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Pediatric patients identified at increased risk for headache due to ocular refractive errors were evaluated to produce a diagnostic tool called the HAMS score that will help establish the likelihood of headache due to refractive errors.Methods Data on the ocular diagnosis and headache complaints of 726 pediatric patients of both sexes were obtained from the medical records of an ophthalmological service in Brazil (Hospital de Olhos Santa Luzia). Age, use of glasses, and ocular diagnosis were also considered to create an index based on the number of ocular diagnoses in a given individual (HAMS score) to verify their association with the incidence of headache. Once the database was finalized, it was then analyzed to identify the variables capable of predicting the occurrence of headaches, following which a profile of those at the highest risk was produced by comparison.Results Only the ocular diagnosis was significantly associated with headache as a function of sex, age, use of glasses, farsightedness, astigmatism, myopia, and strabismus, indicating the relative impact of each ocular diagnosis on the probability of headache. According to the HAMS score, strabismus is more likely to have headache (5.21), followed by hyperopia (3.10), myopia (2.67), and, finally, astigmatism (1.86). The findings showed that the presence or absence of refraction errors and strabismus is predictive of the occurrence of headache, particularly in a small group of patients (6.2%) where the probability of headache was 57.8%. Such patients were characterized by being younger, having a combination of strabismus, hyperopia, and astigmatism, and already be using corrective lenses.Conclusion The index based on the most common ocular diagnoses (HAMS score) is effective, and it has practical application in identifying children and adolescent patients with a greater or lesser propensity for headaches of ophthalmic origin.

William Jeon,1 Graham E Trope,1,2 Yvonne M Buys,2 Richard Wedge,3 Sherif El-Defrawy,2 Qi-Sheng Chen,4 Ya-Ping Jin1,2,5 1Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3Health Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; 4University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; 5Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Ya-Ping JinDepartment of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, 340 College Street, Suite 400, Toronto, M5T 1S8, Ontario, CanadaTel +416-978-7938Email Yaping.Jin@utoronto.caIntroduction: Eye care in many countries is provided by optometrists, ophthalmologists, primary care providers (PCPs, including family physicians and pediatricians) and emergency department (ED) physicians. In the province of Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, optometric services are not government-insured, while services provided by other eye care providers are government-insured. Clinics of optometrists, PCPs and ED physicians are widely distributed across the island. Clinics of ophthalmologists however are concentrated in the capital city Charlottetown.Purpose: To investigate if more patients visited government-insured PCPs and EDs for eye care when local optometric services are government-uninsured and government-insured ophthalmologists are potentially distant.Methods: From PEI physician billing database, we identified all patients with an ocular diagnosis from 2010– 2012 using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. The utilization of government-insured PCPs and EDs in five geographical regions was assessed utilizing patients’ residential postal code. Of the five regions, Prince was the region farthest from the capital Charlottetown.Results: Compared to utilization of government-insured PCPs for ocular diagnoses in Charlottetown (13.5% in 2010, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.9– 14.0%), the utilization in Prince (22.4% in 2010, 95% CI 21.7– 23.1%) was nearly double (p< 0.05). The utilization of ED physicians for ocular diagnoses was similarly double in Prince (8.8%, 95% CI 8.3– 9.3%) versus Charlottetown (4.1%, 95% CI 3.8– 4.5%). The utilization of ophthalmologists however was significantly lower in Prince (43%, 95% CI 41.4– 42.9%) versus Charlottetown (56.3%, 95% CI 55.6– 57.1%). Similar trends remained throughout 2010– 2012.Conclusion: When optometric services are government-uninsured and government-insured ophthalmologist services are geographically distant, ocular patients utilized PCPs and ED physicians more frequently. Due to different levels of training and available equipment for eye examinations among PCPs, ED physicians and optometrists, the quality of eye care and cost-effectiveness of increased use of PCPs and ED physicians for ocular management warrant further investigation.Trial Registration: Not applicable.Keywords: primary care providers, ocular diagnoses, government insurance, emergency physicians, optometrists

Artificial intelligence is having an important effect on different areas of medicine, and ophthalmology has not been the exception. In particular, deep learning methods have been applied successfully to the detection of clinical signs and the classification of ocular diseases. This represents a great potential to increase the number of people correctly diagnosed. In ophthalmology, deep learning methods have primarily been applied to eye fundus images and optical coherence tomography. On the one hand, these methods have achieved an outstanding performance in the detection of ocular diseases such as: diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, diabetic macular degeneration and age-related macular degeneration. On the other hand, several worldwide challenges have shared big eye imaging datasets with segmentation of part of the eyes, clinical signs and the ocular diagnostic performed by experts. In addition, these methods are breaking the stigma of black-box models, with the delivering of interpretable clinically information. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods used in ophthalmic images, databases and potential challenges for ocular diagnosis La inteligencia artificial está teniendo un importante impacto en diversas áreas de la medicina y a la oftalmología no ha sido la excepción. En particular, los métodos de aprendizaje profundo han sido aplicados con éxito en la detección de signos clínicos y la clasificación de enfermedades oculares. Esto representa un potencial impacto en el incremento de pacientes correctamente y oportunamente diagnosticados. En oftalmología, los métodos de aprendizaje profundo se han aplicado principalmente a imágenes de fondo de ojo y tomografía de coherencia óptica. Por un lado, estos métodos han logrado un rendimiento sobresaliente en la detección de enfermedades oculares tales como: retinopatía diabética, glaucoma, degeneración macular diabética y degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. Por otro lado, varios desafíos mundiales han compartido grandes conjuntos de datos con segmentación de parte de los ojos, signos clínicos y el diagnóstico ocular realizado por expertos. Adicionalmente, estos métodos están rompiendo el estigma de los modelos de caja negra, con la entrega de información clínica interpretable. Esta revisión proporciona una visión general de los métodos de aprendizaje profundo de última generación utilizados en imágenes oftálmicas, bases de datos y posibles desafíos para los diagnósticos oculares

Human tear film, with a flow rate of 1–3 µL/min, is a rich bodily fluid that transmits a variety of metabolites and hormones containing proteins, lipids and electrolytes that provide clues about ocular and systemic diseases. Analysis of disease biomarkers such as proteins, mRNA, enzymes and cytokines in the tear film, collected by noninvasive methods, can provide significant results for sustaining a predictive, preventive and personalized medicine regarding various diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, dry eye, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a powerful technique for analyzing these biomarkers. EIS detects electrical equivalent circuit parameters related to biorecognition of receptor–analyte interactions on the electrode surface. This method is advantageous as it performs a label-free detection and allows the detection of non-electroactive compounds that cannot be detected by direct electron transfer, such as hormones and some proteins. Here, we review the opportunities regarding the integration of EIS into tear fluid sampling approaches., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK); 2232 International Fellowship for Outstanding Researchers Award; European Union (EU); Horizon 2020; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship; Royal Academy Newton-Katip Çelebi Transforming Systems Through Partnership Award; Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers

Point-of-care diagnosis and personalized treatments are critical in ocular physiology and disease. Continuous sampling of tear fluid for ocular diagnosis is a need for further exploration. Several techniques have been developed for possible ophthalmological applications, from traditional spectroscopies to wearable sensors. Contact lenses are commonly used devices for vision correction, as well as for other therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. They are increasingly being developed into ocular sensors, being used to sense and monitor biochemical analytes in tear fluid, ocular surface temperature, intraocular pressure, and pH value. These sensors have had success in detecting ocular conditions, optimizing pharmaceutical treatments, and tracking treatment efficacy in point-of-care settings. However, there is a paucity of new and effective instrumentation reported in ophthalmology. Hence, this review will summarize the applied ophthalmic technologies for ocular diagnostics and tear monitoring, including both conventional and biosensing technologies. Besides applications of smart readout devices for continuous monitoring, targeted biomarkers are also discussed for the convenience of diagnosis of various ocular diseases. A further discussion is also provided for future aspects and market requirements related to the commercialization of novel types of contact lens sensors.

The terms “congenital grouped albinotic spots” (CGAS) and “polar bear tracks” refer to a rare, benign retinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by multiple, predominantly unilateral, variably sized, well-circumscribed, flat white retinal spots organized in groups. To date, very few cases of CGAS have been reported. The authors describe a case of CGAS thoroughly characterized by multimodal imaging over an 8-year follow-up, aiming to provide new insights on the pathophysiology of this entity. This is the first report where a long follow-up combined with up-to-date imaging technology is used to characterize CGAS. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2020;51:236–238.]

To evaluate the long-term outcome of ‘bleb-sparing epithelial exchange’ surgery for dysfunctional filtering blebs in paediatric and adult eyes. Patients who had undergone bleb revision ≥ 5 years back and were on regular follow-up were included. Age, ocular diagnosis, details of primary filtering surgery including mitomycin-C (MMC) usage, indication and year of bleb revision were recorded. After bleb revision, the mean intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medications and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) up to 5 years were noted. On last review, clinical details, bleb characteristics and swept source anterior segment tomographic (SSOCT) assessment of bleb were recorded. Comparative analysis of paediatric and adult eyes was performed. Change in IOP and BCVA. ‘Complete success’ was defined as IOP ≥ 6 to ≤ 18mmHg without use of any topical glaucoma medications and ‘Qualified success’ when ≥ 1 topical glaucoma medication(s) was required. A total of 51 eyes of 51 consecutive patients were studied, among which 22 were children. The mean duration between filtering surgery and bleb revision was 4.54 ± 1.53 years in paediatric and 6.48 ± 3.5 years in the adult group, p = 0.04. Children underwent trabeculotomy + trabeculectomy with 0.04% MMC, while adults underwent trabeculectomy with 0.02% MMC. The mean pre-revision IOP was 6.38 ± 2.80 and 6.51 ± 2.78 mmHg in the paediatric and adult group respectively, p = 0.86. At 3 months post-revision, it increased to 11.81 ± 3.48 and 12.75 ± 3.52 mmHg respectively (p < 0.001). At final review, mean IOP of paediatric group was 10.90 ± 2.59 and adult group was 11.86 ± 2.66 mmHg, p = 0.20. At 5 years, complete success was 68.18% and 72.41%, and qualified success was 31.87% and 27.59% in the former and latter group respectively, p = 0.49. No failures were seen. Kaplan-Meier probability at 5 years for IOP target ≤ 18, ≤ 15 and ≤ 12 in children was 95.45%, 63.64% and 50% and in adults 93.10%, 65.52% and 41.38% respectively. BCVA improved up to 1 year in paediatric group, with continued improvement in adults up to 3 years. SSOCT measured bleb height was 0.88 ± 0.37 and 1.32 ± 0.49mm in children versus adults (p = 0.006) and wall thickness, 0.35 ± 0.22 and 0.58 ± 0.24mm respectively, p = 0.008. Bleb-sparing epithelial exchange is an equally safe and effective technique with good long-term success in both paediatric and adult dysfunctional blebs.

An electronic "smart" contact lens device with high gas permeability and optical transparency, as well as mechanical compliance and robustness, offers daily wear capability in eye interfacing and can have broad applications ranging from ocular diagnosis to augmented reality. Most existing contact lens electronics utilize gas-impermeable substrates, electronic components, and interfacial adhesion layers, which impedes them from applications requiring continuous daily wear. Here we report on the design and fabrication of an eye interfacing device with a commercial ocular contact lens as the substrate, metal-coated nanofiber mesh as the conductor, and

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess factors affecting follow-up eye care in participants enrolled in the Philadelphia Telemedicine Glaucoma Detection and Follow-up Study, such as awareness of ocular diagnosis, availability of transportation methods, and reasons for missing eye care appointments. Methods: The sample included 172 participants who were randomized to the intervention group and contacted by the social worker. Results: A total of 155 participants completed the assessment form, which was used as an instrument to assess factors affecting adherence to follow-up eye care. The main reasons for missing eye exam appointments were feeling ill (38.1%, n = 59) and forgetting the appointment (34.2%, n = 53). In addition, 45 (29.2%) participants were unaware of or did not comprehend the severity of their ocular diagnosis. Common methods of transportation included public transportation (31.6%, n = 49), driving (29.7%, n = 46), and being driven (27.7%, n = 43) to their appointment. Conclusion: These results suggest that individuals in need of eye care may benefit from additional assistance of a social worker regarding ongoing eye exam appointment reminders and in-depth explanation of their ocular diagnosis.

Background and Aim: Ocular biometry has been used to evaluate ocular parameters; however, several factors need to be considered. In humans, age and sex have been shown to affect ocular biometry. The main factor that affects feline ocular biometry is the head circumference. At present, several reports have revealed that canine ocular biometry differs among dog breeds. However, there are no reports on normal ocular biometry in cats using computed tomography (CT). Therefore, this study aimed to explore feline ocular parameters between brachycephalic (B) and non-brachycephalic (NB) cats using CT and to evaluate the influence of age or sex of cats on ocular biometry. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four normal cats were divided into two groups: B (n=12) and NB (n=12). Each group had an equal number of designated males and females. CT was performed under mechanical restraint without general anesthesia and intravenous contrast enhancement. Ocular biometry, dimensions of the internal structure, including attenuation numbers and extra-ocular structures, were evaluated and compared. Results: B-cats had a significantly wider globe width (GW) than NB-cats (p

AIM: To investigate whether the axial length (AL)/total corneal refractive power (TCRP) ratio is a sensitive and simple factor that can be used for the early diagnosis of Marfan’s syndrome (MFS) in children. METHODS: The relationship between the AL/TCRP ratio and the diagnosis of MFS for 192 eyes in 97 children were evaluate. The biological characteristics, including age, sex, AL, and TCRP, were collected from medical records. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to investigate whether the AL/TCRP ratio effectively distinguishes MFS from other subjects. The Youden index was used to re-divide the whole population into two groups according to an AL/TCRP ratio of 0.59. RESULTS: Of 96 subjects (mean age 7.46±3.28y) evaluated, 56 (110 eyes) had a definite diagnosis of MFS in childhood based on the revised Ghent criteria, 41 (82 eyes) with diagnosis of congenital ectopia lentis (EL) were included as a control group. AL was negatively correlated with TCRP, with a linear regression coefficient of -0.36 (R2=0.08). A significant correlation was found between age and the AL/TCRP ratio (P=0.023). ROC curve analysis showed that the AL/TCRP ratio distinguished MFS from the other patients at a threshold of 0.59. MFS patients were present in 24/58 (41.38%) patients with an AL/TCRP ratio of ≤0.59 and in 34/39 (87.18%) patients with an AL/TCRP ratio of >0.59. CONCLUSION: An AL/TCRP ratio of >0.59 is significantly associated with the risk of MFS. The AL/TCRP ratio should be measured as a promising marker for the prognosis of children MFS. Changes in the AL/TCRP ratio should be monitored over time.

Optic disc neovascularization in uveitis is uncommon, and has been associated with chronic inflammations like Behcet's disease, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, sarcoidosis, etc. To our knowledge, optic disc neovascularization has not been reported in tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis. We report three such cases.

Intraocular tuberculosis (TB) can have several clinical presentations, affecting nearly every tissue of the eye. These clinical signs have specific imaging characteristics which help in associating them with tuberculous etiology. This review enumerates the conventional and emerging imaging techniques for intraocular TB and highlights their clinical application for diagnosis and management of specific clinical presentations.

Purpose: To investigate the optimal procedures for multichannel visually evoked potentials (VEPs) to detect misrouting in albinism subjects. Methods: Investigations were done in a phenotypically heterogeneous group of 180 albinism subjects and 187 controls with and without ocular pathology. We retrospectively compared standard flash VEP (fVEP), high-frequency fVEP with a handheld device (hh fVEP), pattern-onset VEP (poVEP), and short-onset acuity sweep VEP. The diagnostic power of these stimuli were estimated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Subjects were divided in three age groups (0.3 logMAR). Results: The optimal stimulus was hh fVEP, standard fVEP, and poVEP 60' for subjects 0.3 logMAR. Remarkably, some albinism subjects showed misrouting on full-field stimulation but normal routing of the central retina, suggesting that not the whole line of decussation is shifted temporally.

To discuss available information on the effectiveness of anti-toxoplasma therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis and to provide clinicians with a practical approach to the disease.Only eleven randomized studies were identified. In the three studies for acute retinitis, there was a clear trend in favor of treatment. In the two studies for the prevention of recurrences, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis was superior to placebo. In the six studies comparing different regimens, there was no statistically significant difference between the regimens. In the setting of acute posterior uveitis suspected to be caused by toxoplasma, serological testing should always be obtained, and anti-toxoplasma drug treatment, and corticosteroids should be instituted for at least 6 weeks. Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis during pregnancy represents a particular challenge.Treatment with at least two drugs and corticosteroids should be offered to patients with active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis. Pregnant women with confirmed acute infection and concomitant acute retinitis should be treated for the ocular lesion(s) and to prevent vertical transmission. Pregnant women with chronic Toxoplasma infection acquired prior to gestation and concomitant retinitis by reactivation should be treated for the retinitis and monitored for vertical transmission.

Purpose: To report the first case of stroke in a patient with relentless placoid chorioretinitis.Methods: Observational case report.Results: A 20-year-old female with newly diagnosed relentless placoid chorioretinitis was urgently evaluated for unilateral paresthesias. She was found to have acute bilateral pontine strokes and cerebral vasculitis on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cerebral angiography.Conclusions: We report the first case of stroke due to cerebral vasculitis in a patient with relentless placoid chorioretinitis. This case emphasizes the need for timely evaluation of neurological symptoms in patients with this ocular diagnosis.

According to the 2015 WHO Global tuberculosis report, South Africa has both the highest incidence (834 cases per 100 000) and prevalence (696 cases per 100 000) of TB of any country worldwide.1 We ...

Systemic neoplastic processes can affect the retina through autoimmune retinopathy. This process may present in a variety of patterns. A novel pattern of paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy has been described.Two patients presented with paraneoplastic vision changes. Optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography were performed, which showed a unique focal retinal change in both patients. Case 1 is a 20-year-old woman with history of cutaneous melanoma. Case 2 is 67-year-old woman with history of breast cancer.Both patients showed a localized area of foveal thinning that corresponded with areas of depression on multifocal electroretinography. Each tested positive for antiretinal antibodies.This is a novel manifestation of paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Previously described cases have all affected the retina diffusely. These cases highlight the need to consider distant neoplastic processes when evaluating patient with similar presentations to those depicted here.

A 71-year-old woman was referred to the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, for an evaluation of decreased vision, worsening night vision, and peripheral vision loss in the left eye of 3 months’ duration. She had a history of right ductal breast carcinoma in 1993 that was treated with a lumpectomy and radiation, with no known metastases. She also had a stage II-A melanoma of the left arm excised in 2011, gout, and hypertension. She denied flashes, floaters, or eye pain and had no history of eye surgery or eye trauma. Family history of eye disease was noncontributory.

[Figure][1] A 91-year-old woman presented with cloudy vision in her right eye for 10 months. She received empiric intravitreal antibiotics without improvement. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed significant anterior chamber vitritis and diffuse subretinal and retinal white infiltrates.

The results of patho- and histopathology investigations by A.L. Prigoshina in ocular tuberculosis were analyzed, including 98 eyes of 67 patients who died from different forms of tuberculosis forms, and 82 eyes enucleated for poor clinical outcomes of ocular tuberculosis (n=82). Results of the ocular diagnosis of tuberculosis in clinical settings by several authors using different methods are also presented (more than 700 patients). Investigation results prove the probability of hematogenous ocular tuberculosis form separation in the classification. Ocular tuberculosis diagnosis by investigation of a surgical specimens is the most effective method, but is rarely used in clinical practice. Quantiferon test is one of the important but ancillary (probabilistic) criteria to diagnose ocular tuberculosis. We recommend a verification method according to indirect indicators with consideration of statistical significance and informative value of every criterion. This method is effective and could be used in any phtisioophthalmological unit.

To characterize reading deficits in infantile nystagmus (IN), to determine optimal font sizes for reading in IN, and to investigate whether visual acuity (VA) and severity of nystagmus are good indicators of reading performance in IN.Prospective cross-sectional study.Seventy-one participants with IN (37 idiopathic, 34 with albinism) and 20 age-matched controls.Reading performance was assessed using Radner reading charts and was compared with near logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) VA, nystagmus intensity, and foveation characteristics as quantified using eye movement recordings.Reading acuity (smallest readable font size), maximum reading speed, critical print size (font size below which reading is suboptimal), near logMAR VA, nystagmus intensity, and foveation characteristics (using the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function).Using optimal reading conditions, maximum reading speeds were 18.8% slower in albinism and 14.7% slower in idiopathic IN patients compared with controls. Reading acuities were significantly worse (P0.001) in IN patients compared with controls. Also, the range of font sizes over which reading speeds were less than the optimum were much larger in IN patients compared with controls (P0.001). Reading acuity was correlated strongly to near VA (r(2) = 0.74 albinism, r(2) = 0.55 idiopathic), but was better than near VA in participants with poor VA. Near VA was a poor predictor of maximum reading speed. Nystagmus intensity and foveation were poor indicators of both reading acuity and maximum reading speed.Maximum reading speeds can be near normal in IN when optimal font sizes are provided, even in individuals with poor VA or intense nystagmus. However, reading performance in IN is acutely sensitive to font size limitations. Font sizes for optimal reading speeds in IN may be as much as 6 logMAR lines worse than the near VA.The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent subjects: 30% of the world population may be affected, with wide variability. However, despite high seroprevalence, the incidence of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is limited to about 2% of infected patients; thus, about one million patients in France may be estimated to have active or cicatricial OT. Microbiological tools available to the clinician have considerably advanced over the last two decades, allowing the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis to be confirmed in the vast majority of suspected cases. Regardless of the route of infection (congenital or acquired), laboratory confirmation of OT plays a major role in the patient's management, particularly in atypical cases.

Objective To describe the indications for exenteration and complications associated with the procedure. Animals studied 115 cattle. Procedures Medical records of cattle presented for unilateral exenteration evaluated at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 1985 through December 2015 were reviewed. Results Median (range) age at presentation for all cattle was 6 (0.2–30) years. The most prevalent (80.9%) indication for exenteration was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cattle >5 years had higher odds (OR = 11.2, 95% CI, 2.8–45.8) for undergoing exenteration due to SCC compared to cattle ≤5 years. Herefords had higher odds (OR = 4.6, 95% CI, 1.5–14.6) for undergoing exenteration for SCC compared to other breeds. Holsteins had higher odds (OR = 140.7, 95% CI, 7.5–2644) for undergoing exenteration for retrobulbar lymphoma compared to other breeds. Complications following exenteration were reported in 15 cases (13.0%). The postsurgical complications were orbital abscesses (6/15), recurrence of SCC (5/15), wound dehiscence (3/15), and excessive hemorrhage (1/15). Median (range) time to occurrence of postsurgical complications was 19 (5–205) days. There was no significant association (P > 0.05) between ocular diagnosis, age, anesthetic technique or the suture pattern used to close the skin postsurgically, and occurrence of postsurgical complications. Conclusions Early clinical diagnosis of SCC by owners and veterinarians may prevent the need for exenteration. Owners should be made aware of the possible postsurgical complications following exenteration in cattle.