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Because wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Higher Basidiomycota, is a very important nutritional and medicinal species which is used for recycling agrowastes including wheat straw, reed plant wastes, waste paper, oat straw, waste tea leaves, some water plants and others. A. bisporus has many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to its composition of essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, low calories, crude fibers, trace elements and vitamins. Recently synthesized nanoparticles from A. bisporus were used to treat cancer, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. The goal of this review is to highlight recent data about recycling wastes for Agaricus production and applications of A. bisporus as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Organically produced foods are currently highly desirable, but it can also be used for ecofriendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles.

Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma, is considered one of important wood-decaying medicinal mushrooms. This study aimed to identify three samples of this genus in Mosul city in February and April 2019. Three species of Ganoderma were collected from three various trees including Eucalyptus, Morus, and Olea (olive) in Mosul City, Northern Iraq. Their identifications and their DNA sequences were genetically identified by using PCR techniques according to detect nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Results exhibited the finding of Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma applanatum, and Ganoderma sp. This study is first attempt to identify Reishi Mushroom by molecular methods in Iraq. Thus, the current study is considered new good data in the field of mushroom in Iraq especially based on the molecular strategies in the identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the multi-drug resistance among A. baumannii isolates that are isolated from clinical specimens in Ramadi Teaching Hospital, after Military Operations western Iraq. The total number of patients who were culture positive was eighty-eight out of two hundred and thirteen (88%), during the period from April 2011 to June 2012. Thirty-one A. baumannii clinical isolates were selected. IPM-EDTA-disk synergy test was used for phenotypic expression of MBL producing A. baumannii and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial susceptibility test by Vitek2 system for antibiotic resistance pattern and prevalence of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii. Twenty-eight out of thirty-one isolates (90.32%) of A. baumannii were determined MBL producers by using IPM-EDTA-disk synergy test (positive), while twenty-seven out of thirty-one isolates (87%) were resistance to Imipenem by MICs obtained by VITEK-2. Results reported that all isolates (31 isolates/100%) of A. baumannii were Multi-drug resistant (MDR), while 27 isolates (87%) were Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) and ten isolates (32.25%) were Pan Drug-Resistant (PDR). Antibiotic resistance pattern showed all isolates exhibited a high rate of resistance (100%) to Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Cefoxitin, Nitrofurantoin, and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Most isolates (96.7%) were resistance to Piperacillin/Tazobactam. Resistance to anther antibiotics varied among isolates of A. baumannii, were (93.5%) for Ceftriaxone and Cefepime, (90.3%) for Ampicillin/Sulbactam, (87%) for Imipenem and meropenem, (80.6%) for Gentamicin, (71%) for Ceftazidime, (67.7%) for Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin and (64.5%) for Tobramycin. Furthermore, the lowest resistance was to Levofloxacin (9.6%), while 58% of isolates (18/31) were sensitive to Levofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study proved defining the resistance of bacterial pathogens taken from the inferior respirational region from patients who were admitted to Ramadi Teaching Hospital. 76 samples of tracheal discharges were extracted. The highest percentage of bacterial isolate of males was Streptococcus pneumonia which about 26.2% for males. Generally, the lowest percentage is 4.8% for Staphylococcus spp. and Bordetella spp. The lowest percentage of females was 2% in the previous two genera. The outcome of the culture was determined by p value, the outcomes revealed that the growth of a pathogen with patients was equal to 0.782 for the Klebsiella pneumonia and the low p value appeared in the results of the Acinetobacter sp. strain level to 0. The confrontation of the antimicrobial is determined by the rate of MICs. The resistance appeared MIC = 64 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa against antimicrobial Ciftazidim and resistance of Bordetella spp. showed MIC = 0.5 against antimicrobial Colistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pisolithus is a rare macro-fungal genus belonging to the family Sclerodermataceae and has been identified for the first time in Anbar. This puffball grew associated with Eucalyptus sp. tree and was collected during October 2013 at the campus of University of Anbar (UOA), Ramadi, which lies at 33.403457° N and 43.262189° E in dry conditions. This mushroom is considered to be ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and has an essential role in the physiology of Eucalyptus sp. This study added a new species to the biodiversity of macro-fungi in the arid and semi-arid area in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is synthesis of AgNPs from cold and hot extracts of Eucalyptus leaves. After that, microwave irradiation has used to improve properties of these nanoparticles which applied to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye. The change in color of the mixture was from yellow to ruby-brown and to dark brown for the synthesized AgNPs from the cold extract (CAgNPs) and the hot extract (H-AgNPs) of Eucalyptus leaves respectively. The biosynthesized H-AgNPs showed the highest absorbance at the beak of 440 nm compared as 430 nm for C-AgNPs. HM-AgNPs exhibited the smallest average of diameter reached 57.94 nm and the best degradation reached 71.34% compared with H-AgNPs (39.27%) after 24 h. The improved HMAgNP using microwave irradiation was efficient in facilitating the degradation processes of the Azo-dye. This paper will lead to candidate suitable, cheap, eco-friendly and greener AgNPs for rapid degradation of damaging textile dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Medical Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thirteen species of phytoplankton were recorded for the first time in the Upper Euphrates River environment in Iraq during the period from January to June 2017. Five locations were selected along the river (Jubba village, Al-Baghdadi district, Dollab village, Hit city and Ramadi city). Among the 13 taxa, seven species belonging to the Chlorophyta division were identified: Excentrosphaera viridis, Monoraphidium caribeum, Nephrochlamys willeana, Oonephris palustris, Staurodesmus cuspidatus, Palmodictyon varium, and Westellopsis linearis. Moreover, two species of the Chrysohyta division, Rhizochrysis limnetica and Chrysidiastrum catenatum, were recorded in the study area. Two species belonging to the Bacillariophyta division were Acanthoceras zachariasii and Stenopterobia intermedia, showing in the study area. One species belonging to the Cyanophyta division, Stichosiphon sansibaricus, was recorded in Hit and Ramadi, and one species of Euglenophyta (Phacus orbicularis) was also recorded. Some physicochemical properties of the water from these locations were measured, including water temperature values ranging from 8 - 13 °C; pH ranging from 7.22 - 7.58; EC ranging from 580 - 755 µS.cm-1, while salinity was 0.30 - 0.44 g.L-1. Nutrient, such as nitrates, and phosphate values ranged from 156 - 232 µg.L-1 and 8.21 - 21 µg.L-1, respectively. The presence of new phytoplankton in Iraqi freshwater confirms the quality of river water in this area. This study was carried out to contribute to the knowledge of freshwater phytoplankton in Iraq for the upper region of the Euphrates River and their tributaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus pileus extracts and their applications. Agaricus bisporus-mediated synthesis of AgNPs was characterized using changing the color solution, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, SPM, FTIR spectrum, XRD, and EDS analyses. The change of the mixture color of 10-3 M AgNO3 with the watery extract of fresh A. bisporus caps from colorless to brown color is an indicator for the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The UV-Visible spectrum exhibits the absorption peak at 418 nm. The FTIR spectra exhibited that the structures of amino acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the crude extract of A. bisporus are not affected because of the joining and interaction of their functional groups with silver ions, and act as reducing and capping agents to the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles. SEM and EDS refer to the formation of AgNPs with irregular or spherical shapes. The XRD pattern exhibits face-centered cubic (fcc) silver nanocrystals, with crystalline AgNPs size of 43.9 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs play a suitable role against mouse cell line, which has receptors for polioviruses (L20B). After exposure of the colloid AgNPs to UV radiation (256 nm), the absorption band transferred from 418 nm to 435 nm, indicating that UV rays affect on physical properties of AgNPs. Roughness average of the biosynthesized AgNPs from A. bisporus caps is 15.4 nm, but the roughness is increased after UV irradiation for 1 h to average 33.6 nm. Histograms of particle size distribution of AgNPs show the average of AgNPs is 103.57 nm, while the size of nanoparticles reaches 69.47 nm after exposure to UV radiation of 256 nm. The use of UV radiation leads to enhanced characteristics of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Medical Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)