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Pathological myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Progressive macular degeneration is the major complication and causes visual loss. These eyes generally have refractive errors greater than 6 dioptres, and the clinical findings are related to increased axial length. The degenerative changes in pathological myopia initially involve the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). An unusual macular involvement in a case with pathological myopia is discussed with fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. A 21-year-old healthy woman presented complaining of worsening visual acuity, especially in the right eye. The review of her medical story indicated that she began to wear glasses for high myopia when she was 5 years old, and she had been wearing contact lenses for 4 years. Fundus examination of the right eye demonstrated a small white lesion centred on the fovea. Fluorescein angiography showed hypofluorescence in the centre and hyperfluorescence surrounding it, and this was typical for bull's eye maculopathy. With these findings, researchers conclude that this is an unusual atrophic macular lesion of pathological myopia having different features with different diagnostic examinations.

The objective of this study was to report the initial experiences of seven surgeons using a titanium macular buckle (TMB) for the treatment of myopic maculopathy. The records of 11 cases that underwent TMB placement, with or without concomitant vitrectomy, were reviewed. Collected data included demographics, type of maculopathy, pre-operative and postoperative ophthalmic findings. The intraoperative utilization of pars plana vitrectomy and any associated complications were also documented. The indications for surgery included posterior pole retinal detachment with maculoschisis, maculoschisis with an epiretinal membrane, myopic macular hole with posterior pole retinal detachment, isolated maculoschisis, and myopic macular hole. Eight of the 11 cases underwent combined titanium macular buckle placement and vitrectomy, while three patients received buckle placement without vitrectomy. Partial or complete resolution of the pathology was achieved in all cases. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in 10 out of 11 cases following surgery. A scleral perforation occurred intraoperatively in one case. The patients were followed up for a mean duration of 6.0 ± 2.3 months (range: 2 to 10 months). TMB may serve as a valuable adjunct in the surgical repair of myopic maculopathy requiring intervention. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2025;56:XX-XX.] .

Purpose: To understand subfoveal neurosensory detachment flattening and observe (SNF-Ob) strategy and its relationship with visual acuity in the management of centre-involved diabetic macular oedema (Ci-DMO)., Methods: This was a multicentric retrospective observational study. We reviewed data of 188 eyes of 130 patients who presented with Ci-DMO with subfoveal neurosensory detachment (NSD) and treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents or steroids. The primary outcome was best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured at the time of the first subfoveal neurosensory detachment flattening (SNF) and at the end of follow-up., Results: Eyes that achieved 20/50 (LogMAR = 0.40) or better at first SNF had mean LogMAR BCVA 0.38 ± 0.21, 0.24 ± 0.11 and 0.21 ± 0.15 at baseline, at the time of first SNF, and at the end of the last follow-up respectively. Mean LogMAR BCVA significantly improved from baseline to first SNF (p < 0.0001; 95% CI 0.115-0.183) and at the end of the last follow-up (p < 0.0001; 95% CI 0.126-0.213) with a change of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) 10 letters. There was no significant difference in improvement in BCVA from the first SNF and at the end of the last follow-up (p = 0.0781; 95% CI -0.002 to 0.046)., Conclusions: Eyes presenting with Ci-DMO and subfoveal NSD are unlikely to improve at SNF with BCVA > 20/50 (LogMAR = 0.40). Further evidence is needed before the combination of good BCVA and SNF may be considered as endpoint of pharmacological therapy for DMO., Competing Interests: Competing interests: AS: consultant: for Novartis, Allergan, Bayer, Lupin, Intas, Biogen. TW: None. CDR- consultant: 4DMT, Adverum, Allergan, Annexon, Apellis, Aviceda, Bausch and Lomb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Clearside, Eyepoint, Genentech/Roche, Iveric, Janssen, Kodiak, Merck, NGM, Novartis, Ocugen, Opthea, Regenxbio, Stealth, Thea, Zeiss and receives research support from 4DMT, Adverum, Allergan, Annexon, Apellis, Eyepoint, Genentech/Roche, Iveric, Janssen, Kodiak, NGM, Novartis, Ocugen, Opthea, Regenxbio, Regeneron. CMGC: Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Topcon, Zeiss and Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung is a member of the Eye editorial board. AL reports other from Allergan, other from Novartis, other from Roche, other from Notal Vision, other from Forsightslabs, other from Beyeonics, other from Bayer Health Care. DZ: consultant for Novartis, Abbvie, Bayer and Roche. DG: None. AH: None. SO: consultant for Novartis, Allergan, Bayer, Bauch & Lomb. HBÖ: None. NP: None. NK: None. BDK: CLINICAL RESEARCH: Alcon, Alimera, Allegro, Allergan, Apellis, Clearside, Genentech, GSK, Ionis, jCyte, Novartis, Regeneron, ThromboGenics; consultant: Alimera, Allegro, Allergan, Cell Care, Dose, Eyedaptic, Galimedix, Genentech, Glaukos, Interface Biologics, jCyte, Novartis, Ophthotech, Regeneron, Revana, Theravance Biopharma. FB: consultant: Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer- Ingelheim, FidiaSooft, Hofmann La Roche, Novartis, NTC Pharma, Sifi, Thrombogenics, Zeiss. GQ: consultant: Alimera Sciences, Allegro, Allergan Inc, Amgen, Bayer Shering-Pharma, Baush & Lomb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, CenterVue, Heidelberg, KBH, LEH Pharma, Lumithera, Nevacar, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sifi, Sooft-Fidia, Topcon, Thea, Zeiss., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Background and Purpose: Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a complex congenital ocular condition, characterized by the incomplete regression of the embryonic hyaloid system. It encompasses a spectrum of abnormalities, affecting various ocular structures and presenting a range of fetal hyaloid remnants. Despite its long-standing recognition, the full extent of PFV's manifestations continues to evolve, unveiling novel findings, primarily driven by advancements in clinical experience and imaging techniques. This review focuses on the evolution of PFV management, emphasizing the disease heterogeneity and the consequent challenges in diagnosis and treatment., Methods: We present a comprehensive guide on PFV based on the current evidence, detailing its recognition, associated anatomical variations, the intricacies of surgical indications and techniques, and postoperative expectations., Conclusion: The progress over the last decade in innovative instruments and surgical techniques has not only enhanced functional and anatomical outcomes but also enriched our understanding of PFV. However, continued exploration and research remain pivotal for future breakthroughs in more effectively understanding and managing this complex ocular anomaly.

Purpose: To investigate cases exhibiting overlapping features of persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) and combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (CHRRPE) and to explore potential associations between these developmental ocular anomalies., Methods: This retrospective, descriptive case series included 9 eyes of 8 patients aged 0-7 years with shared clinical features of PFV and CHRRPE. Diagnoses were established through clinical examination and intraoperative findings., Results: All eyes exhibited elevated pigmented retinal thickening, increased vascular tortuosity, and preretinal fibrotic/gliotic changes or epiretinal membranes. Macular involvement was observed in 56% of cases; peripapillary involvement, in 44%. Four eyes showed hyaloid stalklike fibrotic remnants extending from the lesion to the posterior lens surface, suggestive of PFV component; the other 5 harbored isolated CHRRPE. One patient presented with PFV in one eye and CHRPPE in the other., Conclusions: This study reveals significant clinical overlap between PFV and CHRRPE, with some cases displaying features typically associated with the other condition. The presence of both diagnoses in the same patient further suggests a potential association between these entities. Further research, including molecular studies, is needed to explore this potential connection and deepen our understanding of ocular development., (Copyright © 2024 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe 4 cases of posterior pole retinal detachment (RD) in patients with pathologic myopia that were repaired with a prototype myopia support device. Methods: A case series was evaluated. Results: Four cases of posterior pole RD were treated, 3 of which were accompanied by myopic maculoschisis and 1 that was accompanied by a choroidal neovascular membrane and a macular hole (MH). Preoperative and postoperative assessments included visual acuity, optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography findings, and axial lengths when available. Three patients had vitrectomy and device placement, while the other patient received device placement alone. All cases had successful repair of the RD, with complete resolution of maculoschisis and MH when present. The myopia support device provided the desired indentation, aiding in the repair. Follow-up varied between 2 months and 17 months. Conclusions: The myopia support device is a valuable addition for repair of posterior pole RDs in patients with pathologic myopia, with or without maculoschisis or MH. It can be used in conjunction with vitrectomy or as a standalone technique., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of the article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Purpose: To describe a case of subretinal hydatid cyst presenting as leukocoria and treated with limbal vitrectomy., Methods: A single case report demonstrated by multimodal imaging., Results: An otherwise healthy 28-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of leukocoria and underwent combined lensectomy and vitrectomy under albendazole therapy because of vitreous space-occupying subretinal cyst. Systemic workup showed no involvement in other organs. Cyst content was adequately aspirated with a 39-gauge needle, the cyst wall was freed from surrounding attachments to the retina, and the nasal choroid and was extracted through a limbal incision using a cryoprobe. Nasal retinotomy and retinectomy area was lasered and tamponaded with silicone oil. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst disease. Silicone oil was removed at postoperative third month. Retina stayed attached, and the patient had a fix and follow vision under contact lens and amblyopia treatment during the 21-month follow-up period., Conclusion: This is the youngest subretinal hydatid cyst case in the literature. Large subretinal hydatid cyst may rarely cause leukocoria in children without any involvement in other organs. Vitrectomy with limbal approach and 39G needle-assisted cyst fluid aspiration and cryo-extraction seems to be a safe and successful surgical option in such cases.

Purpose: To evaluate the peripheral vascular changes and effects of these on macular microvasculature in asymptomatic family members of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) patients., Methods: This is a retrospective study including 61 eyes of asymptomatic family members of FEVR patients. Retinal abnormalities were assessed via ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The eyes were grouped into 3: the first group comprised of eyes with normal findings on UWF-FA; the second group comprised of eyes with abnormal findings on UWF-FA but without any retinal ischemia; and the third group involved eyes with retinal ischemia or neovascularization., Results: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in all eyes. Forty eyes (65.6%) had abnormalities on UWF-FA. The most common feature was peripheral vascular looping, increased tortuosity, and anastomosis (63.9%). ODM/ODD ratio was higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. Deep foveal VD was lower in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. The mean FAZ area and perimeter were smaller in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1., Conclusion: Even asymptomatic family members of FEVR patients may have significant peripheral retinal vascular abnormalities which may be associated with smaller optic disc, macular ectopia, and macular microvascular changes., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Retinotomy refers to "cutting" or "incising" the retina, whereas retinectomy denotes "excising" the retina. Retinotomies and retinectomies aid in tackling traction and retinal shortening that persist following membrane dissection and scleral buckling. We performed a literature search using Google Scholar and PubMed, followed by a review of the references procured. All relevant literature was studied in detail and summarized. We discuss the indications of retinotomies and retinectomies for relaxing retinal stiffness, accessing the subretinal space for choroidal neovascular membrane, hemorrhage and abscess clearance, drainage retinotomies to allow retinal flattening, radial retinotomies to release circumferential traction, harvesting free retinal grafts, and prophylactic chorioretinectomies in trauma., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Hung-Da Chou is a consultant for Novartis, Bayer, AbbVie, and Viatris. Sengul Ozdek is a consultant for Roche, Bayer, Novartis, and AbbVie. Andrew Chang is a consultant for Alcon, Novartis, Bayer, Hoffman La Roche, Apellis, and Allergan. Paisan Ruamviboonsuk is a consultant for Roche and Bayer. Rest of the authors report no disclosures., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aims to investigate surgical outcomes of eyes with severe anterior persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) and the role of associated anatomical anomalies on prognosis., Methods: This is a retrospective, comparative case series of 32 eyes of 31 patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for severe anterior PFV, defined as fibrovascular tissue totally covering the back of cataractous lens. Based on the degree of anterior retinal elongations, cases were classified as follows: group 1, eyes with well-developed pars plana and minor/no abnormalities (n = 11, 34%); group 2, eyes with partially developed pars plana and broad-based elongations (n = 9, 28%); and group 3, eyes with no visible pars plana and fibrovascular membrane having 360° continuity with peripheral retina (n = 12, 38%). Complications and functional and anatomical outcomes were investigated., Results: The median surgical age was 2 (1-12) months. The median follow-up was 26 (6-120) months. Seventy-three percent in group 1 achieved finger counting or better vision with a single surgery and without any pupillary/retinal complication. Groups 2 and 3 required 2.1 ± 0.9 and 2.6 ± 1.2 surgeries on average. Pupillary obliteration and RD occurred in 33% and 22% in group 2 and 58% and 67% in group 3. Retina remained attached after silicone oil removal in 89% of group 2 and 25% of group 3. Phthisis developed in 50% in group 3., Conclusion: Peripheral retinal anomalies are common in severe anterior PFV and have a major impact on prognosis. Prognosis is favorable in cases with mild-to-moderate anomalies with appropriate management of possible retinal tears. In eyes with 360° retinal elongations, severe fibrous proliferation and eventual eye loss are common., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background/objectives: To determine the role of vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) for two different forms of posterior persistent fetal vasculature syndrome (PFVS); with tent-shaped tractional retinal detachment (TRD) and closed funnel-shaped TRD., Subjects/methods: Retrospective, single surgeon, consecutive case series of 52 eyes of 44 patients with posterior PFVS who underwent VRS. Cases were divided into "tent-shaped TRD" and "funnel-shaped TRD" groups based on the preoperative TRD configuration. Associated anomalies, functional and anatomical outcomes were evaluated. The cosmetic appearance was defined as poor if there was phthisis bulbi, gross buphthalmos, or corneal opacification; acceptable if there was apparent leukocoria; and excellent if none were noted at the last follow-up., Results: Thirty eyes of 29 patients presented with tent-shaped TRD; 70% of which obtained counting fingers or better vision and 90% showed significant reversal of tenting achieving retinal reattachment. The cosmetic appearance was excellent in 87%. Two eyes (7%) became phthisic. Twenty-two eyes of 15 patients presented with funnel-shaped TRD and leukocoria; 45% achieved LP vision and 70% of patients with bilateral pathology had LP in at least one eye. The cosmetic appearance was acceptable to excellent in 73%. Three eyes (14%) became phthisic, one (5%) of which required enucleation. The median follow-up time was 16 (6-71) months., Conclusions: VRS often provides functional vision and anatomy in posterior PFVS with tent-shaped TRD morphology. In the funnel-shaped TRD morphology, where no treatment has historically been recommended, surgery may be considered with an aim of restoring light perception and globe preservation, particularly in bilateral cases., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To report outcomes of pediatric patients with combined hamartoma of the retina and the retina pigment epithelium followed up conservatively or after pars plana vitrectomy., Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included 62 eyes of 59 pediatric patients with combined hamartoma of the retina and the retina pigment epithelium from 13 different international centers with an average age of 7.7 ± 4.7 (0.3-17) years at the time of the diagnosis and having undergone pars plana vitrectomy or followed conservatively. At baseline and each visit, visual acuity values, optical coherence tomography for features and central foveal thickness, and tumor location were noted. Lesions were called as Zone 1, if it involves the macular and peripapillary areas, and the others were called as Zone 2 lesions., Results: Twenty-one eyes of 20 patients in the intervention group and 41 eyes of 39 patients in the conservative group were followed for a mean of 36.2 ± 40.4 (6-182) months. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in 11 (68.8%) of 16 eyes in the intervention group and 4 (12.9%) of 31 eyes in the conservative group ( P < 0.001). The mean central foveal thickness decreased from 602.0 ± 164.9 µ m to 451.2 ± 184.3 µ m in the intervention group, while it increased from 709.5 ± 344.2 µ m to 791.0 ± 452.1 µ m in Zone 1 eyes of the conservative group. Posterior location of tumor, irregular configuration of the foveal contour and ellipsoid Zone defect in optical coherence tomography, subretinal exudate and prominent vascular tortuosity were associated with poor visual acuity., Conclusion: Vitreoretinal surgery is safe and effective in improving vision and reducing retinal distortion in Zone 1 combined hamartoma of the retina and the retina pigment epithelium in children., Competing Interests: It is to specifically state “No Competing interests are at stake and there is No Conflict of Interest” with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

Purpose: To evaluate a variety of techniques, and their anatomical and functional results, for the treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M). A secondary aim was to report on results of secondary procedures in cases of initial failure or recurrence., Methods: Multicentre retrospective study of 95 eyes with ODP-M, treated by 25 surgeons from 12 countries. Primary outcomes were anatomical resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF), intraretinal fluid (IRF) and visual acuity (VA) at 12 months., Results: Higher rates of SRF and IRF resorption were achieved in eyes treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) compared to external laser with or without tamponade: 64/72 (88.9%) versus 8/14 (57.1%) for SRF (p = 0.003), and 50/59 (84.7%) versus 3/10 (30%) for IRF (p = 0.002). The addition of juxtapapillary laser or internal limiting membrane (ILM) peel during PPV did not improve SRF or IRF resolution. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with tamponade and PPV with tamponade plus endolaser were associated with significant visual gain. In the former group, VA improved from a mean of logMAR 0.91 (20/162), to a mean of logMAR 0.52 (20/66) at 12 months; in the latter group, VA improved from a mean of logMAR 0.82 (20/132) to a mean of logMAR 0.47 (20/59) at 12 months. Retreatments were performed in 14 eyes (15.7%), only enhancing anatomical outcomes., Conclusion: Vitrectomy with tamponade had better final outcomes than external laser treatment with or without gas tamponade. Laser endophotocoagulation and ILM peel provided no additional benefit. A secondary treatment resulted in anatomical but not functional improvement., (© 2021 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Severe mechanical ocular trauma with no light perception (NLP) predicts a poor prognosis of visual acuity and enucleation of the eyeball. Since the innovative treatment concept of exploratory vitreoretinal surgery has developed and treatment technology has advanced, the outcomes of severe ocular trauma treatment in NLP patients have greatly improved. However, there remains a lack of unified standards for the determination, surgical indication, and timing of vitrectomy in NLP eye treatment. To address these problems, we aimed to create evidence-based medical guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mechanical ocular trauma with NLP. Sixteen relevant recommendations for mechanical ocular trauma with NLP were obtained, and a consensus was reached. Each recommendation was explained in detail to guide the treatment of mechanical ocular trauma associated with NLP., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine published by Chinese Cochrane Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of phenotypically diverse disorders with varied genetic mutations, which result in retinal degeneration leading to visual impairment. When a patient presents to a clinician who is not an IRD expert, establishing a correct diagnosis can be challenging. The patient and the family members are often anxious about further vision loss. They are eager to know the prognosis and chance of further worsening of the vision. It is important for every eye specialist to educate himself/herself about the basics of IRD. It would help to familiarize oneself about how to approach a patient with an IRD. An early and accurate diagnosis can help predict the vision loss and also help the patient plan his/her education and choose appropriate career choices. An updated knowledge about the genetic mutations, mode of inheritance, and possible therapies would empower the eye specialist to help his/her patients. This article gives a broad plan of how to approach a patient with IRD with regards to characterization and diagnosis of the disorder, visual rehabilitation, and possible therapy., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: To critically review data published in the recent past to scrutinize a causal relationship between retinal vascular occlusion and COVID-19., Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed on Pubmed with the key words retinal vascular occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and COVID-19., Results: A total of 17 case reports were published during this period, and 10 were on retinal vein occlusion and 7 on retinal artery occlusion. Most of the published reports lacked convincing evidences in one or the other aspects, such as insufficient laboratory workup or presence of multiple confounding risk factors., Conclusion: In this index article, strength of the data is insufficient to establish a definitive cause-and-effect relationship of retinal vascular occlusive disorders with COVID-19. Hence, clinicians can continue to manage these cases according to the standard guidelines until there are more robust evidences to support this association to alter the diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) on semiautomated aqueous flare measurements., Methods: Laser flare photometer (LFP) measurements was performed at baseline, 30 min, and 4 h after the intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein dye. FFA was performed immediately after the baseline LFP measurement. LFP values at 30 min and 4 h after FFA were compared to baseline values. Mean change in LFP measurements at 30 min and 4 hafter baseline was compared between FFA arm and controls., Results: The mean flare measurement in the FFA and control arm dropped 6% ( p value = 0.002) and 9% ( p value = 0.04), respectively. Mean change in LFP measurement at 30 min and 4 h after baseline was not significant between FFA arm and controls., Conclusions: Administration of fluorescein dye does not increase LFP values. The decrease in the LFP measurement following FFA may be attributed to dilation drops.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of fluid on visual acuity in cases of Type 3 macular neovascularization., Methods: This multicentric, retrospective cohort study included eyes with treatment-naïve Type 3 macular neovascularization. Analysis of fluid in different compartments was performed. Group A included eyes with isolated intraretinal fluid, whereas Group B included eyes with intraretinal fluid in conjunction with subretinal fluid and/or sub retinal pigment epithelial fluid., Results: Eyes in Group A (31, 55.3%) had better best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 snellen equivalent (0.42 ± 0.31 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) at baseline and 20/50 snellen equivalent (0.40 ± 0.28 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) at complete resolution compared with Group B with visual acuity of 20/80 snellen equivalent (0.64 ± 0.35 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) (P = 0.0181) at baseline and 20/100 snellen equivalent (0.70 ± 0.40 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) (P = 0.0021) at complete resolution. Subfoveal atrophy was more in Group B (82.6% 19/23) at complete resolution in comparison to Group A (16/31, 51.6%). Eyes in Group B needed more anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (10.3 ± 9.0) for complete resolution compared with Group A (5.7 ± 4.8)., Conclusion: Intraretinal fluid may be associated with good visual acuity in Type 3 macular neovascularization in contrast to other forms of neovascular age related macular degeneration. Furthermore, intraretinal fluid in isolation may need fewer injections and could probably be associated with less subfoveal atrophy.

Purpose: To evaluate the various patterns of subretinal fluid (SRF) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the absence of macular neovascularisation (MNV) and to assess the long-term outcomes in these eyes., Methods: This retrospective study included only eyes with non-neovascular AMD and associated SRF. Eyes with evidence of MNV were excluded. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was obtained at baseline and at follow-up, and qualitative and quantitative SD-OCT analysis of macular drusen including drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and associated SRF was performed to determine anatomic outcomes., Results: Forty-five eyes (45 patients) were included in this analysis. Mean duration of follow-up was 49.7±36.7 months. SRF exhibited three different morphologies: crest of fluid over the apex of the drusenoid PED, pocket of fluid at the angle of a large druse or in the crypt of confluent drusen or drape of low-lying fluid over confluent drusen. Twenty-seven (60%) of the 45 eyes with fluid displayed collapse of the associated druse or drusenoid PED and 24 (53%) of the 45 eyes developed evidence of complete or incomplete retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy., Conclusion: Non-neovascular AMD with SRF is an important clinical entity to recognise to avoid unnecessary anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Clinicians should be aware that SRF can be associated with drusen or drusenoid PED in the absence of MNV and may be the result of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) decompensation and RPE pump failure., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: To report a case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with isolated retinal metastasis from lung carcinoma., Methods: Multimodal imaging, including wide-field retinal imaging, ultrasonic imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging., Results: Systemic chemotherapy and cranial prophylactic radiotherapy resulted in shrinkage of these lesions and retinal breaks making them much smaller and preventing progression of retinal detachment transiently., Conclusion: This is the first reported case of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to retinal metastasis from a lung cancer.

Purpose: To investigate the prognostic factors associated with functional and anatomical outcomes and to assess the longitudinal course of visual acuity and retinal morphology after vitreoretinal surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM)., Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study included a total of 634 eyes who underwent surgery for idiopathic ERM in 22 academic centers nationwide in Turkey. Data on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography features (central foveal thickness (CFT), ERM and foveal contour morphology, ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity) were collected and compared at baseline, 6-month, 12-month, and 24-month follow-ups. Prognostic factors for functional (having ≥ 20/25 Snellen BCVA) and anatomical (having normal/shallow foveal contour) recoveries after surgery were investigated by means of multivariate regression analyses. A cutoff value of preoperative BCVA optimizing functional recovery was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis., Results: At a median follow-up of 24 months, 37.4% of the eyes achieved ≥ 20/25 BCVA and 54% regained normal or shallow foveal contour. Functional recovery was more likely in eyes with better baseline BCVA and intact EZ (R 2  = 0.356, p < 0.001). The cutoff baseline BCVA value for good visual prognosis was 0.35 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen 20/44) (sensitivity 60%, specificity 85%, p < 0.001). Anatomical recovery was negatively associated with advanced age, higher baseline CFT, foveal herniation-type ERM morphology, and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling (R 2  = 0.225, p < 0.001). The negative effect of ILM peeling on anatomical recovery was not significant after the first postoperative year (p = 0.05). Mean BCVA values and foveal morphology progressively improved at each visit. Cases with convex baseline foveal contour continued to change towards normal foveal depression over 24 months of follow-up, which took longer than the eyes with shallow/flat contoured cases. One-third of eyes with severe baseline EZ defects showed recovery at follow-up and achieved significantly greater visual acuity gains than the remaining eyes with persistent defects (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Functional and anatomical restoration of the eyes appears to be a slow process after ERM surgery. This process may take much longer in eyes with worse foveal morphology at baseline. Although photoreceptor disruption may be reversible in some eyes, full functional recovery is unlikely when it persists.

Purpose: To describe preoperative anatomical features of Stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity with results of surgery and patient-related and surgery-related factors affecting postoperative success., Methods: Forty eyes of 33 infants who underwent vitrectomy with lensectomy or lens-sparing vitrectomy for Stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity were enrolled. Stage 5 cases were divided into different groups according to their preoperative anatomical features as follows: A: for eyes with ophthalmoscopically observable total retinal detachment; B: for eyes with total leucocoria associated with funnel retinal detachment; and C: for eyes with very shallow anterior chamber and corneal opacity. Only A and B eyes underwent surgery. The effect of the presence of vascular dilation and tortuosity, preoperative treatment status, surgically induced posterior hyaloid detachment, and sparing the lens on anatomical and functional results was evaluated., Results: Thirty-five percentage of the eyes were in Group A and 65% were in Group B. The mean follow-up was 30.6 months (12-68). Anatomical success was 55.5% for Group A and 15.4% for Group B (P: 0.047), and functional success was 33.3% for Group A and 7.7% for Group B at the third year (P: 0.125). The presence of vascular dilation and tortuosity and postoperative vitreous hemorrhage were found to have negative effects; preoperative treatment and surgical induction of posterior hyaloid detachment were found to have positive effects on anatomical and functional results., Conclusion: Surgery for ophthalmoscopically observable retinopathy of prematurity-associated retinal detachment resulted in better anatomical and functional outcomes, and the results are even better in eyes with preoperative treatment, lens-sparing vitrectomy, and surgically induced posterior hyaloid detachment.