the University of Almeria and slurry from a pig farm). The treatments used were: Control = (Tap water irrigation), Input-WW = (Irrigation with black water, inlet of the reactor) this wastewater was collected from Almeria University used at the beginning of microalgae production in the bioreactors, Outlet-WW = (Irrigation with black water, outlet of the reactor) – this is the wastewater collected after being treated with microalgae in the bioreactors, Input-WP = (Irrigation with slurry, inlet of the reactor) – this is the slurry that was used at the beginning of microalgae production in the bioreactors, Outlet-WP = (Irrigation with slurry, outlet of the reactor) are the purified slurry waters once they have been used for the production of microalgae in the bioreactors. The use of Outlet-WW has an adverse impact on plant diameter and number of flowers compared to the Control, which affected flower dry weight. The other biometric measurement parameters were not influenced. The WP wastewater showed elevated concentrations of nitrogen and potassium (N, K). On the other hand, the WW wastewater showed an elevated concentration of nitrogen, but also a high electrical conductivity (EC). This study concluded that the Outlet-WP treatment had no significant differences in dry weights compared to the Control treatment, but there was a significant reduction in the height and diameter of the plants as well as in the color of the leaves. This wastewater can be a source of nutrients for crop growth as well as a water source, but further research studies are necessary to determine the best way to apply it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens spp. are well-known ornamental and medicinal plants that are widely distributed in the highlands and mountains of southwestern China. This area is one of the hotspots for the distribution of Impatiens species, with typical karst landforms and abundant wild resources. Many of these species are endemic to a narrow distribution area, but their classification and relationships are relatively unclear because of insufficient field investigations, diverse morphological characteristics and lack of molecular information. In this study, chloroplast genome analysis of 13 species (including 2 synonyms) in karst habitats was conducted to study their characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. The results revealed that these chloroplast genomes all had double-stranded tetrad structures ranging in length from 151,284 bp to 152,421 bp, including a total of 113 genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. SSRs mainly consist of A/T repeats and AT/AT repeats, while INEs mainly consist of positive repeats and palindromic repeats. The frequency of codon usage was essentially the same, with a total of 31 high-frequency codons detected, the vast majority ending in A/U. Five mutation hotspots were detected: rps16-trnQ-UUG, ndhF, ccsA-ndhD, ycf1, and trnN-GUU, among which ycf1 had the highest Pi value and the greatest potential as a DNA barcode marker. Our phylogenetic tree shows that all 13 species belong to Section Impatiens. And supported the classification of I. reptans and I. rhombifolia should as synonyms (BS = 100/PP = 1.00). This study comprehensively analyzed the cp genomes of different taxa, sheds light on the taxonomic intricacies of Impatiens species, provide valuable information into its phylogenetic and taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. is one of the widely cultivated plants in home gardens and scenic areas of China. Anthracnose disease is commonly observed during the normal growth of H. macrophylla , significantly impacting its ornamental and economic values. From 2021 to 2023, an investigation on H. macrophylla anthracnose was carried out in nine parks of Beijing, China, and a total of 114 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from the diseased leaves with typical anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of six genomic loci including rDNA-ITS, ACT , TUB2 , CAL , CHS-1 , and GAPDH , these isolates were identified as belonging to six Colletotrichum species. Among which, C. gloeosporioides was the most abundant (65 isolates, 57.0%), followed by C. fructicola (33 isolates, 28.9%), C. aenigma (8 isolates, 7.0%), C. truncatum (4 isolates, 3.5%), C. subacidae (2 isolates, 1.8%) and C. sojae (2 isolates, 1.8%). Pathogenicity test conducted on detached leaves of H. macrophylla revealed a distinct variation in virulence among isolates from different Colletotrichum species, and wounding was either essential or conducive to successful infection. Specifically, C. gloeosporioides exhibited greater aggressiveness, resulting in larger lesions, while C. subacidae induced lesions most quickly. Fungicide sensitivity assays demonstrated that prochloraz exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of representative isolates belonging to the three predominant Colletotrichum species. In contrast to difenoconazole and tebuconazole, the mean EC50 values for prochloraz against C. gloeosporioides , C. fructicola , and C. aenigma were 0.062, 0.033, and 0.023 μg/ml, respectively. This is the first report of C. aenigma , C. truncatum , C. subacidae and C. sojae causing H. macrophylla anthracnose worldwide including China. These findings have elucidated the Colletotrichum species associated with H. macrophylla anthracnose as well as their fungicides sensitivities in Beijing, China. This provides a scientific foundation for the accurate diagnosis and local management of H. macrophylla anthracnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term space missions will require high-quality plants that are edible, medicinal, and ornamental, to support the physical and mental health of astronauts under altered gravity conditions. Anthocyanins play a key role in enhancing the medicinal and edible value and ornamental properties of plants. However, under simulated microgravity, the transcription control of anthocyanin biosynthesis is not clear. Here, in order to investigate the influences of simulated microgravity on the anthocyanin accumulation further, clones of Dendrobium catenatum were exposed for 20 days to simulated microgravity conditions. The anthocyanin content in Dendrobium catenatum leaves increased in the simulated microgravity conditions compared with that in gravity-treated clones. Furthermore, based on the transcriptome sequencing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis combined with RT-qPCR, we identified one WRKY gene, DcaWRKY2 , from a Dendrobium catenatum under simulated microgravity conditions, which indicated that DcaWRKY2 may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis under simulated microgravity conditions. A more in-depth analysis evaluating the function of DcaWRKY2 , transcription factor gene DcaWRKY2 , was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing under gravity conditions, which resulted in the increase of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, and the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) structural genes, including DcaCHS , DcaCHI , DcaF3H , DcaDFR , and DcaANS were increased significantly. This research provides new insights into how altered gravity can affect anthocyanin synthesis in plants and illuminated the regulatory effects of DcaWRKY2 on the leaves' pigmentation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Dendrobium catenatum under gravity and simulated microgravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vitro propagation via the direct organogenesis pathway of three Alocasia species was established, covering initiation, propagation, regeneration, and acclimatization stages. • A combination of rifampicin, alcohol, and bleach proved suitable sterilization materials for micro bulb explants from the field. • The application of TDZ and BAP was optimal for initiation, individual BAP for proliferation and regeneration, and a mixture of sand and water hyacinth organic manure for acclimatization. • GC/MS successfully identified 69 major compounds, revealing significant variations among roots, tubers, and leaves of in vitro plantlets and acclimatized plants. • Compounds like 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, Tetrahydrofuran-2-one, and n-Hexadecanoic acid were found in varying abundances across species and organs. Alocasia species, endemic ornamental plants in Indonesia, are of significant economic value due to their rarity, slow growth, and challenges in propagation. Our study investigates the in vitro propagation via direct organogenesis of Alocasia cuprea, Alocasia reversa, and Alocasia reginula , alongside bioactive metabolite analysis using GC/MS. The in vitro propagation process for these species encompasses stages including sterilization, shoot initiation, proliferation, regeneration, and acclimatization. Combining pre-sterilization techniques with sterilization methods, including rifampicin treatment (0.1 %), alcohol, and clorox, shows promise in reducing contamination rates. Various media and TDZ-BAP concentrations were tested for shoot initiation, with A. cuprea showing optimal response to the MS medium with 1.0 mg/L TDZ and 0.5 mg/L BAP. Shoot proliferation varied by genotype and medium, with A. cuprea exhibiting the highest proliferation on MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BAP. During the shoot regeneration stage, A. reversa displayed the highest leaf and root formation, particularly on MS medium with 0.5–1 mg/L BAP, which also proved effective for A. cuprea. Acclimatization results indicated that A. cuprea had the highest plantlet survivability, especially in a mixture of sand and water hyacinth organic manure medium. Metabolite analysis identified 69 compounds revealing significant variations among roots, tubers, and leaves of in vitro plantlets and acclimatized plants. Key metabolites, such as 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, Tetrahydrofuran-2-one, and n-Hexadecanoic acid, were found in varying abundances across species and organs. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing propagation techniques and exploring the bioactive potential of Alocasia species, thereby laying a foundation for their sustainable cultivation and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Peronospora (Oomycota, Peronosporales) is an obligate biotrophic group of pathogens that cause downy mildew in a wide array of plants of economic or ecological importance. In August 2024, Culver’s root plants (Veronicastrum virginicum) growing at a commercial nursery in Wisconsin, USA, showing symptoms and signs of infection by an unknown downy mildew species, were found. Using morphological and molecular data analyses of one mitochondrial (cox2) and two nuclear (ITS and nrLSU) loci, we identified Peronospora digitalis as the species infecting V. virginicum. Peronospora digitalis primarily infects plants in the genus Digitalis, such as D. purpurea, resulting in significant damage. This study represents the first observation of P. digitalis in a host genus other than its primary one, highlighting the risks these pathogens pose for plant health by increasing the potential for crop losses due to lack of prevention, management and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viburnum opulus L. 'Roseum' is a highly valuable ornamental plant for landscaping, but it has a long propagation cycle and low propagation coefficient. In this study, stem segments with axillary buds from Viburnum opulus L. 'Roseum' were used as explants. We systematically analyzed the use of sodium hypochlorite for the sterilization of explants, as well as the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations and concentrations on shoot bud induction, shoot proliferation, the rooting of tissue-cultured shoots, and the transplanting of the tissue-cultured shoots. A complete rapid propagation technology system for Viburnum opulus L. 'Roseum' was established. The results showed that a disinfection method using 75% ethanol for 30 s and soaking in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min was the most suitable for disinfecting the stem segments of Viburnum opulus L. 'Roseum', which showed low contamination and a 73.33% survival rate. The ideal medium for primary bud induction was WPM (Woody Plant Basal Medium) + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.15 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid solution (IBA) + 25 g·L−1 sucrose. The optimal medium for shoot proliferation was WPM + 1.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.15 mg·L−1 IBA + 25 g·L−1 sucrose, achieving an induction rate of 7.17. For the rooting of tissue-cultured shoots, the most suitable formulation was 1/2 WPM + 0.3 mg·L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 0.3 mg·L−1 activated charcoal (AC) + 25 g·L−1 sucrose, which induced robust and developed root systems. This study provides a technical basis for the establishment of a fast propagation system for the industrial production of Viburnum opulus L. 'Roseum'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid population growth and industrialization have led to the increased use of low-quality water sources for irrigation, such as drainage, saline water, and wastewater. In recent years, treated wastewater (TWW) has become an alternative irrigation resource to address water shortages and meet urban demand. TWW irrigation offers a sustainable solution to water scarcity challenges and can potentially enhance the growth of ornamental plants. Although the benefits of TWW irrigation for field and agricultural plants have been extensively reviewed, there is a notable lack of comprehensive reviews focusing exclusively on TWW's effects on ornamental plants. This review paper provides a comprehensive systematic review of the utilization of TWW for irrigating ornamental plants. It explores the key factors influencing the effectiveness of TWW irrigation, the methods employed, and the environmental benefits associated with this practice. The objective is to highlight how TWW irrigation with ornamental plants can be a perfect solution that benefits both the environment and the aesthetics of the surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cryptocoryne is a popular ornamental aquatic plant for aquarists, although only six species are found in China. Destruction of the natural habitats of Cryptocoryne for human activities has led to a decline in its numbers. In this report, we sequenced and annotated the Cryptocoryne crispatula var. balansae chloroplast genome for the first time. Results showed that the length of the chloroplast genome was 182,935 bp and the GC content was 34%. The chloroplast genome encoded 137 genes, including 92 encoded protein genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis supported the the monophyletic nature of the genus and indicated that it was the first species to be differentiated in the chloroplast genome of Cryptocoryne and formed a separate branch. These findings offer valuable genomic resources for comparative studies in Cryptocoryne and Araceae, thereby aiding genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits are used as vegetables, spices, and ornamental plants, necessitating various fruit characteristics. However, their genetic improvement is challenging through conventional crossbreeding due to the quantitative traits, which makes it difficult to predict phenotypes in the progeny. As a breakthrough, we focused on phenotypic simulation via genomic prediction (GP) and aimed to clarify its utility for fruit-related traits in chili peppers. The present study used 291 C. annuum accessions, including two populations: inbred lines and F1 accessions derived from 20 inbred parents. We collected data of fruit length, width, shape index (length/width), weight, and pericarp thickness, and obtained single nucleotide polymorphism data via multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing. We simulated the fruit-related traits in the F1 accessions by inputting their estimated genotypes (based on their parents) into the GP model using the GBLUP-GAUSS model, which was shown to be the most accurate regardless of population or trait differences in the present study. As a result, we observed strong positive correlations (r = 0.833–0.908) between the simulated and observed phenotypic values across all traits, suggesting that accurate ranking of F1 progenies based on fruit-related traits can be achieved using parental information. This is the first report demonstrating the utility of phenotypic simulation via GP in chili pepper breeding, offering valuable insights for its application in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain ecosystems harbor high levels of biodiversity, but the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation to harsh alpine conditions remain largely unknown. Bergenia purpurascens (Saxifragaceae) is an important alpine endemic species of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (HHM), with this species being used as a source of medicine and as an ornamental plant. In this study, we generated a high-quality genome assembly comprising scaffolds representing the 17 chromosomes, with a total length of 650.70 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 34.19 Mb. A total of 45,841 protein-coding genes were annotated, and 10,797 noncoding RNAs were identified. Repeat sequences accounted for 56.72% of the genome. The reference genome of B. purpurascens serves as a valuable resource for studying bergenin biosynthesis, and understanding adaptation of plants to alpine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is a critical factor affecting the health and productivity of ornamental plants, yet early detection remains challenging. This study aims to investigate the spectral responses of four ornamental plant taxa—Rosa hybrid (rose), Itea virginica (itea), Spiraea nipponica (spirea), and Weigela florida (weigela)—under varying levels of water stress using hyperspectral imaging and principal component analysis (PCA). Hyperspectral data were collected across multiple wavelengths and PCA was applied to identify key spectral bands associated with different stress levels. The analyses revealed that the first two principal components captured a majority of variance in the data, with specific wavelengths around 680 nm, 760 nm, and 810 nm playing a significant role in distinguishing between the stress levels. Score plots demonstrated clear separation between different stress treatments, indicating that spectral signatures evolve distinctly over time as water stress progresses. Influence plots identified observations with disproportionate impacts on the PCA model, ensuring the robustness of the analysis. Findings suggest that hyperspectral imaging, combined with PCA, is a powerful tool for early detection and monitoring of water stress in ornamental plants, providing a basis for improved water management practices in horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abelmoschus manihot L. (Jinhuakui, JHK) is widely cultivated for its pharmacological properties owing to its high flavonoid content and is commonly used as a garden landscape plant. However, the absence of an efficient genetic transformation system poses significant challenges for functional gene studies in this species. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a well-established technique for exploring plant gene functions; however, this technique has not been applied to JHK. Here, a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)–VIGS system was successfully developed for the first time in JHK using the gene encoding phytoene desaturase (AmPDS) as a marker gene. This study investigated the impact of various Agrobacterium infection methods on the efficiency of AmPDS silencing. The results demonstrated that administering two injections—the first on the day of complete cotyledon expansion and the second 14 days later—using pTRV1 and pTRV2–AmPDS cultures resuspended to an OD600 of 1.0 and via the backside of the blade—led to significant photobleaching in the cotyledons 2 days after the second injection. Subsequent analyses revealed a marked reduction in both chlorophyll content and AmPDS expression. These findings suggest that a VIGS system was successfully developed in JHK, thus providing a rapid and effective method for studying gene function in this species and facilitating future research in JHK genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects, and many are notorious pests of field crops, vegetables, fruit trees, ornamental plants, and trees. In China, there is an increasing emphasis on utilizing biological control agents, including aphidopathogenics, and selective pesticides for the management of aphids. In particular, preventive integrated pest management strategies with early interventions reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with treatments of outbreaks. Decades of progress have proved that biological control is a cost-effective and environmentally safe control option. Here, we review the history and progress of aphid control, with an emphasis on major natural enemies, mass-rearing, and conservation, and provide two successful cases, constraints, and future perspectives on aphid biological control in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aconitum stands out among the Ranunculaceae family for its notable use as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs), the characteristic compounds of Aconitum, have been found to have effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite their medicinal potential, the toxicity of most DAs restricts the direct use of Aconitum in traditional medicine, necessitating complex processing before use. The use of high-throughput omics allows for the investigation of Aconitum plant genetics, gene regulation, metabolic pathways, and growth and development. We have collected comprehensive information on the omics studies of Aconitum medicinal plants, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiomics, from internationally recognized electronic scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI. In light of this, we identified research gaps and proposed potential areas and key objectives for Aconitum omics research, aiming to establish a framework for quality improvement, molecular breeding, and a deeper understanding of specialized metabolite production in Aconitum plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), a key ornamental and medicinal plant, presents challenges in cultivar identification due to high phenotypic similarity and environmental influences. This study assessed the genetic diversity and discrimination of 126 spray-type chrysanthemum cultivars. Methods: About twenty-three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened for the discrimination of 126 cultivars, among which six SSR markers showed polymorphic fragments. Results: Results showed high polymorphism across six markers, with an average of 3.8 alleles per locus and a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.52, indicating strong discriminatory efficiency. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.72, reflecting significant genetic diversity within the cultivars. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) grouped the cultivars into seven clusters, correlating well with the PCA. Bayesian population structure analysis suggested two primary genetic subpopulations. Conclusions: These findings confirm SSR markers as an effective tool for the genetic characterization and precise discrimination of spray type chrysanthemum cultivars, offering significant applications in breeding, cultivar registration, and germplasm conservation. The SSR marker-based approach thus provides a reliable and efficient strategy to enhance the management and commercialization of diverse chrysanthemum germplasm collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauhinia s.s. belongs to the Cercidoideae subfamily, located at the base of the Leguminosae family. It displays a variety of growth habits and morphologies, and is widely utilized as both ornamental and medicinal plants globally. The objective of this research is to uncover chloroplast genomes of species from Eastern Asia and Southern Africa, thereby advancing our understanding of the diversity within this genus. This study sequenced Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia brachycarpa var. microphylla, Bauhinia variegata var. candida, Bauhinia galpinii, and Bauhinia monandra using the Illumina platform and conducted the construction of phylogenetic trees as well as the estimation of divergence times. Compared to Asian species, the IR regions of African species underwent a contraction of approximately 100–400 bp. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Asian and African species clustered into two distinct clades, with high support. The divergence of Bauhinia s.s. species occurred in the late Paleocene, and the rps18 and cemA genes were under positive selection. Six hypervariable regions were screened for evolutionary studies and the super-barcode data were used for species delimitation. The results revealed certain differences between African and Asian species in their chloroplast genomes of Bauhinia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important characteristics of ornamental plants is leaf color, which enhances the color of plant landscapes and attracts pollinators for reproduction. The leaves of Impatiens hawkeri 'Sakimp005' are initially green, then the middle part appears yellow, then gradually become white, while the edge remains green. In the study, leaves of I. hawkeri 'Sakimp005', in four developmental stages (S1-G, S2-C, S3-C, and S4-C), were selected for the determination of pigment content, chromaticity values, integrative metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses. The carotenoid content of leaves varied significantly and regularly at four stages, and the colorimetric values corroborated the phenotypic observations. The results of integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis show that the accumulation of two carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin), to different degrees in the leaves of I. hawkeri 'Sakimp005' at four stages, led to the vary yellowing phenomenon. We speculated that the carotenoid biosynthesis (containing two branches: α-branch and β-branch) in leaves by IhLUT1 and IhLUT5 in the α-branch and IhBCH2 genes in the β-branch differed. These findings provide a molecular basis for Impatiens plants' leaf color breeding and improve the knowledge of the leaf color mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations and application protocols on ornamental quality and consumer preference. PBZ was applied at five concentrations using three different protocols: drench at transplanting, drench 30 days after transplanting, and immersion. At commercial maturity, plants were assessed based on growth parameters related to height, canopy structure, fruit and leaf characteristics, and sensory attributes. The results indicated that PBZ treatments led to darker green leaves and, in general, the drench method, regardless of time application, was more effective in modulating plant growth compared to the immersion protocol. Conversely, the sensory analysis showed a greater preference among evaluators for plants treated with PBZ at 2.5 and 5 mg L−1 via drench at 30 days after transplanting (D30DAT) or through immersion (IM), even though IM was not associated with any of the ornamental quality parameters evaluated. Likewise, the application of PBZ by drench during transplanting is not recommended as the plants showed a reduced number and size of fruits, which affected the ornamental value of the plants and global preference. Therefore, PBZ applied by D30DAT at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg L−1 produced 'Biquinho Vermelha' pepper plants with attractive ornamental characteristics; and thereby, should be considered an alternative method for producers of potted ornamental plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several ornamental species have demonstrated adaptive features that could increase their resilience to the current climate emergency but could also be linked to invasiveness in non-native environments. The present review examines the responses of ornamental plants' grown in the Mediterranean region to relevant abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, and atmospheric N deposition, emphasising physiological and biochemical responses that allow them to adapt to unfavourable environments. These response mechanisms, although useful for landscaping under challenging climate change effects, would help non-native ornamental plants outcompete native flora, change ecosystem functioning, and ultimately contribute to a loss in biodiversity. Effective management practices for sustainable landscaping ensure the sensible use of native species and the development of non-invasive cultivars to minimise ecological risks. This review attempts to provide information on the ornamental and environmental functions of plants in landscape architecture through the relationships between aesthetic and ecological values under abiotic stress, including their negative environmental impact due to their invasive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The study depicted the influences of atmospheric factors and photoperiod on floral biology, plant–pollinator interactions, and the reproductive success of Turnera ulmifolia. Temperature, light, humidity, and day length enhanced flowering intensity, pollen, and ovule production, while flower longevity decreased with higher temperature, humidity, and longer day length. Visitor traits positively correlated with flowering intensity and were negatively influenced by rainfall. Effective pollinators were Amegilla zonata, Borbo cinnara, Halictus acrocephalus, Nomia (Curvinomia) strigata, and Tetragonula iridipennis. They pollinated the flowers via the ventral thorax and abdomen and also through their legs, antennae, proboscis, and wings. Nomia (Curvinomia) strigata also employed pulsatory pollination. The reproductive fitness of the plant species was highest in the hot summer and lowest during the cold winter seasons. Reproductive traits and plant–pollinator interactions largely depend on seasonal weather conditions, which are species-specific. Turnera ulmifolia is an ornamental plant distributed worldwide. There is little information about plant species' reproductive ecology and environmental factors' impact on it. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of seasonal atmospheric factors (e.g., temperature, light, relative humidity, rainfall) and photoperiod on flowering, interactions with flower visitors, and the reproductive success of Turnera ulmifolia in West Bengal, India. Flowering intensity peaked in hot summers and dropped in cold winters, correlating positively with temperature and humidity. Flower opening and closing occurred earlier on hot days, while flower longevity increased in winter, showing a negative correlation with temperature and humidity. Pollen and ovule production were lower in cold weather, positively linked to temperature and humidity. The self-compatible plant was moderately dependent on pollinators and had no pollination deficit in open conditions. Visitor abundance, richness, and diversity varied season-wise, with higher values during spring–summer. Based on pollinating agents, the plant showed multiple pollination modes (e.g., melittophily, myophily, myrmecophily, and psychophily). Effective pollinators were Amegilla zonata, Borbo cinnara, Halictus acrocephalus, Nomia (Curvinomia) strigata, and Tetragonula iridipennis. The fruit set (%) did not differ significantly season-wise, but the seed set remained higher in the hot days of summer than in cold winter. Therefore, it can be concluded that atmospheric factors and photoperiod significantly impact floral traits, plant–pollinator interactions, and plant reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has greatly expanded the opportunities for plant species to enter new areas through a wide range of pathways. Elucidating the pathways of spread of alien species and the characteristics of organisms that make them invasive is one of the most pressing problems in ecological sciences. Once established, alien species may have serious implications for communities and vice versa. Allelopathy has been proposed as one of the possible invasion mechanisms of exotic plants. Impatiens parviflora and Impatiens glandulifera are among the widely spread invasive plant species in the Baltic region. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of invasive Lithuanian Impatiens spp. and their neighboring plants (11 pristine species) using parameters of germination and seedling growth of biotest species Lepidium sativum, and to expand this study by determining the content of phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging activity in the leaf extracts of Lithuanian Impatiens spp. populations (20 of each Impatiens species). Leaf extracts of all species examined had an inhibitory effect on Lepidium sativum germination and morphology of the seedlings. In our study, at all leaf extract concentrations, significantly higher allelopathic potential on radicle growth was characteristic of I. glandulifera compared to native species Alnus glutinosa, Calystegia sepium, and Urtica dioica. At all leaf extract concentrations, I. parviflora showed significantly higher allelopathic potential on radicle growth compared to native species Urtica dioica. Impatiens glandulifera had a higher juglone index than Impatiens parviflora. I. glandulifera also had the highest juglone index compared to all neighboring species studied. The differences between the populations in the content of phenolic compounds, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 2.3, 2.2 and 2.7 times for I. glandulifera and 2.6, 5.2 and 2.7 times for I. parviflora. The mean values of total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of I. glandulifera populations were 2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 times higher than those of I. parviflora populations, respectively. In general, our results about allelopathic potential and phenolics content, as well as free radical scavenging ability, confirm the supreme competitive ability of I. glandulifera compared to both I. parviflora and to the native co-occurring species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: The strangler fig is known for its hemiepiphytic growth form and conspicuous strangling behavior in the tropics worldwide. It also plays an important role in providing ecological functions in tropical urban ecosystems. This study reveals strangler figs tend to colonize large trees with suitable microsites in a large tropical botanical garden and cause some negative effects on their hosts. We advocate balanced management strategies considering ecological functions, potential risks, and overall values of stranglers and their hosts. These results provide a scientific basis for us to develop better practices for plant management in urban green spaces (especially botanical gardens with high plant biodiversity) in tropical urban ecosystems. Summary: Strangler figs colonize trees in tropical cities, which contribute to a unique urban ecology and enrich local ecological functions. Understanding ecological associations between strangler figs and their host trees can improve green space management in tropical urban ecosystems.We investigated 9282 trees growing in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and then analyzed the diversity, characteristics, and network of strangler figs and their host trees.We found 13 strangler fig species (319 individuals) widely colonized 67 host species, with palm hosts bearing 52% of all strangler individuals. Strangler figs had a high colonization rate in large trees with appropriate microsites (e.g., persistent palm petioles and the fork of mature trees with rough trunks). Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content of hosts decreased significantly after strangler figs' aerial roots had entered the ground. The strangler–host network was characterized by relatively high specialization and low nestedness, and simulated management of strangler figs on large hosts and palm hosts could simplify the strangler–host network.Strangler fig colonization can be managed. Planting trees with large diameters at breast height and rough bark can increase the colonization of stranglers, while cutting off aerial roots can inhibit their establishment. The epiphytic stage is the best time to manage strangler figs. We recommend taking into consideration the trade‐offs among ecological functioning, human safety, and the multifaceted value of strangler figs and their host trees and thereby implementing comprehensive management strategies tailored to different contexts for improving green space management in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their high economic value and cultural significance, modern roses are one of the most important ornamental plants. Because of their complicated genetic background and tetraploid nature, the creation of high-density genetic maps of roses has been a challenge that has slowed the pace of molecular breeding for modern roses. The current construction of tetraploid genetic maps based on existing diploid rose genomes could lead to inaccurate marker information and genotyping results. Therefore, we generated the first high-quality tetraploid genome of Rosa chinensis 'Yunzheng Xiawei.' Utilizing Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C sequencing technologies, we assembled a genome of 858.59 Mb with 14 pseudo-chromosomes. Mode of inheritance analysis using PolyOrigin indicated that modern roses show both quadrivalent and bivalent pairing. Based on this reference genome, high-density genetic maps were constructed using MSTmap with nearly saturated markers. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was conducted using WinQTLCart and R/qtl for flavonoids and carotenoids, and 11 QTL clusters were identified. By combining the genome annotation, phylogenetic analyses, and gene expression analyses, we were able to identify several key genes related to flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. This study provides the basis for further genetic analyses of highly heterozygous tetraploid roses and could facilitate the progress of marker-assisted selection in modern roses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus benjamina, often known as weeping fig, is planted in tropical and subtropical areas and the Greenish silk moth, Trilocha varians has been its major pest since 2019. This newly emerged pest (larvae) of horticultural crops is causing 100% defoliation and even death of plants. A severe attack of this pest has been seen on F. bejamina. The current pest is invading other ornamental plants, especially jackfruit. There was a need to minimize the pest population, but still, no management strategies have been adopted to control this pest in the world. In the current study, the toxicity of three insecticides (belt, runner and radiant), and four plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Nicotiana tabacum, Moringa oleifera and Eucalyptus globulus) were evaluated against 2nd instar T. varians. Belt was found to be a more toxic insecticide followed by runner and radiant. LC50 of the belt was 25.200, 20.708, 6.374, 2.893, 2.907 and 2.216 ppm after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours, respectively, while LC90 of the belt was 392.833, 58.822, 148.741, 126.018, 105.504 and 33.039 ppm after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours of application, respectively under laboratory conditions. The mean larval mortality differed significantly between treatments during the 1st (f = 2.26; df = 3; p = 0.002) and 2nd spray (f = 3.18; df = 3; p = 0.001) under greenhouse conditions. Belt was the most effective insecticide with an LT50 value of 9.749 h (1.865-17.953) followed by runner 11.926 h (5.364–23.813) and radiant 12.857 h (6.516-28.339). Azadirachta indica caused 17.85, 26.79, 37.76, 46.11, 55.77, 71.42 and 88.99% of mortalities at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h of post-treatment, respectively. Probit analysis showed A. indica, N. tabacum, M. oleifera and E. globulus as effective botanicals with LT50 values of 119.761 h (99.443–148.015), 128.175 h (102.091–148.531), 151.681 h (144.347–189.368) and 157.182 h (149.331–201.152), respectively. The leaf damage by larvae differed significantly between both insecticide and botanical treatments in all rounds of spraying. The current findings could assist farmers in mitigating this pest and aid policymakers in developing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Our results are particularly valuable for screening effective insecticides, contributing to the overall management of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Geraniums (Pelargonium) are among the most popular flowers worldwide. Viral infection is one of the main problems of the genus Pelargonium, and the production of virus-free mother plants is necessary for large-scale geranium propagation and exchange. Meristem culture and thermotherapy are two effective procedures that have been widely adopted to produce healthy virus-free plant stocks. The present study explores the efficiency of a combination of these two methods for virus eradication in two important Pelargonium species, Pelargonium X hortorum ('Zonal') and Pelargonium × domesticum ('Regal'). Method: For this purpose, RT-PCR have been performed using universal and specific primers of Tombusviridae and Bromoviridae virus families as well as Pelargonium Flower Break Virus (PFBV). Bud explants were taken from 'Zonal' and 'Regal' and were cultured in MS medium supplemented with different compositions of plant growth regulators (PGRs) as follow: A: (1 mgl− 1 Kin, 1 mgl− 1 BA, and 0.2 mgl− 1 NAA), B: (0.5 mgl− 1 Kin, 0.5 mgl− 1 BA, and 1 mgl− 1 NAA), and C: (1.5 mgl− 1 Kin and 1.5 mgl− 1 BA). After 10 days (16:8 h of light and dark photoperiod) incubation at 38 °C, the meristem (0.3 mm) of the in vitro raised plantlets were cultured on MS medium under sterile conditions. The ribonucleic acid of meristem derived plantlets was subjected to RT-PCR to detect any viral infections using universal primers for the Tombosviridae family and specific primers for PFBV species. Results: Pelargonium species exhibited varying responses to the PGR treatments. Specifically, the highest bud sprouting, plantlet regeneration, plantlet height, and root number were recorded in 'Zonal' and 'Regal' pelargoniums when cultured in media A and C, respectively. Although viral infection was confirmed in bud-derived plantlets using RT-PCR, thermotherapy and meristem culture resulted in the generation of 70% and 60% tombusviridae-free plantlets in 'Regal' and 'Zonal' Pelargoniums, respectively. The virus-free plantlets were propagated using the approved protocol. Conclusion: These findings underscore the significance of utilizing suitable PGRs for in vitro regeneration of each Pelargonium species. The results of this investigation revealed that RT-PCR using universal and specific primers is a reliable sensitive virus detection procedure that coupled with culturing the heat-treated meristem can result in successful viral eradication in Pelargonium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cd pollution severely constraint the growth of important medicinal/ornamental plant i.e. periwinkle. • Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) enhanced morphological traits un Cd stress. • ZnO NPs improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activity under Cd stress. • ZnO NPs abridged hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in Cd-stressed plants. • ZnO NPs significantly enhanced and hampers Zn and Cd contents respectively in plant parts. Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and very toxic element that confines the growth of ornamental plants worldwide. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as a novel approach to act as nano-fertilizers and directly alleviate the Cd stress. However, its defensive mechanisms are not well understood in ornamental/medicinal plants, especially Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle). The objectives of the current experiment are intended to examine the impacts of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs; 25 mg l-1) on the reduction of oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant activities, physiological improvements, and elemental status in periwinkle plant parts under Cd stress (0.5 mM). The periwinkle plants were transplanted and exposed to Cd stress one week later by soil drenching, whereas, ZnO NPs were applied after 14 days by foliar supplementation. The Cd toxicity significantly reduced the morphological traits, negatively affected the pigments and photosynthetic apparatus, abridged antioxidant enzyme activities, and Cd accrual in periwinkle plants. However, exogenous ZnO NPs supplementation produced elevated plant height, flower numbers, root length, plant fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents in Cd-stressed plants. Likewise, the ZnO NPs have also regulated the gaseous exchange rates, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX), soluble protein, and free proline contents in Cd-polluted periwinkles. The application of ZnO NPs also considerably reduced the hydrogen peroxide (−25 %) and malondialdehyde (−47 %), activated by Cd stress. Furthermore, the Zn and Cd contents were also elevated and reduced, respectively, in ZnO NPs supplied Cd-stressed plants. The present experiment recommends that the exogenous supplementations of ZnO NPs are a feasible and sustainable strategy for enhancing the growth attributes and reducing the Cd levels in periwinkle plants in metal-hoarded soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research explored the biocontrol ability of two strains of Trichoderma fungi on infected Freesia corm by Fusarium disease. Enhancements in plant growth and performance were evaluated in response to the Trichoderma fungi in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Laboratory experiments included five Trichoderma strains, i.e., T1, T20, and Th4, related to T. harzianum species, T2 related to T. atroviride species, and Tvi related to T. virens species. A dual culture test and investigation of the inhibition and colonization rate were carried out with 11 treatments in three replications. Results revealed that strains T1 and T2 completely covered the pathogen in 96 h of culture by 70.02% and 68.98% and successfully inhibited the colonization of the disease agent by 84.53% and 82.72%, respectively, compared to the other strains. Then, a greenhouse experiment was performed with eight treatments, using suspensions of Trichoderma strains separately or combined with the presence of Fusarium fungus isolate on Freesia cultivation. The results showed that the strains at different levels were able to increase the growth and yield of Freesia plants and control Fusarium disease. In general, the T2 strain was more effective in increasing plant growth and flower stem height in Freesia. The T1 strain specifically improved the corm diameter. Both T1 and T2 strains demonstrated effectiveness in controlling and reducing the severity of Fusarium disease and enhancing the growth quality of Freesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhododendron simsii (R. simsii), a significant ornamental plant species, is adversely affected by the severe soil heavy metal pollution resulting from rapid industrialization, particularly in terms of its growth environment. Cadmium (Cd), a representative heavy metal pollutant, poses a significant threat to plant growth and photosynthetic physiology. Despite the importance of understanding Cd stress resistance in rhododendrons, research in this area is limited. This study focused on the role of exogenous melatonin (MT) in mitigating Cd-induced stress, emphasizing its impact on photosynthetic physiology. Gas exchange parameters, prompt and delayed fluorescence (DF), 820 nm modulated reflectance (Mr820), and antioxidant enzyme activity, were measured. The findings revealed that under Cd stress, MT-free treatment imposed a more severe limitation on both stomatal and non-stomatal processes in R. simsii leaves, significantly reducing the net photosynthetic rate. In contrast, exogenous MT improved photosynthetic efficiency by increasing the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, the quantum yield of electron transport, and the photosynthetic performance index. DF and Mr820 analysis demonstrated that MT provided robust protection to both the donor and receptor sides of photosystems I and II. Furthermore, MT significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a marker of oxidative stress, and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD). In conclusion, exogenous MT plays a critical role in alleviating Cd-induced stress by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and safeguarding the photosynthetic apparatus, thereby improving the Cd tolerance of R. simsii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa hybrida is one the most commonly cultivated ornamental plant of economic importance and faces major challenges under heat stress. Melatonin has been widely shown to regulate plant stress response; however, the exact mechanism involved in heat stress in R. hybrida has yet to be determined. Here, we observed that R. hybrida in vitro plantlets supplemented with melatonin in the culture medium exhibited higher chlorophyll content, relative ion leakage, and fresh weight after 12 d of high-temperature treatment; the optimal concentration was established at 5 mg/L. Using molecular and biochemical techniques, we explored the roles of a melatonin synthase gene RhCOMT1, which expression was influenced by heat stress and melatonin. RhCOMT1 was located in the nuclear-cytoplasmic under ambient conditions, while heat stress translocated the distribution of RhCOMT1 to chloroplasts. Overexpression of RhCOMT1 in rose petal enhanced thermotolerance, and silencing of RhCOMT1 reduced thermotolerance via affect H2O2 content and relative ion leakage. These findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of melatonin in enhancing thermotolerance to R. hybrida by alleviation of oxidative stress, through modulation of RhCOMT1 expression and location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana hort. ex. Mast. = Dracaena braunii) is a popular decorative plant in China. In March 2022, a severe outbreak of anthracnose disease occurred on the stems of lucky bamboo plants in a nursery garden in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Thirty-two fungal isolates were obtained from the infected stem tissues and were morphologically identified as Colletotrichum species. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the actin (ACT) gene, and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene indicated the isolate FGZ-1 as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. The pathogenicity of isolate FGZ-1 was verified by inoculating mycelial plugs on stem segments and spraying spores on the whole one-year-old lucky bamboo plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled via the re-isolation of C. gloeosporioides from the diseased tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on lucky bamboo in China. The detection of C. gloeosporioides on lucky bamboo in China expands the range of Colletotrichum species that are associated with anthracnose in this popular ornamental plant. This study lays a solid foundation for future investigations into the pathogenic mechanisms of anthracnose on D. sanderiana and control strategies for this disease, such as biocontrol agents and the construction of resistant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilies are economically important monocots known for their ornamental flowers, bulbs, and large genomes. The absence of their genomic information has impeded evolutionary studies and genome-based breeding efforts. Here, we present reference genomes for Lilium sargentiae (lily, 35.66 Gb) and Gloriosa superba (flame lily, 5.09 Gb). The giant lily genome is shaped by recent long terminal repeat retroelements. Phylogenetic analysis reveals diverse, independent origins of lily cultivars. Gene families involved in sucrose and starch metabolism are significantly expanded in the lily genome. Key homologs of XTH22, SOC1, and AP1/FUL-like genes regulate the development, bud growth transition, and floral bud growth transition of lily bulbs. Colchicine biosynthetic gene clusters are identified in G. superba but are absent in L. sargentiae, highlighting independent colchicine evolution in Colchicaceae. These genomic insights enhance understanding of Liliales evolution, providing a foundation for future breeding and molecular research. Lilies are perennial plants with ornamental flowers and large genomes. The authors assemble genomes of two Liliales species, analyze lily phylogeny, flower and stem development (bulbs in lilies, rhizomes in flame lilies), bulb growth transitions, and colchicine biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the internal factors related to the strong growth and competitive ability of weedy rice during the seedling period, we collected two biotypes of Japonica weedy rice from Northeast China, four biotypes of Indica weedy rice from Eastern China and Southern China, and two biotypes of cultivated rice, Zhendao-8 (ZD-8) and Shanyou-63 (SY-63), which were used as controls in a pot experiment. Under homogeneous garden planting conditions, we measured the vascular bundle size (VBS), vascular bundle number (VBN), leaf thickness (LT), air cavity size (ACS), stomatal size (SS), stomatal density (SD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of the weedy and cultivated rice biotypes. A comprehensive analysis was performed to explore the correlation between the seedling leaf structure and the photosynthetic indices of the biotypes. The results showed the following: (1) At the seedling growth stage, the leaf structure parameters of weedy rice were significantly greater than those of ZD-8 and SY-63. (2) The Pn and Gs of weedy rice were significantly positively correlated with VBS, VBN, LT, ACS, and SD. Thus, the leaf structural features of weedy rice provide the anatomical basis for the stronger Pn and establish a strong competitive physiology at the seedling stage. Therefore, the prevention and elimination of weedy rice should start at the seedling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Flower color is an important character of ornamental plants and one of the main target traits for variety innovation. We previously identified a CmMYB6 epigenetic allele that affects the flower color in chrysanthemum, and changes in flower color are caused by the DNA methylation level of this gene. However, it is still unknown which DNA methyltransferases are involved in modifying the DNA methylation levels of this gene. Here, we used dead Cas9 (dCas9) together with DNA methyltransferases that methylate cytosine residues in the CHH context to target the CmMYB6 promoter through transient and stable transformation methods. We found that CmDRM2a increased the DNA methylation level of the CmMYB6 promoter, the expression of CmMYB6 decreased and a lighter flower color resulted. By contrast, both CmDRM2b and CmCMT2 enhanced DNA methylation levels of the CmMYB6 promoter, the expression of CmMYB6 increased and a deeper flower color resulted. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanism of DNA methyltransferase in the formation of chrysanthemum flower color was investigated, pointing to a new strategy for silencing or activating CmMYB6 epiallele to regulate anthocyanin synthesis. This lays a solid foundation for regulating flower color in chrysanthemum through epigenetic breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research aims to assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence models in predicting the risk level in tulip greenhouses using different varieties. The study was conducted in 2022 in the Almaty region, Panfilov village. Results: Two groups of 10 greenhouses each (area 200 m2) were compared: the control group used standard monitoring methods, while the experimental group employed AI-based monitoring. We applied ANOVA, regression analysis, Bootstrap, and correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of factors on the risk level. The results demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in the risk level in the experimental group, where artificial intelligence models were employed, especially the recurrent neural network "Expert-Pro." A comparison of different tulip varieties revealed differences in their susceptibility to risks. The results provide an opportunity for more effective risk management in greenhouse cultivation. Conclusions: The high accuracy and sensitivity exhibited by the "Expert-Pro" model underscore its potential to enhance the productivity and resilience of crops. The research findings justify the theoretical significance of applying artificial intelligence in agriculture and its practical applicability for improving risk management efficiency in greenhouse cultivation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an herbaceous ornamental and medicinal plant. Climate models predict a reduction of precipitations and increasing the average temperature. Therefore, agricultural plants will be more frequently exposed to water deficit stress. To investigate the influence of nano-silicon foliar application (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L− 1) on the alleviation of drought stress (100, 75, and 50% Field capacity (FC)) adverse effects on marigold plant characteristics, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The chlorophyll content of plants treated with nano-silicon 200 mg L− 1 decreased by 8.39% when drought stress increased from 100 to 50% FC. In line with electrolyte leakage percentage, the highest malondialdehyde and H2O2 content was measured in non-treated plants under a drought level of 50% FC. The activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased with increasing nano-silicon concentration and drought stress severity. Under all levels of nano-silicon treatment, the cell's abscisic acid content increased with increasing drought severity. Also, the highest abscisic acid content was measured in plants treated with nano-silicon 100 and 200 mg L− 1. There was a significant negative correlation between electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and H2O2 content, and morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, total protein, and antioxidant enzymes activity. The positive effect of nano-silicon application is correlated with enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity, membrane stability, and cell osmotic potential. Also, one of the most critical mechanisms of silicon's effect on the alleviation of stress damage is the regulation of abscisic acid signaling. As a result, foliar application of nano-silicon could be introduced as a promising and influential technique to overcome the adverse effects of drought stress on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of the marigold plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Acer rubrum, a famous ornamental tree, produces bright red‐coloured leaves because of the temperature decline from summer to autumn. This process's molecular mechanism is elusive, so we have investigated how anthocyanin biosynthesis is induced in A. rubrum leaves under low temperatures. The results of low‐temperature treatment under light and dark conditions showed that the low‐temperature promoted anthocyanin accumulation in A. rubrum is light‐dependent. The transcriptome analysis showed that ArMYB89 was significantly highly expressed in leaves of A. rubrum growing under low temperatures with light conditions. The findings from the Dap‐seq analysis, yeast one hybridisation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter assay indicated that the ArMYB89 transcription factor binds directly to the promoter of ArUGT52 and stimulates its transcription. The co‐expression of ArUGT52 with ArMYB89 significantly induced anthocyanin levels under low temperatures with light conditions. Enzyme activity analysis showed that ArUGT52 could convert Cyanidins and Pelargonidins into Cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and Pelargonidin 3‐glucoside, which are considered the main anthocyanins in red colour leaves of A. rubrum. The results of yeast two hybridisation, pulldown assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiment showed an interaction between COP1 and ArMYB89, while in vivo and in vitro protein ubiquitination assay demonstrated that ArCOP1 ubiquitinates ArMYB89. Notably, co‐expression of ArCOP1 with ArMYB89 significantly reduced anthocyanin levels, while the virus‐induced gene silencing of ArCOP1 significantly induced anthocyanin levels under low temperatures with light conditions. In conclusion, this work revealed the molecular mechanism regulating anthocyanin accumulation in the A. rubrum leaves under low temperatures. Significance Statement: Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the vibrant red colouration of Acer rubrum leaves during autumn has long intrigued researchers and horticulturists alike. Our findings demonstrate that low temperatures, coupled with light exposure, orchestrate a cascade of events leading to enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in Acer rubrum leaves, which not only deepen our understanding of seasonal colouration in Acer rubrum but also offer potential avenues for manipulating anthocyanin levels in ornamental plants for aesthetic and agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana bunchy top disease is caused by banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). BBTV is transmitted locally by aphids (Pentalonia spp.), but the long-distance spread is through the movement of infected planting materials. This study investigated potential alternative hosts of BBTV in ornamental Musa and related species in the Zingiberales in the Philippines. Artificial inoculation of BBTV, molecular detection and transmission assay were used to evaluate 15 plant test species. The potential for seed transmission of BBTV through Canna indica seeds was also investigated. Seed samples were validated and quantified for BBTV presence using molecular tools, and then grown for transmission assay. Typical symptoms of BBTV in bananas, including dark green streak on the midrib and petiole and rosetting were observed on inoculated Musa coccinea (banana blossom), M. velutina (velutina), M laterita. (bronze banana) and Canna indica (Bandera Espanola). PCR assays confirmed BBTV infection in these symptomatic test plants, as well as in Curcuma longa (turmeric) which exhibited large chlorotic blotches on the leaf. BBTV was detected from both seeds and germinated seedlings of artificially inoculated and field-collected C. indica samples. This study identified M. laterita as a new host of BBTV. The susceptibility to BBTV of M. coccinea, M. velutina , C. indica , and C. longa was also confirmed. The study also provided the first evidence of seed transmission of BBTV. C indica is an ornamental plant popularly used for landscaping in the Philippines and seeds were shown to be an efficient mode of transmission of the virus with rates up to 34%. The discovery of natural infection in ornamental plants and seeds poses a risk to the banana industry and responsible propagation and appropriate quarantine protocols must be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Flower characteristics are crucial ornamental and reproductive traits in Chimonanthus praecox. Over its long cultivation history, variations have been observed in the floral organs, primarily in the petals, with limited reports on stamen traits. Stamen variation, integral to the mating system, can enhance the plant's ornamental value and directly impact its reproductive success. Methods: This study is the first to report the phenomenon of red coloration in C. praecox stamens. Using UPLC-MS/MS, we analyzed the types and quantities of major metabolites in stamens of different colors. Results: Our results indicated that the red coloration was primarily due to the accumulation 42 on of high levels of anthocyanins, specifically cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. Transcriptomic sequencing identified 63 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, most showing peak expression during the bud stage. The results of the metabolite analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were similar to those of previous studies on petal reddening, suggesting a close relationship between the mechanisms of stamen and petal reddening. Discussion: This study elucidated the mechanism of stamen reddening in C. praecox , expanding the species' genetic resources and offering insights into color changes across floral tissue.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a leguminous plant that has been demonstrated to possess high antioxidant content. The plant is frequently employed as a medicinal herb, a source of color, and an ornamental plant, largely due to its attractive floral pigmentation. The objective of this study is to ascertain the efficacy of employing a combination of planting media and organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of pea flower plants. This research conducted between April and June 2024. The research was conducted at the Brenjonk Organic Farming Community Land in Sendang Hamlet, Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java Province. The geographical location is at an altitude of 600-700 meters above sea level, with a rainfall of 2,000 mm per year, humidity of 66%, and an average air temperature of 18-20 ºC. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments: planting media (soil, soil and raw husk, soil and burnt husk, soil and compost) and several kinds of LOF (Liquid Organic Fertilizer) kepok banana peel (300 ml per plant) and Green Fertilizers green fertilizer (240 g per plant). The findings of this study indicate that the combination of planting media (soil and compost) and Green Fertilizers green fertilizer yielded superior results compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent invasion of the pheretimoid earthworms in North America, specifically Metaphire hilgendorfi, Amynthas agrestis, and Amynthas tokioensis, commonly referred to as "jumping worms", has led to an increase in research on their impacts on forest ecosystems, trophic interactions, and soil health. Determining the biomass of earthworms is a fundamental method in studies evaluating the impact of invasion. However, earthworm biomass is highly influenced by moisture content of a particular habitat, thus requiring ash-free dry-mass methods for accurate measurement. This method is time-consuming and results in the destruction of specimens. While an equation exists for Metaphire hilgendorfi, here we present novel allometric equations for converting length to ash-free dry mass for the 2 most common species of the trio, Amynthas agrestis and Amynthas tokioensis. The relationship between length and biomass was significantly different between A. agrestis and A. tokioensis. This relationship was also different for clitellate and non-clitellate A. tokioensis. Sampling site was an important factor in the biomass of A. tokioensis, suggesting that landscape context may be an important driver in the annual growth and development of this species. These allometric equations will support much needed research on the species-specific impacts of these pheretimoid earthworms on native and ornamental plants, soil structure and chemistry, and forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nerium oleander is an ornamental plant that belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It contains a cardiac glycoside named oleandrin, which is present in all parts of the oleander plant. Suicidal and medication-related deaths due to Nerium oleander poisoning are not uncommon. However, accidental deaths due to oleander leaf ingestion are most commonly encountered. We are reporting a case of an accidental ingestion of Nerium oleander leaf in a child by mistaking it for a guava leaf. The child presented to the casualty with vomiting, poor sensorium, hypotension, and shock. The child developed hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, myocardial dysfunction, and bleeding manifestations. The urine output was decreased (< 0.5 ml/kg/h). Later, the child died after 36 h. On autopsy examination, periorbital puffiness and bluish discoloration of the nail beds were present. Petechial hemorrhages were present in the heart, kidney, and mesentery. The stomach mucosa was hemorrhagic. Histopathologically, the lung showed interstitial congestion, the liver showed centrilobular necrosis, and the kidney showed acute tubular necrosis. Toxicology analysis was positive for oleander poisoning. This case highlights the toxic nature of Nerium oleander ingestion and the importance of avoiding such plants around residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV), a whitefly-transmitted bipartite begomovirus, is one of the most important viruses infecting pepper plants in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States and Latin America. PepGMV was detected in Giza, Egypt and identified as (PepGMV-EG-GZ), infecting the ornament Iresine herbstii and inducing mosaic and leaf curl symptoms. PCR analysis of the virus genome confirmed its bipartite begomovirus nature and its association with the defective okra leaf curl betasatellite (OLCB), namely PepGMB (FJ436005). The GenBank Blastn analysis, phylogeny, and nucleotide pairwise sequence identity (PSI) showed the clustering of PepGMV-EG-GZ DNA-A (FJ416867) and DNA-B (FJ416868) with PepGMV-Mo-US:TX (AY928512) and PepGMV-D-US:TX (AY928514), respectively. PepGMV-EG-GZ DNA-A had 98.2% PSI with PepGMV-Mo- US:TX, suggesting it was a variant of PepGMV isolates. PepGMB clustered with several Egyptian defective betasatellites. PepGMB had a PSI of 96.4% with OLCB-squash (FJ455515), indicating that it was an isolate of OLCBs. PepGMB had PSIs of 61.1% and 65.9% with the intact OLCB and cotton leaf curl betasatellite (CLCuB) from Pakistan (AJ316029) and India (AJ316037), respectively, an indication of its different nature from these two satellites. On the other hand, the intact OLCB(s) from Egypt clustered with the intact OLCB and CLCuB from Pakistan and India, respectively, an indication of their origin in the Indian subcontinent and not in the Middle East. Nucleotide sequence analysis on PepGMB showed the presence of a satellite-conservative region stem-loop structure similar to the other betasatellites. The possible role of defective PepGMB in affecting symptom development in I. herbstii is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the interplay between specific relations to nature and more abstract concepts and values regarding the nature of humans and nature and the relationships between humans and nature. We conducted Q sorts and interviews with 25 individuals who were growing plants in gardens, allotments or different kinds of agricultural settings in Scotland. We identified three discourses representing different ways of conceptualising human-nature relationships, namely: 1) Guardianship of fragile nature; 2) Partnership with powerful nature; and 3) Rational anthropocentric management. The different discourses implied different ways of approaching environmental issues and the right way for humans to relate to nature. While the three discourses represented different understandings of human-nature relations, there was also overlap and similarities amongst them. Cross-cutting themes included the notion of balance as a central aim of many 'growers' and learning as an important part of growing plants. The study also showed that the respondents' own practices did not neatly map on to single abstract perspectives, with individuals often drawing on elements of different discourses and commenting on their contradictions. Ultimately, this connected to the question on how to find the right balance between human and non-human interests. Bringing in a relational understanding and acknowledging the plurality of perspectives on human-nature relations, as well as their contradictions, overlaps and tensions, can open up the space for alternative narratives to be reflected in policies but also that structural and systemic changes are required for people to cultivate more benign relations with other-than-humans. Key policy highlights: We identify three discourses representing different ways in which people growing plants conceptualise human-nature relationships. Discourses imply different understandings of the role of humans, nature and environmental (biodiversity) management. Results point towards paradoxes and tensions and the struggle to balance different needs, often made more difficult by existing structural and systemic issues. A key question across discourses is how to find the right balance between human and non-human interests. Acknowledging plurality of discourses on human-nature relations, as well as their contradictions, overlaps and tensions, can open up space for policies to integrate alternative narratives and hence other types of behaviours and ways of being in relation to nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]