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To further reveal the interaction between crossflow and jet, single oblique jet impingement in crossflow is studied. The influences of Reynolds number (Re = 3750–15,000), oblique angle (θ = 50°–90°), jet intake mode (jet normal to inlet plane and jet along hole axis), crossflow ratio (CR = 0.1–0.3) and temperature ratio (TR = 1.0–1.2) are considered. For both jet intake modes, with the decrease of θ, the peak value of Nusselt number increases and its location shifts upstream. The Nusselt number for case of jet normal to inlet plane is higher than that of jet along hole axis with wider lateral coverage range. The CR affects the convection heat transfer between crossflow and target surface, and it also affects the interaction between crossflow and jet. Synthetically, the best heat transfer appears at CR = 0.2. The Nusselt number decreases sharply when TR goes from 1.0 to 1.1, while the decline trend slows down when TR goes from 1.1 to 1.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the hysteretic behavior of an X-shaped metal damper (XMD) with an oblique angle, cyclic loading tests were carried out on nine specimens, including two XMDs without buckling-restrained devices, four XMDs with stiffening ribs, and three XMDs with cover plates as references. The test results showed that the oblique angle could effectively increase the stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation of the XMD. When the oblique angle of an XMD with stiffening ribs increased from 0° to 30° at the applied displacement of 8.4 mm, the mean strengths and cumulative energy dissipation of specimens increased by about 80.77% and 80.57%, respectively. Although asymmetric hysteretic loops were also observed in specimens with an oblique angle and buckling-restrained devices, stable hysteretic curves were obtained. This indicated that the stiffening ribs and cover plates can effectively constrain the buckling behavior of XMDs. Additionally, the mean strengths of specimens with stiffening ribs were a little higher than those of specimens with cover plates. Subsequently, the finite element analysis models of the XMDs were proposed, in which the metal plasticity model considering isotropic and kinematical hardening was used to model the material properties of steel, and the simulation results matched well with the test results. Finally, the theoretical calculation method was proposed to predict the elastic stiffness of specimens, and the theoretical elastic stiffness matched well with the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses numerical and experimental methods to look at how well Xar450 and Perform 700 high-strength steels protect against a 7.62 × 39 mm API BZ projectile. The numerical study of the target thicknesses varies from 3 mm to 4 mm and 6 mm. And they are struck at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° oblique angles. Numerical simulation results show that at a normal impact angle, the bullet can break through the Perform700 targets in all thicknesses; however, the resistance performance of the target plate increases with the rise of oblique angles. The Xar450 target plates of 4 mm and 6 mm can resist the bullet at any oblique angle, but the bullet can easily penetrate 3 mm thickness from 0° to 30° oblique angles. The experiment is based on the VPAM-APR 2006 standard. The experiment results showed that the bullet perforated through the Perform700 target plate with a thickness of 3 mm at 0° and 30° oblique angles. In contrast, the bullet cannot penetrate the Xar450 target thickness of 4 mm at a normal angle. The findings of this research are used in the formulation of the design methodology for a light armoured vehicle. Besides, they have considerable importance in the realm of calculating and developing anti-fracture structures for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow mixing through secondary flow is critical for improving the heat transfer of microchannel heat sinks. This study investigates oblique fin heat sinks (OFHSs) under forced convection conditions with Al2O3-water nanofluid under the Re 100–500. The study is referenced with a straight channel heat sink for benchmarking purposes. Five oblique angle configurations (15°, 25°, 35°, 45°, and 55°) were investigated at the constant fin pitch and constant width ratio (primary width-to-secondary width ratio) of 2:1. The RNG k-ε model has been employed with enhanced thermofluidic effect and wall treatment. The findings revealed that secondary flow generation leads the thermal boundary layer to redevelop at each fin, resulting in continuous fluid flow development. Pressure drop increment has been noticed with oblique angles 15° to 25°, and the variation is almost insignificant among the 35°, 45°, and 55° OFHS. The secondary flow rates were found to have a profound effect in all the cases. The 25° degree shows a higher average convection coefficient among all the OFHSs. Also, the convection coefficient varied in the following order for both water and nanofluid: 15° < 25° > 35° > 45° > 55°. The 25° OFHS enables a more uniform water/nanofluids temperature to build up in the streamwise direction than the 35°, 45°, and 55° OFHS. The thermofluidic analysis suggests that the proposed designs have superior heat convection performance than their flow resistance penalty. Therefore, the 25° OFHS offers a promising option for further parametric research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the hysteretic behavior of an X-shaped metal damper (XMD) with an oblique angle, cyclic loading tests were carried out on nine specimens, including two XMDs without buckling-restrained devices, four XMDs with stiffening ribs, and three XMDs with cover plates as references. The test results showed that the oblique angle could effectively increase the stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation of the XMD. When the oblique angle of an XMD with stiffening ribs increased from 0° to 30° at the applied displacement of 8.4 mm, the mean strengths and cumulative energy dissipation of specimens increased by about 80.77% and 80.57%, respectively. Although asymmetric hysteretic loops were also observed in specimens with an oblique angle and buckling-restrained devices, stable hysteretic curves were obtained. This indicated that the stiffening ribs and cover plates can effectively constrain the buckling behavior of XMDs. Additionally, the mean strengths of specimens with stiffening ribs were a little higher than those of specimens with cover plates. Subsequently, the finite element analysis models of the XMDs were proposed, in which the metal plasticity model considering isotropic and kinematical hardening was used to model the material properties of steel, and the simulation results matched well with the test results. Finally, the theoretical calculation method was proposed to predict the elastic stiffness of specimens, and the theoretical elastic stiffness matched well with the test results.

Copyright of Acotaciones: Investigación y Creación Teatral is the property of Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dramatico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The resection in 3D space is a common problem in surveying engineering and photogrammetry based on observed distances, angles, and coordinates. This resection problem is nonlinear and comprises redundant observations which is normally solved using the least-squares method in an iterative approach. In this paper, we introduce a vigorous angular based resection method that converges to the global minimum even with very challenging starting values of the unknowns. The method is based on deriving oblique angles from the measured horizontal and vertical angles by solving spherical triangles. The derived oblique angles tightly connected the rays enclosed between the resection point and the reference points. Both techniques of the nonlinear least square adjustment either using the Gauss-Newton or Levenberg - Marquardt are applied in two 3D resection experiments. In both numerical methods, the results converged steadily to the global minimum using the proposed angular resection even with improper starting values. However, applying the Levenberg - Marquardt method proved to reach the global minimum solution in all the challenging situations and outperformed the Gauss-Newton method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from strengthening crew protective capability from gunfire, the hull obliquity in a light armoured vehicle (LAV) affects its weight and comfortable occupancy. Thus, it requires a critical design analysis for the obliqued hull. The study aims to present the optimal design analysis of an obliqued hull structure to ensure comfortable occupancy of the crew along with its minimum attainable weight and higher protection capability from the gunfire. Three geometric models (G1, G2, and G3) were investigated for the LAV hull's optimal design. The analytical approach was used to investigate the hull obliquity's effect, and the results were validated using experimental data reported by other researchers. Digital human modelling was adopted for validating the space adequacy of the hull. It was observed that the hull's crew protection capabilities from the horizontal strike of armour piercing rounds/bullets were improved almost by half and double for G2 and G3, respectively, when compared with G1. The analytical results are also in good agreement with globally accepted experimental data at reasonable variations. The highest protection capability and comfortable occupancy for the targeted users can be achieved by G3 without affecting the mobility of LAV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing filtering methods for airborne LiDAR point cloud have low accuracy. An adaptive filtering algorithm is proposed which is improved based on multilevel resolution algorithm. First double index structure of Octree and KDtree is established. Then the initial reference surface is constructed by ground seed points. According to the slope fluctuation situation, the grid resolution of the ground referential surface is adjusted in an adaptive way. Finally, the refined surface is formed gradually by multilevel renewing resolution to provide filtered point cloud with high accuracy. Experimental results show that the error of Type II can be effectively reduced, the average Kappa coefficient increases by 0.53% and the average total error decreases by 0.44% compared with multiresolution hierarchical classification algorithm. The result tested by practically measured data shows that Kappa coefficient can reach 90%. Especially, it maintains advantages of high accuracy under complex topographic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic mist vapor deposition (UMVD) is a widely used facile technique to prepare ZnO thin films. The surface properties of prepared thin films can be tuned via easily controllable UMVD deposition parameters. Herein, we utilized an oblique angle (OA) geometry in UMVD system named as OA-UMVD. The angle between incident flow and substrate (θs) was changed from 0° to 45°. Alteration of θs as well as substrate temperature (Ts) resulted in the deposition of ZnO thin films with different morphologies. For mild nozzle–substrate distance (D = 3 cm), fine vertical ZnO nanosheets with length of 123 nm and thickness of 23 nm were obtained for low Ts (330 °C) and small θs (≈ 0°). By increasing both Ts and θs, ZnO nanorods gradually appeared on the surface. Both nozzle–substrate distance (D) and Ts showed similar effect on deposition rate (Rd), and Rd decreased by increase of D and Ts, while deposition rate increased for larger θs. Confocal microscopy results revealed that using low Ts (330 °C), short distance (D = 1.5 cm) and large θs (45°) resulted in high macroscopic surface roughness (MRs) of 98 nm, while high Ts (500 °C), long D (5 cm) and small θs (≈ 0○) created compact and smooth surface with low MRs of 5 nm, in accordance with transmittance results. The ZnO wurtzite crystal structure was approved via X-ray diffraction patterns. The crystallite size in the layers was affected only by Ts, and θs had no significant effect on the layers' crystallinity. Obtaining different ZnO nanostructures with different MRs via easily and accurately controllable growth parameters is a great advantage for our employed OA-UMVD system, which could be used to prepare ZnO thin films with desired morphologies for widespread application fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oblique impact excitation has been introduced in Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA), with the great advantage of reducing the conventional EMA's testing time by a factor of three. One major constraint of this technique is the investigation of the effect of various oblique impact directions towards its accuracy in determining the structural dynamic characteristic. This feasibility study is difficult to be achieved in practice, as it involves a lengthy amount of experimental works using various oblique impact directions. To solve this problem, a mathematical model has been developed to synthesize the FRF due to oblique impact (i.e. oblique FRF) in this study. The synthesized oblique FRFs show great agreement with the measured oblique FRFs in various oblique impact directions, which validate the reliability of the usage of the proposed synthesis method. The performance of the oblique impact testings using various impact angles is investigated. The results show that the oblique impact testing has a high success rate to extract directional modes in many impact directions, however wrong selection of the impact direction will lead to mode estimation failure. Good selection of impact direction based on force and modal strengths are demonstrated to ensure an accurate estimation of the structural dynamic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the impingement heat transfer data, the experimental studies of air and liquid jets impingement to the flat surfaces were collected and critically reviewed. The oblique impingements of both single circular and planar slot jets were considered in particular. The review focused on the surface where the jet impingement cooling technique was utilized. The nozzle exit Reynolds numbers based on the hydraulic diameter varied in the range of 1,500–52,000. The oblique angles relative to the plane surface and the dimensionless jet-to-plate spacing vary in the range of 15°–90° and 2–12 respectively. The review suggested that the magnitude of maximum heat transfer shifted more for air jets compared with the liquid jets. The drop in the inclination angle and the jet-to-plate separation led to the increase in the asymmetry of heat transfer distribution. The displacement of maximum Nusselt number (heat transfer) locations was found to be sensitive to the inclination angle and the smaller jet-to-plate distance. Also, the Nusselt number correlations proposed by various researchers were discussed and compared with the results of the cited references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the elastoplastic behavior of beam-to-column connections with horizontally oblique angles under cyclic loading. We conducted a full-scale experiment and an element test to predict the critical sections of flanges subjected to tensile loading. Four element specimens were tested at different oblique angles. In the element test, strain concentration caused earlier failure of the specimens with oblique angles. Notably, the ductility of specimens with a 45° oblique angle decreased by 50% compared to those without an oblique angle. In the full-scale experiment, four specimens were tested. The hysteretic responses, skeleton curves, failure modes, and ductile performances of the specimens were analyzed. The experimental results from the full-scale experiment showed that all specimens, regardless of the oblique angles, exhibited stable hysteresis behavior and similar skeleton curves. Regarding failure modes, fractures occurred where local buckling developed, albeit with varying locations based on the oblique angle. However, strength deterioration behaviors following local buckling remained the same. A strain concentration phenomenon was observed at the beam end with analyzing strain range. Owing to local buckling, no apparent decrease in ductility with a change in the oblique angle was observed. • Oblique angles had little effect on the behavior of beam-to-column connections. • Larger oblique angles caused strain concentration in obtuse angle zones. • With increasing oblique angles, strength deterioration behavior was not affected. • Fatigue life with oblique angles was similar to that without oblique angles. • Premature fracture might appear at the obtuse angle zone of the beam end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM:To observe the clinical effect of bilateral oblique muscle weakening on the A-V patterns strabismus correction, and dose-response relationship between bilateral oblique muscle weakening and A-V syndrome degree. METHODS: Totally 70 patients(70 eyes)with A-V syndrome treated in our hospital from January 2012 to January 2016 were enrolled in this study, including 28 eyes of A sign and 42 eyes of V sign. All patients underwent bilateral oblique muscle reduction combined with horizontal rectus correction. The changes of the upper and lower strabismus were observed before and after operation, and the patients were followed up for 18mo. The successful rate of A-V sign and strabismus correction were observed and counted. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the degree of A-V and the degree of correction and the amount of residual after operation was compared and analyzed. RESULTS: After operation, the oblique eye position angle difference of A-esotropia, A-exotropia, V- esotropia and V-exotropia were respectively -1.98△±3.92△, -2.25△±4.88△, 2.96△±5.29△, 1.91△±4.67△, the differences were significantly compared with preoperatively(P△±9.79△, 24.29△±8.63△, 23.81△±9.24△, 22.79△±8.95△. After 18mo follow-up, the success rate of A sign correction was 96%(27/28), and the successful rate of V sign correction was 93%(39/42). A-V sign, the more the oblique angle before operation, the more the correction amount during the weakening of bilateral oblique muscle, and the postoperative oblique residual increased accordingly. CONCLUSION: Bilateral oblique muscle weakening can effectively treat strabismus with A-V sign, and can significantly reduce the upper and lower ocular gradient. The upper and lower oblique angle of the A-V sign increase, and the corrected angle and residual volume increase with the quantitative relationship.

• In this manuscript, a new unidirectional SH wave EMAT with oblique permanent magnet for the inspection of the aluminum plate is presented for the first time.The oblique angle of the permanent magnet enhances the guided signal on one side and weakens the ultrasonic signal on the other side. • Therefore, the angled bias magnetic field can improve the focusing ability of the SH guided wave transducers effectively. • It is concluded that the oblique PPM can improve the focusing ability of the unidirectional point-focusing SH guided wave EMAT and suppress the influence of the reflected signal, and then improve the resolution of the ultrasonic signal at the focusing point. • In the study of the influence of the oblique angle of the permanent magnet on the focusing SH guided wave EMAT, the displacement amplitude at the focal point increases as the angle increases while the growth rate decreases. • For the other side of the focal position, the displacement amplitude at that point decreases linearly as the angle increases. We propose a new unidirectional point focusing shear horizontal (SH) guided wave electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (EMAT) with an angled periodic permanent magnet (PPM) in this work. The angled PPM developed here provides an angled bias magnetic field to achieve the EMAT's unidirectional focusing capability. The characteristics of the magnetic field distribution are analyzed by numerical and theoretical calculations. The simulation and experimental results are proven to be in good agreement when studying the bidirectional normalized amplitudes of the displacement of the single-coil SH-guided EMAT with oblique permanent magnets. Both the proposed angled transducer structure and the traditional paralleled transducer structure are performed and simulated using the three-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) to compare their unidirectional focusing capabilities. The results show that the SH guided wave EMAT of the focusing coils with an oblique permanent magnet enhances the signal on the focusing side and weakens the signal on the other side effectively. This performance can suppress the influence of the reflected signal from the unfocused side and further improve the ultrasonic signal's resolution. Moreover, it is shown in the study that increasing the oblique angle of the PPM makes it difficult to increase the signal strength at the focal point when the angle reaches a certain value, but it is still effective at weakening the signal on the unfocused side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic 'overstress', i.e., the apparent increase of strength of concrete at very high strain rates (10– 10 6 /s) experienced in projectile impact and penetration, has recently been explained by a new theory with partial analogy to turbulence. The increase is attributed to comminution of concrete driven by the release of local kinetic energy of the shear strain rate field of forming fragments which, in projectile impact problems, exceeds the strain energy of the fragments by orders of magnitude. This theory gives the particle size distribution and the additional local kinetic energy density, Δ K , proportional to the deviatoric strain rate square. To match test results, Δ K must be dissipated during finite element simulations of impact. In previous simulations, Δ K was, at first, dissipated by an artificial equivalent viscosity (not empirical but predicted by the theory). Later it was found that dissipation by upscaling material tensile strength is equally effective. This theoretically justified upscaling is adopted here since it is more realistic when microplane constitutive model M7 for fracturing damage in concrete is used. All artificial damping is eliminated from the computer program. While previous simulations with the comminution theory were limited to orthogonal impacts, and only the cases of penetration of slabs of various thickness by projectile of one velocity and penetration depths for different velocities, the present study also analyzes further test data on oblique impacts at various impact angles up to 35 ∘ , and on the exit velocities and penetration depths of projectiles of different velocities. For each test series on one and the same concrete, the material parameters are calibrated on one test and then, using the same parameters, all the other tests are predicted. All the predictions of exit velocities and penetration depths of projectiles, as well as entry and exit craters, are quite accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Slope surface is unavoidable and has an important effect on the quality of final fabricated product in the selective laser melting (SLM) process. In this paper, finite element simulation and experimental research on the effect of slope surface with different oblique angles are performed. In the finite element model, the difference in thermal physical properties between the fabricated part and powder material are taken into account. The temperature distribution, melt pool shape, slope surface morphology, roughness and dimensional accuracy are investigated. It shows that the melt pool depth and length are significantly influenced by the oblique angle and the tail of melt pool trends to one side as the oblique angle becomes small. The quality of slope surface increases and the dimensional deviation decreases with the increasing oblique angle. Based on the results, large oblique angle is recommended when designing part, and rotation in the vertical direction is prompted for obtaining large oblique angle when fabricating product. In addition, large dimension compensation and intensified post processing are suggested for slope surface with small oblique angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the impact resistance of the Nomex honeycomb sandwich structures skinned with thin fibre reinforced woven fabric composites, both drop-weight experimental work and meso-mechanical finite element modelling were conducted and the corresponding output was compared. Drop-weight impact tests with different impact parameters, including impact energy, impactor mass and facesheets, were carried out on Nomex honeycomb-cored sandwich structures. It was found that the impact resistance and the penetration depth of the Nomex honeycomb sandwich structures were significantly influenced by the impact energy. However, for impact energies that cause full perforation, the impact resistance is characterized with almost the same initial stiffness and peak force. The impactor mass has little influence on the impact response and the perforation force is primarily dependent on the thickness of the facesheet, which generally varies linearly with it. In the numerical simulation, a comprehensive finite element model was developed which considers all the constituent materials of the Nomex honeycomb, i.e. aramid paper, phenolic resin, and the micro-structure of the honeycomb wall. The model was validated against the corresponding experimental results and then further applied to study the effects of various impact angles on the response of the honeycomb. It was found that both the impact resistance and the perforation depth are significantly influenced by the impact angle. The former increases with the obliquity, while the latter decreases with it. The orientation of the Nomex core has little effect on the impact response, while the angle between the impact direction and the fibre direction of the facesheets has a great influence on the impact response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the effect of channel cross section on the heat transfer performance of an oblique finned micro-channel heat sink was investigated. Water and Al 2 O 3 /water nanofluid of volume fraction 0.25% were used as a coolant. The oblique finned microchannels are designed with three channel cross-sections namely square, semicircle and trapezoidal. The primary work of this paper is to study the heat transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics in the oblique finned microchannel. The experimental setup and procedure are validated using water as coolant in a micro-channel heat sink. Heat transfer and flow characteristics are examined for three cross-sections of varying mass flux. The trapezoidal channel cross-section increases the considerable heat transfer rate improvement for both water and nanofluid by 3.133% and 5.878% compared to square and semicircle cross section. Also, the pressure drop is higher in the trapezoidal cross-section over the square and semicircle cross section. This is due to increase in friction loss of trapezoidal cross section. The results indicate that trapezoidal cross-section oblique finned micro-channel is more suitable for heat transfer in the electronic cooling application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamics of oblique particle cloud in stagnant water. Previous laboratory studies on vertically downward particle clouds indicated the importance of nozzle diameter d o and mass of sand particles in form of an aspect ratio of L o / d o where L o is the length of occupied sand particle in a pipe. In addition, particle size plays an important role in mixing capability of particle clouds. 30 laboratory experiments were carried out to consider the effects of L o / d o , particle size D 50 , angle of release θ , and release height H . In order to generalize the outcome of the present study, both particle size and release height were normalized to form Stokes number S t and release number η . Three classes of particle size were identified for 0 < S t < 1 and a relatively wide range of aspect ratio 0.8 ≤ L o / d o ≤ 40.1 was formed by changing the mass of sand particles. To consider the effects of release angle and release height, four release angles of θ = 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° were chosen and three release numbers of η = 8.5, 13.2, and 17 were selected. Trajectories of particle clouds were identified based on the position of cloud front. Empirical formulations were developed to model the path of the frontal head of oblique particle clouds. Using a theoretical approach, the location of particle fall out was estimated within ± 10% accuracy. Variations of the frontal velocity of particle clouds in vertical direction were investigated and an empirical equation was proposed based on dimensional analysis to predict the frontal velocity at different initial conditions. Mixing efficiency of particle clouds was characterized by entrainment coefficient α e . The entrainment coefficients of particle clouds were computed using the theoretical entrainment hypothesis. It was found that the Stokes number can significantly alter the mixing capability of particle clouds. The influence of controlling parameters on particle−particle interactions can be studied by estimating the drag reduction due to particle grouping effects. The averaged drag coefficients C d of particle clouds were calculated from momentum equation and a semi-empirical model was proposed to estimate the drag reduction of particle clouds. Significant drag reduction occurred in particle clouds in comparison with individual particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transverse vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a near-wall cylinder under oblique flows are studied experimentally in a water flume for both increasing and decreasing velocities. The VIV responses and the wake flow patterns around the cylinder are measured with a synchronous measurement system and a PIV. The validity of the Independence Principle (IP) for a cylinder in proximity to a wall is examined in terms of the vibration amplitude, frequency and critical normal reduced velocity. The results show that the combinations of the gap ratio and oblique angle have significant effect on the VIV response of a circular cylinder. The IP is found to be valid in predicting the VIV response for small oblique angles ( θ ≤30°) and large gap ratios ( e / D ≥0.8) whereas for large oblique angles ( θ >30°) or small gap ratios ( e / D <0.8), the deviations from the IP are pronounced. The upper and lower critical normal reduced velocities for the onset of VIV are obtained for both increasing and decreasing velocities. Empirical relationships between the correction factor of the critical normal reduced velocity and gap ratio and the oblique angles ( θ ≤45°) are established. Based on the analyses of the wake flow patterns obtained by PIV, it is found that the difference in the onset of VIV for increasing and decreasing velocities corresponds to different vortex shedding modes at the initial branch: the 2S vortex shedding mode for increasing velocity and the C(2S) mode for decreasing velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology is the property of Beijing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)