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The overuse of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, particularly poultry, has led to growing concerns about multidrug microbial resistance, posing significant risks to both human and animal health. Subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics have traditionally been used to enhance growth and improve economic efficiency in poultry farming. However, these practices have facilitated the emergence of resistant microbial strains, threatening global health security and prompting a search for sustainable alternatives. This review highlights the significance of phytogenic as feed additives (PFAs) as promising substitutes for antibiotic as feed additives (AFAs) in poultry production. PFAs, derived from plant-based compounds, exhibit multiple beneficial properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects. Moreover, they offer the potential to produce high-quality organic poultry products while reducing the likelihood of microbial resistance. Despite these advantages, inconsistent results among studies underscore the importance of standardized approaches to maximize their efficacy. This review aims to evaluate the current status of antibiotic use in poultry farming globally, explore the properties and mechanisms of PFAs, and assess their potential as viable alternatives to antibiotics. By consolidating available knowledge, this review provides insights into the benefits and challenges associated with PFAs, offering guidance for future research and practical applications in sustainable poultry production.

Hanefi mezhebi içinde bölgesel fıkıh ekolleri vardır. Bu ekollerin en kadimi kuşkusuz Belh ekolüdür. Söz konusu ekol hem usul hem de füru açıdan Hanefi fıkhının gelişmesine katkıda bulunmasına rağmen birkaç spesifik makale dışında hiçbir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Çalışmada, Belh ekolünün özel örf ve ehl-i rey içindeki konumlarını ele alan makaleleri de kuşatacak şekilde Belh’te bölgesel bir ekolün oluşup oluşmadığı konusu klasik fıkıh kitaplarında geçen füru fıkıh meseleleri yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde Belh’te Hanefi mezhebi içindeki en kadim bölgesel ekol olan Hanefi Belh ekolünün varlığı ve müstakil oluşu ortaya konulmuştur. Hanefi mezhebinin oluşumundan hemen sonra ve hatta aynı dönemde bu şekilde müstakil ekolün ortaya çıkışı, Hanefi mezhebi tarafından yadırganmamıştır. Bu da gösteriyor ki Hanefi mezhebi içindeki müçtehitler her ne kadar kendi aralarında bilimsel olarak çekişseler de aralarındaki dostane ilişkileri ve karşılıklı saygıyı bırakmamışlardır. Belh fıkıhçılarının fıkhî meseleleri ortaya koyarken başka bölgelerden özellikle Irak ve Buhara bölgesindeki fıkıh usulü anlayışından farklı bir usul anlayışına dayandıkları görülmektedir. Onların bir fıkhî hükmü ortaya koyarken yaşadıkları belde ve bölgenin özel örfünü dikkate aldıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Bu ise Irak ve Buhara beldelerindeki birçok alim tarafından kabul edilmeyen bir durum olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Belh’in en etkin iki fakihi olan Nusayr b. Yahya (ö.268/881-2) ve Muhammed b. Seleme'nin (ö.278/891) özel örfe dayanarak birçok fıkhî meselede diğer bölge ekollerinin kabul etmedikleri şekilde hüküm değişikliğine gittikleri müşahede edilmektedir.Aslında bölgedeki değişim sadece fıkıh ile sınırlı değildir. Kelam ve tasavvuf gibi disiplinler de bölge şartlarına bağlı olarak bu değişimden nasibini almıştır. Örneğin, siyasi olarak ciddi çalkantılı dönemler geçiren Belh bölgesi özellikle müçtehitler döneminde de adeta toplum içerisinde yayılan salgın hastalık gibi hayatın bütün alanlarını yıpratmaktaydı. İslam’ın doğduğu bölge olan Hicaz ve Arap kültürünün hâkim olduğu bölgelerde müçtehitler fazla sıkıntı çekmeden fıkhî meseleleri çözüme kavuştururken; buna karşı Horasan ve Belh gibi Acem kültürünün hâkim olduğu bölgelerde İslam fıkıhçıları ve müçtehitler meselenin fıkhî çözümünü bulmak için çok meşakkatli durumlar ile karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Bunun sebebi ise Belh’teki siyasi ve idarecilerin Arap milletinden olmaması ve bunların Belh kültürü ve insanına yabancı olmasıdır. Söz konusu gruplar arasındaki çekişme ve kargaşalar nedeniyle Belh müçtehitleri bunları uzlaştırmak için iman ve amel ilişkisinde Irak bölgesindeki fakihlere nispetle ayırıma giderek amelin imandan bir parça olmadığını söylemişlerdir. Ancak onların öbür taraftan da İslam ahlakını -ki daha sonra buna tasavvuf denecek- bölge halkının ihtiyacına binaen bütün fertlerin üzerine teker teker ilmek ilmek işlediği görülmektedir. Bu sebeple Belh fakihlerinin daha sonraki dönemlerde Irak ve diğer bölgelerdeki bir kısım İslam âlimleri tarafında bu faaliyetlerinin ilkine Mürcie ikincisine ise Melâmetiyye dedikleri müşahede edilmektedir. Irak merkezli Hanefi ekol ile Belh merkezli ekol arasındaki bölgesel, örf, kelam ve tasavvuf ile ilgili ihtilaflı konular bilimsel tartışmalar dışında fiziki kavga ve savaşa hiçbir zaman neden olmadığı gibi, aksine Belh ekolüne ait görüşler Hanefi fıkıh kitapları içinde yer alarak gönümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Aynı şekilde özellikle Belh ekolüne mensup fakihler bilime olan saygılarından olsa gerek bir fıkhî meselede mensubu oldukları mezhep görüşünden ayrılırken bilimsel ahlak çerçevesinde kalarak ilk dönem Hanefiler bazı fıkıh kurallarını kastederek “bu fıkıh kuralının bizim bölgede uygulanması uygun değil, çünkü şartlar, zaman ve mekân değişmiştir” şeklinde ifadeler kullanmışlardır. Bu durum günümüz İslam toplumu, İslam hukukçuları ve siyasetçileri için kriter alınması gereken bir üslup niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma bölgenin fıkıh üzerinde etkilerini ortaya koymak amacıyla ele alınmıştır.

Efficient task execution is critical to optimize the usage of computing resources in process scheduling. Various task scheduling algorithms ensure optimized and efficient use of computing resources. This article introduces an innovative dual-layer scheduling algorithm, Multi-Queue Adaptive Priority Scheduling (MQAPS), for task execution. MQAPS features a dual-layer hierarchy with a ready queue (RQ) and a secondary queue (SQ). New tasks enter the RQ, where they are prioritized, while the SQ contains tasks that have already used computing resources at least once, with priorities below a predefined threshold. The algorithm dynamically calculates the time slice based on process priorities to ensure efficient CPU utilization. In the RQ, the task’s priority level defines its prioritization, which ensures that important jobs are completed on time compared to other conventional methods where priority is fixed or no priority parameter is defined, resulting in starvation in low-priority jobs. The simulation results show that MQAPS better utilizes CPU resources and time than traditional round-robin (RR) and multi-level scheduling. The MQAPS showcases a promising scheduling technique ensuring a balanced framework for dynamic adjustment of time quantum and priority. The MQAPS algorithm demonstrated optimization, fairness, and efficiency in job scheduling.

Over the past two decades, interest in pollutant removal by yeasts has grown substantially. Yeasts can remove high amounts of pollutants at low production costs under non-sterile conditions. This work presents a compilation of the studies carried out regarding the potential application of yeasts in the treatment of wastewater. For example, a summary is presented on data about various yeast strains that are used to treat wastewater. The study will help the decision-making process for the selection of yeast for a type of wastewater and support research efforts by acquiring an overview of advancements in this area. Yeast treatment is versatile and has outstanding adaptability to varying treatment conditions. The effectiveness of yeast in treating wastewater is influenced by multiple factors. Yeast technology could potentially be retrofitted to existing activated sludge processes or be used instead of bacteria. Within its characteristics, we can observe tolerance to low pH (3.0–5.0), high salinity, high organic loads, antibiotics, and survive in up to 12% v/v alcohol mixtures. In fact, using low pH for yeast cultivation reduces bacterial contamination and supports yeast domination under non-sterile conditions. Laboratory-scale trials for yeast wastewater treatment have shown improvement over the past two decades; however, efficiencies differ according to the type of wastewater. In general, yeast offers several benefits compared to traditional microbial treatment methods, especially in its capacity to effectively process diverse organic carbon sources. However, it still must be proven to be an effective technology at an industrial scale.How to cite: Mohiuddin O, Harvey A, Orta Ledesma MT, et al. Bioremediation of waste by yeast strains. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2024.01.005.

External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) serve as communication bridges between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and road users, ensuring that vehicles convey information clearly to those around them. While their potential has been explored in one-to-one contexts, the effectiveness of eHMIs in complex, real-world scenarios with multiple pedestrians remains relatively unexplored. Addressing this gap, our study provides an in-depth evaluation of how various eHMI displays affect pedestrian behavior. The research aimed to identify eHMI configurations that most effectively convey an AV’s information, thereby enhancing pedestrian safety. Incorporating a mixed-methods approach, our study combined controlled outdoor experiments, involving 31 participants initially and 14 in a follow-up session, supplemented by an intercept survey involving 171 additional individuals. The participants were exposed to various eHMI displays in crossing scenarios to measure their impact on pedestrian perception and crossing behavior. Our findings reveal that the integration of a flashing green LED, robotic sign, and countdown timer constitutes the most effective eHMI display. This configuration notably increased pedestrians’ willingness to cross and decreased their response times, indicating a strong preference and enhanced concept understanding. These findings lay the groundwork for future developments in AV technology and traffic safety, potentially guiding policymakers and manufacturers in creating safer urban environments.

Objective: To assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of healthcare professionals from district central, Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Hamdard University Dental Hospital, Karachi, from October 2021 to June 2022. The study population consisted of dentists, doctors and dental/medical students of clinical years. Data collection from healthcare professionals was performed using an online questionnaire through different social networking sites such as Whatsapp and Facebook. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 whereas binary logistic regression was applied for inferential analysis. Results: A total of 205 participants were included in the study with a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the study participants was 31.54±8.64 years, 121 (59.0%) of them were aged up to 30 years, 110 (53.7%) of them were females, 99 (48.3%) of them were dentist whereas 57 (27.8%) were doctors by profession. Moreover, 100 (48.8%) participants were found to have an impact of COVID-19 on their mental health. Furthermore, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that profession of the healthcare professionals was significantly associated with the impact of COVID-19 on their mental health where both dentists and doctors had significantly lower odds of having an impact of COVID-19 on their mental health than dental/medical students of clinical years (AOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.42, p

The article delves into the family lifestyle through the lens of the Qur'an, employing a descriptive-analytical approach that integrates religious, moral, social, and intellectual dimensions with insights from sociology. It adopts a qualitative approach, employing structured individual interviews and narrative analysis as the primary methods of data collection. The research population comprises the families of Firoz-Koh City, with a sample size of 18 family members selected through random sampling. Information gathered includes the number of children, occupation, and age of marriage. Data analysis is conducted using theoretical coding techniques. The findings reveal the pivotal role of "lifestyle" as a fundamental aspect of human societies, encompassing various dimensions of human life. Furthermore, the Holy Quran, as a guiding force, emphasizes the importance of lifestyle in directing human behaviour. The Quran's comprehensive nature addresses humanity's needs for growth and perfection. This article highlights the significance of the family within the framework of the Holy Quran and identifies Quranic indicators of an ideal family lifestyle across religious, moral, social, and intellectual dimensions. Additionally, the study examines the detrimental factors hindering the pursuit of this Quranic lifestyle within families.

Long-term afforestation programmes are continuously practiced by State Forest Departments (SFDs) to increase forest cover in India. A large quantity of quality seeds is required for producing quality planting materials every year. The development of seed production areas (SPAs) is a method that can be used to obtain genetically improved seeds for immediate planting. Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) is one of the species preferred by SFDs in India for plantation purposes due to its high timber value. Previously, the Directorate of Forests, West Bengal, established ten Seed Stands (SSs) of teak in three Silviculture divisions of West Bengal. In the present study, these SSs (five SSs in the Hills Division, four SSs in the North Plains Division and one SS in the South Division) were evaluated by verification on the basis of area, tree density, isolation zone and tree health. SSs were studied thoroughly to recommend culling inferior trees to convert them to SPAs. Trees with poor phenotypic characteristics, such as slow growth, crooked stem form, attack by pest or disease, were recommended for culling. Out of the ten SSs, five (2/TG/BAMON, 3/TG/BAMON, 3/TG/TUKR, 8/TG/REHTI and 9/TG/ATIA) were considered to be SPAs. Cumulatively, 8.86 hectares of land with 829 trees from the hills division and 15 ha of land with 1712 trees from the North Plains division were chosen for inclusion in the SPAs. Phenotypic data estimation revealed that the maximum average height was 8/TG/REHTI (33.19±2.65 m), and the average GBH was 2/TG/BAMON (2.02±0.54 m). The seed production capability of the selected SPAs was also calculated. On the basis of the average seed yield/tree, the 8/TG/REHTI stand produced the highest seed yield of 2.0 (±0.9) kg/tree.

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the pancreas, with subsequent involvement of surrounding tissues and organ systems. Viral etiology of acute pancreatitis is uncommon; however, multiple viruses have been implicated. Dengue virus has also been found responsible for acute pancreatitis, with possible etiologies linked to direct viral invasion, autoimmune mechanism, or as a complication of dengue shock syndrome. We present a case of a 24-year-old female who presented with epigastric pain and vomiting in the background of a febrile illness and was later diagnosed with mild acute pancreatitis complicating dengue fever.

Due to the growing need for high-capacity ion storage batteries, researchers are exploring new categories of electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties. In this investigation, a tetragonal symmetry of carbon named T-graphene has been taken into consideration as an anode material for Mg and Ca ion batteries for its superior electrical characteristics. To comprehend the adsorption behavior, charge transfer, and anodic properties of T-graphene, density functional theory has been employed. Initially, the most favorable adsorption sites for Mg/Ca insertion on the T-graphene have been identified and it found that bridge and octagonal hollow sites show high adsorption behavior with energy of about −1.99 and −4.86 eV, respectively. A significant amount of charge (Hirshfeld) about 0.24e and 0.79e transfer from Mg and Ca to T-graphene, respectively. When Mg/Ca is inserted, the electronic structure calculations demonstrate that T-graphene acts metallically. A very high specific capacity is found at about 1737.13 and 1985.30 mAh/g for Mg and Ca ion batteries, respectively. Moreover, the average open-circuit voltages for Mg are 0.65 V and 1.51 V for Ca. Therefore, it is assumed that T-graphene may be used as high-capacity anode material for Mg and Ca ion battery.

In recent years, the implementation of digital twin (DT) technology has gained significant attention in various industries. However, the fire safety management (FSM) sector has been relatively slow in adopting this technology compared to other major industries. Therefore, this study aims to explore the limitations, opportunities, and challenges associated with adopting DT technology in the FSM sector and further develop a DT-based FSM framework towards smart facility management (FM). To achieve this objective, this research started by reviewing several promising DTs for FSM, including building information modeling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and augmented reality (AR). On this basis, a conceptual framework was synthesized in consideration of the benefits of each technology. A questionnaire was conducted for FM professionals to evaluate the proposed framework and identify the challenges of adopting DT in the FSM sector. The survey results reveal that the proposed framework can assist decision makers in obtaining comprehensive information about facilities’ communication among stakeholders. The survey results validate the potential of the adoption of DTs toward smart FM practices in FSM. The survey results provide insights into the perception of DT technology among FM practitioners and identify the current state of DT technology in the FSM sector, its expected benefits, and its potential challenges. The main barriers to adopting DTs in FSM are a lack of knowledge about DTs, their initial costs, user acceptance, difficulties in systems integration, education training costs, a lack of competence, development complexity, difficulties in data management, and a lack of trust in data security.

Dala'il al-I'jaz is one of the books by Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani. He is a figure from the science of balaghah also known as one of the founders of the basics of balaghah science itself. Many of his essays on balaghah and one of them is the book. As for one of the discussions in balaghah there is a discussion of al-Fashahah which in this article becomes a formal object of this research, with the problem raised in this article is to see the view of al-Jurjani himself as the writer or author of the book Dala'il al- I'jaz is against al-Fashahah itself. The research method applied in this article is descriptive qualitative by looking at references to articles and books related to the discussion under study and the material object of this study is the book Dala'il al-I'jaz. So that the results of research that show al-Jurjani's views of al-fashahah are found, but one of al-Jurjani's views is that he views al-fashahah as meaning not lafadz.

In this study, the newly synthesized compound (Succ-5) was analyzed through spectral methods, seen for potential receptor targets via molecular docking, and pre-clinically evaluated for therapeutic effects and safety profile using biochemical and histopathological techniques. The biochemical analysis included assessment of cardiac biomarkers, hepatic enzymes, and lipid profiles, while histopathology included evaluation of cardiac and liver tissues. The toxic dose was determined pre-clinically, followed by dividing albino rats into five treatment groups (each having n = 6). The control group received oral saline for eight days. The 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) group received oral saline for 8 days and 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5. The atenolol group was administered with atenolol (20 mg/kg) for 8 days and 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5. Two groups of rats were administered with the test compound (Succ-5) at doses of 5 mg/kg I.P and 10 mg/kg I.P (for 8-days), followed by 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5. Elevated serum levels of CK-MB (creatinine kinase myocardial band), cTnI (troponin I), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), lipid profile, and selected liver enzymes including ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), BT (bilirubin total) and BD (direct bilirubin) were associated with 5-FU toxicity. After administration of the test compound at the mentioned doses, these biomarkers significantly decreased. Likewise, histological examination revealed 5-FU damaged the heart and hepatic tissues, which were also considerably recovered following administration of the test compound. Immunohistochemistry of heart tissue also revealed the low expression of COX-2 and TNF-α in Succ-5 treated groups compared to toxic group. Dose-response evaluation showed that a dose of 10 mg/kg provided better results than 5 mg/kg. The analysis of binding energy values computed via docking simulations showed that Succ-5 interacts with the human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor with a slightly stronger affinity than calcium channel T-type. In conclusion, the histological and biochemical findings revealed that the test compound had significant cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipolytic effects in the 5-FU-induced toxicity.

Amos Sunday Onikanni,1– 3,* Bashir Lawal,4,5,* Augustine O Olusola,1 Janet O Olugbodi,6 Saidu Sani,7 Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye,8 Omotayo B Ilesanmi,9 Mohammed Alqarni,10 Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab,11,12 Ahmad J Obaidullah,13,14 Gaber El-Saber Batiha,15 Alexander TH Wu16– 21 1Toxicology and Environmental Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; 2Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; 3Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 4PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 5Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 6Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria; 7Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike IkwoD, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; 8Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; 9Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Ogbia, Bayelsa State, 23401, Nigeria; 10Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia; 11Pharmacology Department & Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia; 12Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt; 13Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 14Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 15Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; 16The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 17International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 18TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 19Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 20Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; 21Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Alexander TH Wu Tel +886 2 2697 2035Email chaw1211@tmu.edu.twBackground: Sterculia tragacantha is a medicinal plant commonly used in the western part of Nigeria, for managing diabetes mellitus. However, there is a dearth of scientific information on the antidiabetic and neuroprotective properties of the plant.Methods: The in silico, in vitro and in vivo models were used to evaluate the antioxidants, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of aqueous extract of Sterculia tragacantha leaf (AESTL) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty (30) male albino rats (155.34± 6.33 g) were intraperitoneal injected with 40 mg/kg of freshly prepared streptozotocin and were divided into 5 groups (A-E) of 6 animals each. Groups A–D were treated with 0, 150 and 300 mg/kg of AESTL, and 200 mg/kg body weight of metformin respectively, while group E serve as the normal control.Results: The results of in vitro analysis revealed dose-dependent antioxidant activities; ABTS (IC50 = 63.03± 2.57 μg/mL), DPPH (117.49± 2.35 μg/mL), FRAP (15.19± 0.98 mmol/100g), TAC (43.38± 0.96 mg/100g), hypoglycaemic effect; α-amylase (IC50 = 77.21± 4.35 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 443.25± 12.35), and anti-cholinesterase; AChE (IC50 = 113.07± 3.42 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50 = 87.50± 4.32 μg/mL) activities of AESTL. In vivo study revealed dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect and body weight improvement in rats treated with the AESTL. In addition, AESTL improved the antioxidant status and attenuated STZ-induced dysregulations of Na+-K+-ATPase, cholinesterases and neurotransmitters in the brain tissue of experimental rats. The results also demonstrated that AESTL could regulate anti-inflammatory response via inhibition of COX-2/NO signaling axis in the brain of diabetic rats. Molecular docking analysis revealed that epicatechin and procyanidin B2, the bioactive compounds from AESTL, docked well to the binding cavities of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase with binding affinities ranges between – 8.0 and – 11.4 kcal/mol, suggesting that these compounds are the bioactive component that could be responsible for the antidiabetic and neuroprotective activities of AESTL.Conclusion: The results of the present study strongly suggested that the AESTL extract could be very useful for halting diabetes progression and its associated neuroinflammation complications.Keywords: Sterculia tragacantha, cholinesterase, antidiabetic, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers

BackgroundReports about the magnitude of co-existence of under- and over-nutrition is limited in Afghanistan. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of double burden of malnutrition (DBM) at individual and household level in Afghanistan.MethodsThis study was done based on the Afghanistan National Nutrition Survey 2013, which included a representative sample of 126,890 individuals (including more than 18,000 households) throughout Afghanistan. Intra-individual DBM was defined as the co-existence of "overweight/obese" and "stunting or micronutrient deficiencies" (including anemia, vitamin A deficiency, vitamin D deficiency and iodine deficiency). At the household level, DBM was considered as having at least one household member as overweight/obese and at least one another member of that household as undernourished (stunted, wasted, underweight or any micronutrient deficiency). SPSS and Stata software were used in the current analysis. Cross-tabulations was used to estimate the prevalence and its 95% confidence interval(CI). This study was ethically approved at Tehran University of Medical sciences.ResultsThe overall prevalence of intra-individual DBM was 12.5% (95% CI: 12.1; 12.9). Among the whole study participants at individual level of DBM, 11.7% (11.3; 12.1) of individuals had overweight along with stunting simultaneously and 20.5% (18.8; 22.4) had overweight and micronutrient deficiencies at the same time at individual level. The household level of DBM was found among 28.6% (95% CI: 27.9; 29.4) of households; such that 27.3% (26.6; 28.1) of households had at least one member with overweight and another member with stunting or wasting or underweight. Co-existence of overweight and micronutrient deficiencies at the same household was seen in 38.3% (35.5; 41.2).ConclusionThis study demonstrated a high prevalence of DBM at individual and household level in Afghanistan. Therefore, developing appropriate national macro-policies and strategies and designing appropriate programs such as public awareness programs, subsidization, food assistance programs, food fortification and dietary supplementation should be implemented by the ministry of public health, inter- related organs and international health agencies to reduce the burden of this problem in this country.

Effective civil infrastructure management necessitates the utilization of timely data across the entire asset lifecycle for condition assessment and predictive maintenance. A notable gap in current predictive maintenance practices is the reliance on single-source data instead of heterogeneous data, decreasing data accuracy, reliability, adaptability, and further effectiveness of engineering decision-making. Data fusion is thus demanded to transform low-dimensional decisions from individual sensors into high-dimensional ones for decision optimization. In this context, digital twin (DT) technology is set to revolutionize the civil infrastructure industry by facilitating real-time data processing and informed decision-making. However, data-driven smart civil infrastructure management using DT is not yet achieved, especially in terms of data fusion. This paper aims to establish a conceptual framework for harnessing DT technology with data fusion to ensure the efficiency of civil infrastructures throughout their lifecycle. To achieve this objective, a systematic review of 105 papers was conducted to thematically analyze data fusion approaches and DT frameworks for civil infrastructure management, including their applications, core DT technologies, and challenges. Several gaps are identified, such as the difficulty in data integration due to data heterogeneity, seamless interoperability, difficulties associated with data quality, maintaining the semantic features of big data, technological limitations, and complexities with algorithm selection. Given these challenges, this research proposed a framework emphasizing multilayer data fusion, the integration of open building information modeling (openBIM) and geographic information system (GIS) for immersive visualization and stakeholder engagement, and the adoption of extended industry foundation classes (IFC) for data integration throughout the asset lifecycle.

In this paper a batch of earthworms from Afghanistan was studied and previous reports on the earthworm fauna of the country were evaluated. In the present study, earthworms were collected by digging and hand sorting, and fixed in 80% ethanol. Six species belonging to three families were identified. They are Aporrectodea caliginosa, Ap. rosea, Eiseniella tetraedra, Drawida annandalei, Amynthas corticis, and Metaphire bahli. Among them A. corticis, Ap. caliginosa, D. annandalei, and M. bahli are new records for the country. Nine species have previously been reported from Afghanistan of which two were collected in the current survey as well. Therefore, this study in Afghanistan increased the number of earthworm species registered for the country from 9 to 13 belonging to nine genera and three families. Out of the 13 species, 10 (Ap. caliginosa, Ap. jassyensis, Ap. trapezoides, Ap. rosea, Bimastus parvus, Dendrobaena byblica, D. fedtschenkoi, Eisenia fetida, Eis. tetraedra, and Lumbricus rubellus) belong to the Holarctic family Lumbricidae, two species (M. bahli and A. corticis) to the family Megascolecidae, and one species (D. annandalei) to Moniligastridae. Most of the species (10) are peregrine and only three of the lumbricid species in Afghanistan are regarded as autochthonous, viz., Ap. jassyensis, D. byblica, and D. fedtschenkoi. The diversity and distribution of earthworms in Afghanistan is far from complete. To fill this gap in our knowledge on the earthworm fauna of the studied region more detailed investigations are needed to explore the earthworm fauna of this vast country.

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health concern, and the basis of successful anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) rests on the complete eradication of live bacilli from a patient. This study was conducted to detect the live TB bacilli in Lowenstein Jensen culture media among exit cases of TB who were declared successfully treated, either cured or treatment completed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted across Pakistan. Fifty-eight active TB DOTS centers were selected. The sample size of 3355 TB cases were equally distributed in all DOTS facilities. A detailed questionnaire was developed to record the information from TB DOTS and patients. After successful treatment, the sputum was taken from TB cases and examined to detect live bacilli on L-J culture. Results: A total of 3355 TB cases were enrolled in the study. The male to female proportion was 1704(50.9%) and 1651(49.2%). Initially, 1993(59.4%) cases were cured, and 1362(40.6%) were declared as treatment completed cases. At exit, 324(9.65%) cases were again ZN smear-positive, and 328(9.77%) were positive on L-J culture, after being declared successfully treated for TB. Conclusions: To eradicate live TB bacilli, all TB cases should be subjected to L-J culture at the end of ATT.

In this study, the use of olive pomace oil as a grinding aid was investigated in the grinding of calcite to dry micronized sizes in a laboratory scale stirred ball mill. For this purpose, in the first stage, different stress intensities were created and optimum grinding conditions were determined. In the second stage, the usability of olive pomace oil was investigated and compared with triethanolamine, a pure grinding aid. The experimental results were evaluated considering the amount of grinding aid, energy consumption, and particle size. According to the results obtained, the optimum stress intensity range was determined as approximately 1-2*10-3 Nm at 500 kJ/kg and 1000 kJ/kg energy levels. With the use of grinding aid (TEA and olive pomace oil), products with a particle size of 4 μm and finer sizes were produced at 2000 kJ/kg energy level. At advanced energy consumptions (1000 kJ/kg and 2000 kJ/kg), it was obtained similar particle sizes by the use of olive pomace oil compared to the TEA.

# Introduction Chronic respiratory diseases are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a low-cost, high-impact intervention with patient education and exercise at its core. Although supported by a well-established evidence base, demand greatly exceeds capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), including limited workforce training opportunities to support PR development and implementation. The International Primary Care Respiratory Group's (IPCRG) Teach the Teacher (TtT) is an established education programme designed to build sustainable local clinical teaching and delivery capacity. # Methods A collaboration between the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) funded Global RECHARGE Group for PR and IPCRG to deliver a 'Teach the Teacher' (TtT) programme for PR capacity building. Our Tier 1 TtT programme combined educational and PR service development concepts with core clinical content adapted for RECHARGE partners in India (Pune and Delhi), Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan and Uganda. Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) pandemic, the programme was adapted to a digital environment using online platforms such as Zoom video conferencing and Google Classroom. We used an adapted framework to evaluate professional learning and its impact. # Findings Fifteen Tier 1/local leader participants attended a sixteen-hour online programme in September-October 2021. Participants included nurses, physiotherapists, doctors and early career health professionals/researchers. As local leaders in PR, participants created a tiered teaching programme for developing a critical mass of PR expert teachers, contextualised to their local healthcare systems and cultures. Participants also explored how to engage and influence multiple professional groups and stakeholders to support the widespread sustainable implementation of PR. # Conclusions The RECHARGE-IPCRG TtT programme provided a clear education and service development framework to support PR capacity development in LMIC. We address a lack of empirical evidence concerning capacity-building initiatives by being explicit about the programme's learning design, management and evaluation. A whole system perspective to PR allowed consideration of health systems, culture, referral pathways and scalability. Sustainable national PR education programmes will require additional resources and a long-term strategy, potentially aligning with the TtT three-tier cascade model.

Objectives: Enabled zirconium oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) are multifunctional nanoparticles that can be employed for multimodal imaging and can show good biocompatibility. In this work, we have synthesized Dysprosium (Dy) and Holmium (Ho) enabled zirconium oxide nanoparticles (DY/Ho-ZrO2 NPs) and have evaluated their potential as candidates for contrast agents in different imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), Photoluminescence (PL) imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Rare earth elements have large atomic numbers, and their incorporation can enhance the X-ray attenuation characteristics of their host along with their optical properties. Rare earth elements exhibit paramagnetic character which can be utilized for MRI contrast enhancement. A combination of these imaging modalities can fulfill the limitations faced while using a single imaging technique. Methods: We have successfully synthesized Dy and Ho incorporated zirconia nanoparticles (Dy/Ho-ZrO2) by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. Results: Prepared NPs were characterized for their physical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline phases present in Dy-ZrO2 and Ho-ZrO2 NPs with a crystallite size of 27 nm and 21.54 nm respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results revealed the morphology of the nanoparticles, while EDS analysis gave the qualitative as well quantitative nature of synthesized nanocrystals. Photoluminescence (PL) data of Dy/Ho-Zirconia NPs have shown emission peaks near 419 nm when excited at 310 nm. Suspensions of prepared NPs with various concentrations were imaged on a CT machine in the clinical setting for contrast study. High CT contrast was observed for these NPs even at very low concentrations. Dysprosium doped sample was further evaluated for its potential as an MRI contrast agent. Dark cytotoxicity and photo-cytotoxicity results performed using Rhabdomyosarcoma (Rd) cancer cell lines revealed good biocompatibility of prepared NPs. Conclusions: These results strongly signify the potential of these multifunctional Dy/Ho-Zirconia NPs to act as biocompatible multimodal imaging agents for biomedical applications.

The Wilms tumour is the fourth most common paediatric malignancy. On the contrary, it is extremely rare in adults as it accounts for less than 1% of all renal malignancies. This scarcity of cases placed a significant challenge in generating evidence-based treatment. Hence, treatment of adult Wilms considerably varies between centres. Standardised guidelines based on international expert consensus for adults have been introduced to help steer management. However, reporting patient outcomes remains limited. In this article, a case study will be presented. This includes modalities of treatment, side effects, tolerability, and outcome. A 40-year-old gentleman with histology consistent with the Wilms tumour received adjuvant chemotherapy according to the UMBRELLA SIOP2016 adult guidelines. Such guidelines were originally adapted from the International Society of Paediatric Oncology protocol. The patient underwent eight cycles of vincristine, actinomycin-D, and doxorubicin and concurrent radiation therapy. Use of the UMBRELLA SIOP2016 adult guideline was shown effective at treating the Wilms tumour in this adult case with minimal severe toxicity. Ongoing follow-up is still needed to determine the long-term effects and prognosis of the patient.

Mohamed Hefnawy,1,2 Mona Al-Shehri,1 Sara Al-Rashood,1 Sherif Hammad,3,4 Mohammed Alanazi,1 Nawaf Alsaif,1 Mostafa Mohammed,1,5 Ahmad Obaidullah,1 Manal El-Gendy1 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; 4Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt; 5National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Manal El-GendyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaEmail maelgendy@ksu.edu.saBackground: Ravidasvir (RAV) has been regarded as a potent new NS5A inhibitor with a magnificent safety and tolerability in the management of genotype 4 hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. Suitable analytical techniques are needed for the measurement of RAV in different biological matrices.Methods: We have developed a fast, sensitive and economical 96-microwell-based spectrofluorimetric technique combined with one-step protein precipitation extraction strategy for the measurement of RAV in rat plasma.Results: Under the optimum conditions, the direct relationship in rat plasma was accomplished between the RAV concentrations and the fluorescence (FL) intensity in a scope of 2.5– 200 ng/mL with 0.9998 and 0.9999 for the quantification and correlation coefficients, respectively. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) was 0.840 ng/mL and this demonstrates the high sensitivity of the proposed assay. The accuracy (RE%) ranged from 95.34% to 102.29%, and the precision (RSD%) was less than 3.59%. The recovery was ranged from 93.12% to 96.26%. The stability of RAV in rat plasma was carried out and established its good stability in the range of room conventional temperature and at long-term stability (− 80°C, 30 days). The developed technique was validated as stated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) guidelines for bioanalytical technique verification.Conclusion: The approved technique was effectively applied for a pharmacokinetic (PK) study after single oral gavage administration of RAV at a dose of 35 mg/kg and it could be presumed that the proposed assay can be applied to clinical trials.Keywords: spectrofluorimetry, ravidasvir, rat plasma, pharmacokinetic study

Common-Edge signed graph CE(S) of a signed graph S is a signed graph whose vertex-set is the pairs of adjacent edges in S and two vertices are adjacent if the corresponding pairs of adjacent edges of S have exactly one edge in common, with the sign same as that of Common-Edge. S-Marked signed graph T is a signed graph which receives the marking μ due to the signed graph S called marker. Further, T is S-consistent if a marker S is defined and if S-marking μof T with respect to which marked signed graph Tμ is consistent. In this paper, we give an algorithm to detect if CE(S) is S-consistent or not and determine its complexity.• Algorithm to detect if CE(S) is S-consistent or not.• Determination of algorithm's complexity.

Background. Epidemiological studies on the association between adult height and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have provided conflicting findings. We examined the association between adult height and the risk of CVD mortality. Methods. We searched PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published up to September 2021. Prospective cohort studies that reported the risk estimates for death from CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke were included. The random-effects model was used to calculate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest vs. lowest categories of adult height. Results. In total, 20 prospective cohort publications were included in this systematic review and 17 in the meta-analysis. During 5 to 41 years of follow-up, the total number of deaths from CVD was 95,197 (51,608 from CHD and 20,319 from a stroke) among 2,676,070 participants. The summary RR comparing the highest and lowest categories of height was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74–0.87, I2 = 59.4%, n = 15 studies) for CVD mortality, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74–0.90, I2 = 70.6%, n = 12) for CHD mortality, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.67–0.80, I2 = 0%, n = 10) for stroke mortality, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61–0.81, I2 = 0%, n = 4) for hemorrhagic stroke mortality, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.72–1.08, I2 = 0%, n = 4) for ischemic stroke mortality. Conclusion. The present comprehensive meta-analysis provides evidence for an inverse association between adult height and the risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke mortality.

We define an addition signed Cayley graph on a unitary addition Cayley graph Gn represented by Σn∧, and study several properties such as balancing, clusterability and sign compatibility of the addition signed Cayley graph Σn∧. We also study the characterization of canonical consistency of Σn∧, for some n.

Cardiac and hepatotoxicities are major concerns in the development of new drugs. Better alternatives to other treatments are being sought to protect these vital organs from the toxicities of these pharmaceuticals. In this regard, a preclinical study is designed to investigate the histopathological effects of a new succinimide derivative (Comp-1) on myocardial and liver tissues, and the biochemical effects on selected cardiac biomarkers, hepatic enzymes, and lipid profiles. For this, an initially lethal/toxic dose was determined, followed by a grouping of selected albino rats into five groups (each group had n = 6). The control group received daily oral saline for 8 days. The 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) group received oral saline daily for 8 days, added with the administration of a single dose of 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5 of the study. The atenolol group received oral atenolol (20 mg/kg) for 8 days and 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5 of the protocol. Similarly, two groups of rats treated with test compound (Comp-1) were administered with 5 mg/kg I.P. and 10 mg/kg I.P. for 8 days, followed by 5-FU (150 mg/kg I.P.) on day 5. Toxicity induced by 5-FU was manifested by increases in the serum creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), troponin I (cTnI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid profile, and selected liver enzymes, including ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), BT (bilirubin total), and BD (direct bilirubin). These biomarkers were highly significantly decreased after the administration of the mentioned doses of the test compound (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). Similarly, histological examination revealed cardiac and hepatic tissue toxicity by 5-FU. However, those toxic effects were also significantly recovered/improved after the administration of Comp-1 at the said doses. This derivative showed dose-dependent effects and was most effective at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Binding energy data computed via docking simulations revealed that our compound interacts toward the human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor (S = −7.89 kcal/mol) with a slight stronger affinity than the calcium channel T-type (S = −7.07 kcal/mol). In conclusion, the histological and biochemical results showed that the test compound (Comp-1) had prominent cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and lipolytic effects against 5-FU-induced toxicity in the subjected animal model.

We define the signed Cayley graph on Cayley graph Xn denoted by Sn, and study several properties such as balancing, clusterability and sign-compatibility of the signed Cayley graph Sn. Apart from it we also study the characterization of the canonical consistency of Sn, for some n.

Abstract Introduction Edible bird nest (EBN) is a natural food product produced from edible nest swiftlet's saliva which consists of glycoproteins as one of its main components; these glycoproteins contain an abundant of sialic acid. The dietary EBN supplementation has been reported to enhance brain functions in mammals and that the bioactivities and nutritional value of EBN are important during periods of rapid brain growth particularly for preterm infant. However, the effects of EBN in maternal on multigeneration learning and memory function still remain unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effects of maternal EBN supplementation on learning and memory function of their first (F1)‐ and second (F2)‐generation mice. Methods CJ57BL/6 breeder F0 mice were fed with EBN (10 mg/kg) from different sources. After 6 weeks of diet supplementations, the F0 animals were bred to produce F1 and F2 animals. At 6 weeks of age, the F1 and F2 animals were tested for spatial recognition memory using a Y‐maze test. The sialic acid content from EBN and brain gene expression were analyzed using HPLC and PCR, respectively. Results All EBN samples contained glycoprotein with high level of sialic acid. Dietary EBN supplementation also showed an upregulation of GNE, ST8SiaIV, SLC17A5, and BDNF mRNA associated with an improvement in Y‐maze cognitive performance in both generations of animal. Qualitatively, the densities of synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal were higher in the F1 and F2 animals which might derive from maternal EBN supplementation. Conclusion This study provided a solid foundation toward the growing research on nutritional intervention from dietary EBN supplementation on cognitive and neurological development in the generation of mammals.

The new Structural Seismic Isolation System (SSIS) intends to provide high safety for important structures such as nuclear power plants, offshore oil platforms, and high-rise buildings against near-fault and long-period earthquakes. The presented SSIS structure foot base and foundation contact surfaces have been designed as any curved surfaces (spherical, elliptical, etc.) depending on the earthquake-soil-superstructure parameters, and these contact surfaces have been separated by using elastomeric (lead core rubber or laminated rubber bearings with up to 4-second period) seismic isolation devices. It would allow providing inverse pendulum behavior to the structure. As a result of this behavior, the natural period of the structure will possess greater intervals which are larger than the predominant period of the majority of the possible earthquakes including near-fault zones. Consequently, the structure can maintain its serviceability after the occurrence of strong and long-period earthquakes. This study has investigated the performance of the SSIS for the nuclear containment (SSIS-NC) structure. The finite element model of SISS-NC structure has been developed, and nonlinear dynamic analysis of the model has been conducted under the strong and long-period ground motions. The results have been presented in comparison with the conventional application method of the seismic base isolation devices for nuclear containment (CAMSBID-NC) and fixed base nuclear containment (FB-NC) structures. The base and top accelerations, effective stress, and critical shear stress responses of the SSIS-NC structure are 48.67%, 36.70%, and 32.60% on average lower than those of CAMSBID-NC structure, respectively. The result also confirms that the SSIS-NC structure did not cause resonant vibrations under long-period earthquakes. On the other hand, there is excessive deformation in the isolation layers of CAMSBID-NC structure.

Objective: To illustrate congenital cystic lesions of the extra hepatic biliary tract on the idea of information of embryologic development through the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Methods: Patients that were suspected to have been suffering from biliary disease were referred to the MRI units, there the patients were narrowed done to confirm with the inclusion and exclusion cri- teria, thereafter written and informed consent was obtained from them and the procedure was ex- plained to them in detail. MRCP was performed on a 1.5 Tesla in MR unit, using phased-array coil for signal detection. Heavily T2 weighted images were obtained with SSF-SE technique. The axial sec- tions were used for pancreatic and bile ducts whereas the coronal sections were used for the pancreatobiliary tract, axial and coronal source images and reformatted images were evaluated to- gether for the possibility of any anomaly in extra hepatic biliary tract. This was an observational, cross sectional, prospective study with a sample size of 377 patients. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 16. Results: Choledochal cyst was found in 11 of the 377 patients with a gender separate frequency of 6 out of 196 females and 5 out of 181 males, with a total frequency of 2.9% and a p-value at

This study explores the types of acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) and their concentrations in different compartments of different conventional anaerobic bioreactors: (i) an upflow anaerobic membrane bioreactor (UAnMBR, biofilm/mixed liquor (sludge)); (ii) an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR, biofilm/mixed liquor (sludge)); and (iii) an upflow sludge blanket (UASB, sludge only), all operating at 15 °C. Ten types of the AHL, namely C4-HSL, 3-oxo-C4-HSL, C6-HSL, 3-oxo-C6-HSL, C8-HSL, 3-oxo-C8-HSL, C10-HSL, 3-oxo-C10-HSL, C12-HSL, and 3-oxo-C12-HSL, which were investigated in this study, were found in UAnMBR and UASB, whilst only six of them (C4-HSL, 3-oxo-C4-HSL, C8-HSL, C10-HSL, 3-oxo-C10-HSL, and C12-HSL) were found in AnMBR. Concentrations of total AHL were generally higher in the biofilm than the sludge for both membrane bioreactors trialed. C10-HSL was the predominant AHL found in all reactors (biofilm and sludge) followed by C4-HSL and C8-HSL. Overall, the UAnMBR biofilm and sludge had 10-fold higher concentrations of AHL compared to the AnMBR. C10-HSL was only correlated with bacteria (p < 0.05), whilst other types of AHL were correlated with both bacteria and archaea. This study improves our understanding of AHL-mediated Quorum Sensing (QS) in the biofilms/sludge of UAnMBR and AnMBR, and provides new information that could contribute to the development of quorum quenching anti-fouling strategies in such systems.