Search

Preprečevanje adhezije bakterij na površine je najbolj učinkovit način obvladovanja rasti biofilmov. Namen te raziskave je bil analizirati anti-adhezivni potencial 5 in 50 mmol/L polielektrolitskih plasti poli(alilamin hidroklorid)/poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat), poli(4-vinil-N-etilpiridin bromid/ poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat) in poli(4-vinil-N-izobutilpiridin bromid/ poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat) na bakterijo E. coli. Pet zaporednih plasti polielektrolitov je bilo sestavljenih na steklenih površinah in izpostavljenih bakterijski suspenziji. Rezultati kažejo, da 50 mmol/L poli(4-vinil-N-etilpiridin bromid/ poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat) najbolj učinkovito prepreči adhezijo bakterij 0,4 log bakt./mm2 (60 %), sledi mu poli(4- vinil-N-izobutilpiridin bromid/ poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat) 0,3 log bakt. mm-2 (47 %) in poli(alilamin hidroklorid)/ poli(natrijev 4-stirensulfonat) 0,2 log bakt. mm-2 (38 %). Ta raziskava dokazuje, da polieletrolitske plasti z kvartarne amino skupinami igrajo pomembno vlogo pri preprečevanju adhezije bakterij in zato predstavljajo pomembno uporabo v živilski in farmacevtski industriji ter v medicini., Preventing bacterial attachment to surfaces is the most efficient approach to controlling biofilm proliferation. The aim of this study was to compare anti-adhesion potentials of 5 and 50 mmol/L polyelectrolyte multilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(sodium 4–styrenesulfonate), poly(4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide)/ poly(sodium 4–styrenesulfonate), and poly(4-vinyl-N-isobutylpyridinium bromide)/poly(sodium 4–styrenesulfonate) against Escherichia coli. Glass surface was covered with five polyelectrolyte layers and exposed to bacterial suspensions. Poly(4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide)/poly(sodium 4–styrenesulfonate) was the most effective against bacterial adhesion, having reduced it by 60 %, followed by poly(4-vinyl-N-isobutylpyridinium bromide)/poly(sodium 4– styrenesulfonate) (47 %), and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(sodium 4–styrenesulfonate) (38 %). Polyelectrolyte multilayers with quaternary amine groups have a significant anti-adhesion potential and could find their place in coatings for food, pharmaceutical, and medical industry.

Früher Fremdsprachenerwerb ist heutzutage sehr aktuell. Grunde dafür gibt es viele, im Vordergrund steht bestimmt der Wunsch der Eltern, ihren Kindern so früh wie möglich, zwischen dem 4. und 10. Lebensjahr, zu ermöglichen eine Fremdsprache zu lernen. Auch die Europäische Union setz(t)e sich das Ziel, Mehrsprachigkeit zu fordern und fördern. Das Ziel ist am leichtesten erreichbar, wenn Kinder schon sehr früh anfangen, Fremdsprachen zu erwerben. Das bedeutet, dass die Familie dabei eine sehr große Rolle spielen kann. In der Diplomarbeit wird der frühe Fremdsprachenerwerb thematisiert, genauer geht es um das frühe Deutschlernen, und zwar wird in diesem Kontext auf ein aktuelles und u. a. auch für Eltern interessantes Thema eingegangen, den Erwerb einer Fremdsprache durch didaktische Spiele im privaten bzw. ungesteuerten Umfeld. Aus diesem Grund wird in der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit das Ziel verfolgt, aus dem vielfältigen Angebot von didaktischen Spielen eine Liste von optimal geeigneten Spielen für den Erwerb der deutschen Sprache für Kinder im Alter von 4 bis 6 Jahre zu erstellen. Zgodnje poučevanje tujega jezika je dandanes zelo aktualno. Razlogov zato je veliko, zagotovo pa je eden izmed njih želja staršev, da svojim otrokom čimprej, med 4. in 6. letom starosti, omogočijo učenje tujega jezika. Tudi Evropska unija si je zadala cilj, da vzpodbuja in poziva k večjezičnosti. Ta cilj je najlažje dosegljiv, če otroci s pridobivanjem tujega jezika pričnejo čimprej. To pomeni, da lahko pri tem zelo veliko vlogo igra tudi družina. V diplomskem delu bo obravnavano zgodnje usvajanje tujega jezika nemščine. Obravnavana bo aktualna in predvsem za starše zanimiva tema, pridobivanje tujega jezika s pomočjo didaktičnih iger v privatnem oz. neinstitucionalnem okolju. Iz tega razloga bo cilj diplomske naloge, iz raznolike ponudbe didaktičnih iger, sestaviti seznam najbolj primernih didaktičnih iger za pridobitev nemškega jezika za otroke, stare od 4 do 6 let.

V raziskavi smo ţeleli preučiti, kako na oprijem bakterijskih celic Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila ATCC 33152 vplivajo lastnosti različnih vrst materialov, kot so njihova hrapavost, hidrofobnost in naboj, vpliv različnih temperaturnih pogojev, striţnih sil in prisotnost razkuţila dikloroizocianurne kisline ter mehčala natrijevega polifosfata. V prvem delu raziskave smo ugotavljali oprijem bakterijskih celic na steklene borosilikatne ploščice različnih hrapavosti, v drugem delu pa na površine materialov, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo za vodovodne napeljave v zgradbah. Ti materiali so imeli različno sestavo, hrapavost in mejni kot. Za ugotavljanje intenzivnosti oprijema bakterij na površine smo uporabili spektrofotometrično metodo merjenja optične gostote barvila kristal vijolično, ki se sprosti iz predhodno obarvanih bakterijskih celic, oprijetih na testno površino. V prvem delu študije smo ugotovili, da hrapavost materiala vpliva na oprijem bakterijskih celic, saj je bil oprijem na bolj hrapavih steklenih ploščicah večji. Pri študiju oprijema na materiale, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo za vodovodne inštalacije, pa so rezultati pokazali, da oprijem na površine ni bil odvisen samo od hrapavosti materiala, ampak tudi od ostalih lastnosti, saj oprijem na najmanj hrapavem materialu ni bil najmanjši. Testna bakterija se je najintenzivneje oprijela na pocinkane cevi, najmanj pa na cevi iz polipropilena. Na oprijem bakterije je vplivala tudi temperatura inkubacije, saj je bil največji pri temperaturi 36 ºC, najmanjši pa pri temperaturi 15 ºC. Temperatura inkubacije 15 ºC je na bakterijske celice delovala bakteriostatično, temperatura 55 ºC pa baktericidno. In this study we wanted to examine how the adhesion of Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila ATCC 33152 bacterial cells is affected by the properties of various types of materials, such as roughness, hydrophobicity and charge, and how the bacteria are affected by different temperature conditions, shear forces and the presence of disinfectants dichloroisocyanuric acid and water softeners sodium polyphosphate. In the first part of the study we determined the adhesion of bacterial cells on borosilicate glass coupons of different roughness, while in the second part adhesion on the surface of materials that are most commonly used for plumbing and ventilation sistems in buildings. The materials differed in composition, roughness and contact angle. The adhesion of the bacteria to different surfaces was determined by the spectrophotometric measurement of the optical density of crystal violet dye released from the stained bacterial cells adhering to the test surface. In the first part of the study, it was established that the roughness of the material affects the adhesion of bacterial cells, as adhesion was higher on rougher glass coupons. The results of the study of bacterial adhesion to materials most commonly used in plumbing showed that adhesion not only depended on the roughness of the material but also on its other properties, as adhesion was not the lowest on the smoothest material. The test bacteria adhered the most firmly to galvanised pipes and the least firmly to polypropylene pipes. Bacteria adhesion was also affected by the incubation temperature, because adhesion was the highest at a temperature of 36 ° C and the lowest at a temperature of 15 ° C. The results show that incubation temperature of 15 ° C is bacteriostatic and temperature of 55 ° C is bactericidal.

Uvod: Bakterije iz rodu Legionella so povzročiteljice bolezni, ki jih skupno imenujemo legioneloze. Do okužbe z bakterijami Legionella lahko pride povsod, kjer so le-te prisotne v dovolj velikem številu ter prihaja do pršenja vode in nastanka aerosolov. Tveganje je večje v vodovodnih sistemih stavb, kjer je temperatura vode med 20 in 50 °C. Za preprečevanje razmnoževanja oziroma odstranjevanje bakterij Legionella uporabljamo fizikalne in kemične pristope, vendar so ti velikokrat neučinkoviti ali pa zaradi pogoste uporabe agresivnih razkužil prihaja do poškodb vodovodnih cevi in naprav. Namen: Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv naravnih protimikrobnih sredstev eteričnih olj čajevca in limoninega evkaliptusa na bakterije Legionella pneumophila. Metode dela: Za ugotavljanje intenzivnosti razmnoževanja bakterij Legionella pneumophila pri izpostavljenosti različnim koncentracijam smo analizirali protibakterijski potencial izbranih naravnih izvlečkov z mikrodilucijsko metodo. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da je eterično olje čajevca učinkovito delovalo proti nastanku biofilma pri vseh treh bakterijskih sevih Legionella pneumophila. Najučinkoviteje je delovalo na bakterijo Legionella pneumophila sev 130b, izolirano iz naravnega okolja. Pri MIK 1 smo dosegli 50-% učinkovitost pri preprečevanju nastanka biofilma, pri MIK 2 53-%, pri MIK 3 pa kar 56-% učinkovitost. Najmanjšo učinkovitost eteričnih olj za preprečevanje nastanka biofilma smo dokazali pri bakteriji Legionella pneumophila subsp. ATCC 33152, kar kaže na to, da je omenjena bakterija na delovanje eteričnih olj bolj odporna kot ostali dve. Razprava in zaključek: Tekom raziskave smo ugotovili, da ima eterično olje čajevca največjo učinkovitost proti nastanku biofilma in ima protibakterijske učinkovine. Izkazalo se je, da so njegove učinkovine imele pozitiven vpliv na preprečevanje nastanka biofilma. Razvoj na področju zelene kemije predstavlja obetavno alternativo klasičnim postopkom zaviranja rasti in razvoja biofilmov, saj bi z nadaljnjimi poglobljenimi raziskavami lahko pripomogli k zmanjšani uporabi klasičnih metod ter posledično k manjši mikrobni odpornosti in prekomerni uporabi klasičnih protimikrobnih sredstev. Potrebne bi bile nadaljnje raziskave na tem področju, da bi ugotovili učinkovitost dejavnih komponent na različnih bakterijskih sevih hkrati z možnostjo sinergističnega delovanja različnih eteričnih olj. Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Legionella are the cause of diseases collectively called legionellosis. Infection with Legionella bacteria can occur wherever they are present in sufficiently large numbers, and where water spray and generation of aerosols occur. The risk is greater in the water supply systems of buildings where the water temperature is between 20 and 50 °C. Physical and chemical approaches are used to prevent the reproduction of Legionella bacteria or to eliminate it, but these are often ineffective or may cause damage to plumbing and equipment due to the frequent use of aggressive disinfectants. Purpose: The aim of the research was to determine the effect of natural antimicrobial agents of tea tree and lemon eucalyptus essential oils on Legionella pneumophila bacteria. Methods: To determine the reproduction intensity of Legionella pneumophila bacteria at different concentrations, the antibacterial potential of selected natural extracts was analysed using the microdilution method. Results: The results showed that tea tree essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation in all three bacterial strains of Legionella pneumophila. It was most effective against Legionella pneumophila strain 130b bacterium, isolated from its natural environment. We achieved a 50% efficacy in preventing biofilm formation at MIC 1, a 53% efficacy at MIC 2, and a 56% efficacy at MIC 3. The lowest efficacy of essential oils in preventing biofilm formation was demonstrated in Legionella pneumophila subsp. ATCC 33152 bacterium, which suggests that this particular bacterium is more resistant to the effects of essential oils than the other two. Discussion and conclusion: During the research, we found that tea tree essential oil has the highest efficacy against biofilm formation and has antibacterial properties. Its active substances have been shown to have a positive effect on the prevention of biofilm formation. Development in the field of green chemistry represents a promising alternative to conventional methods of inhibiting the growth and development of biofilms, as further in-depth research could help reduce the use of conventional methods and, consequently, reduce microbial resistance and excessive use of conventional antimicrobial agents. Further research in this field would be necessary to determine the efficacy of the active components on different bacterial strains, together with the potential for synergistic activity of different essential oils.

Uvod: V območju Triglavskega narodnega parka, kjer se nahaja Dvojno jezero, je kljub številnim naravovarstvenim ukrepom opazen antropogeni vpliv, pri čemer izpostavljamo gorski turizem. Opazni so lokalni viri onesnaženja, kot je odpadna voda iz alpskih koč, ki vključuje vodo iz stranišč in kuhinje. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je oceniti vpliv komunalne odpadne vode iz Koče pri Triglavskih jezerih na mikrobiološko in kemijsko stanje Dvojnega jezera, ki se nahaja ob Koči in akumulacijskega jezera Močivec. Močivec se nahaja pred Kočo in ne prihaja v stik z odpadno vodo Koče. Metode dela: Na treh vzorčevalnih mestih smo v obdobju od junija do oktobra skupno odvzeli 30 vzorcev. Pred odvzemom vzorcev smo opravili terenske meritve temperature vode, električne prevodnosti in vrednosti pH. V okviru analiziranja kemijskega stanja Dvojnega jezera in Močivca smo v posameznih vzorcih določili vrednost celokupnega dušika, celokupnega fosforja, nitratov, nitritov, amonija, kemijsko potrebo po kisiku (KPK) in biološko potrebo po kisiku (BPK5). Za vse omenjene parametre, z izjemo BPK5, smo uporabili spektrofotometrično metodo s kivetnimi testi. Za BPK5 smo uporabili manometrično metodo. Za analizo mikrobiološkega stanja smo z metodo membranske filtracije ugotavljali prisotnost fekalnih koliformnih bakterij, E. coli in intestinalnih enterokokov. Rezultati: Rezultati mikrobioloških analiz so od meseca julija dalje pokazali največjo obremenitev s fekalnimi koliformnimi bakterijami in E. colijem v Petem jezeru. V obdobju od julija do oktobra so se vrednosti fekalnih koliformnih bakterij gibale od 2 do 20 CFU/100 mL vrednosti E. coli so bile največje v avgustu, in sicer 14 CFU/100 mL. Največ enterokokov je poraslo na gojiščih z vzorci Petega in Šestega triglavskega jezera, in sicer 180 in 120 CFU/100 mL v mesecu oktobru. V vseh odvzetih vzorcih so bili kemijski parametri pod mejo detekcije naprave, z izjemo parametra NH4, katerega vrednosti so bile v mesecu oktobru 1,64 mg/L v vzorcu Petega triglavskega jezera, 2,03 mg/L v vzorcu Šestega jezera in 1,92 mg/L v vzorcu Močivca. Razprava in zaključek: Obratovanje Koče pri Triglavskih jezerih s komunalno odpadno vodo vpliva na mikrobiološko stanje Dvojnega jezera. Kakovost površinske vode akumulacijskega jezera Močivca je boljša kot kakovost vode Dvojnega jezera. Introduction: In the area of the Triglav National Park, where Double Lake is located, despite numerous nature protection measures, anthropogenic impact is noticeable, highlighting mountain tourism. Local sources of pollution are noticeable, such as wastewater from alpine huts, which includes water from toilets and kitchens. Purpose: The aim of the master thesis is to assess the impact of municipal wastewater from the Mountain Hut at the Triglav Lake on the microbiological and chemical status of Double Lake, located next to the hut, and the Močivec Reservoir. Močivec is located in front of the hut and does not come into contact with the wastewater of the hut. Methods: We took thirty samples at three sampling sites between June and October. Before sampling, we performed field measurements of water temperature, electrical conductivity and pH. In chemical analyses of Double Lake and Močivec we determined concentration of the parameters of nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). For all these parameters, with the exception of BOD5, we used the spectrophotometric method with cuvette assays. For BOD5, we used manometric method. To analyse the microbiological status, we checked the samples for the presence of faecal coliforms, E. coli and intestinal enterococci, using the membrane filtration method. Results: Microbiological analyses showed the highest load of faecal coliforms and E. Coli in Lake Five. Between July and October, faecal coliform levels ranged from 2 to 20 CFU/100mL, E. coli levels peaked in August with 14 CFU/100 mL. Enterococci were present in samples of Lake Five and Lake Six, with 180 and 120 CFU/100 mL in October. In all samples taken, the chemical parameters were below the detection limit of the device, with the exception of NH4, which in October was 1.64 mg/L in the sample from Lake Five, 2.03 mg/L in the sample from Lake Six and 1.92 mg/L in the sample from Močivec. Discussion and conclusion: Open Mountain Hut at the Triglav Lake for visitors, with municipal wastewater, affects the microbiological condition of Double Lake. The surface water quality of the Močivec is significantly better than the surface water quality of Double Lake.

Uvod: Z namenom preprečevanja opeklin za otroške vrtce velja, da topla voda na odvzemnih mestih otrok, ne sme presegati 35 °C, ob tem pa se v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju tople vode vzpostavijo idealni pogoji za kolonizacijo bakterije. V teh objektih je zato pomembno izvajanje preventivnih ukrepov in redna kontrola stanja kolonizacije hišnega vodovodnega omrežja. Namen: Želeli smo preveriti, če imajo vrtci pripravljen Načrt za obvladovanje legioneloz, če izvajajo mikrobiološko kontrolo vode, morebitno razliko v učinkovitosti različnih sistemov priprave in distribucije tople vode pri preprečevanju razmnoževanja bakterije Legionella v omrežju in če na to vpliva vgrajeni materiali. Metode dela: Po pregledu strokovne literature na področju bakterije Legionella in različnih načinov priprave vode smo izdelali delno strukturiran vprašalnik. S pomočjo vprašalnika smo od pozvanih vrtcev v Ljubljani poskušali pridobiti podatke o številu enot, uporabljenih materialih v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju, sistemu zagotavljanja predpisane temperature vode, Načrtu preprečevanja legioneloz, izvajanju preventivnih ukrepov in rezultatih laboratorijskega preskušanja odvzetih vzorcev vode na prisotnost bakterije Legionella. Rezultati: Od 23 povabljenih vrtcev so v 10 potrdili sodelovanje, kar skupaj predstavlja 42 objektov. Večina objektov je starejših od 40 let in imajo vodovodne sisteme iz različnih materialov (bakrene cevi, litoželezne pocinkane cevi, ipd.). V 83 % objektov imajo zagotovljeno interno pripravo tople vode. Toplo vodo v 45 % objektov pripravljajo in distribuirajo z uporabo nizkotemperaturnega sistema. V manjšem številu objektov zagotavljajo ustrezno temperaturo vode na odvzemnem mestu z uporabo podometnih mešalnih ventilov in hibridnimi elektronskimi mešalnimi ventili. Vsi vrtci imajo pripravljen program preprečevanja legioneloz in imajo opredeljeno nizko oceno tveganja. V treh vrtcih izvajajo redno kontrolo prisotnosti Legionella od leta 2019, v ostalih vrtcih tega ne izvajajo. Vsi obravnavani objekti so bili v preteklosti mikrobiološko kolonizirani z bakterijo Legionella spp. Razprava in sklep: Bistveno vlogo pri obvladovanju mikrobiološkega tveganja igra poznavanje področja odgovorne osebe. V vrtcih, kjer izvajajo kontrolo stanja sistema, so bile kontrole sistema v preteklosti nekonsistentne, korektivnih ukrepov niso izvajali. S prenosom Direktive (EU) 2020/2184 v slovenski pravni red se stanje na tem področju ne bo bistveno spremenilo. V raziskavi ni bilo mogoče potrditi vpliva vgrajenega materiala na število bakterij Legionella v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju. Introduction: In order to prevent burns in kindergartens, the hot water in children's collection points should not exceed 35 ° C, and in the hot water supply network, ideal conditions are created for the colonization of bacteria. In these facilities, it is therefore important to implement preventive measures and regularly monitor the state of colonization of the domestic water supply network. Purpose: We wanted to check if kindergartens have a Legionnaires' Control Plan, if they perform microbiological control of water, possible differences in the effectiveness of different hot water preparation and distribution systems in preventing the growth of Legionella in the network and if it is influenced by embedded materials. Methods: After reviewing the literature in the field of Legionella bacteria and various methods of water preparation, we prepared a partially structured questionnaire. With the help of a questionnaire, we tried to obtain data from the invited kindergartens in Ljubljana on the number of units used, on the materials used in the home water supply network, the system for ensuring the prescribed water temperature, the Legionnaires' Prevention Plan, preventive measures and the results of laboratory testing of water samples for Legionella. Results: Out of 23 invited kindergartens, in 10 kindergartens they confirmed their participation, which together represents 42 facilities. Most of the buildings are older than 40 years and have plumbing systems built of different materials (copper pipes, galvanized iron pipes, etc.). 83% of the facilities have internal hot water treatment. Hot water in 45% of facilities is prepared and distributed and prepared using a low-temperature system. In a small number of facilities, they ensure the appropriate water temperature at the collection point by using concealed mixing valves and hybrid electronic mixing valves. All kindergartens have a prepared program for the prevention of legionellosis and have a defined low risk assessment. In three kindergartens they have been carrying out regular control of the presence of Legionella since 2019, in other kindergartens they are not doing so. All considered objects were in the past microbiologically colonized colonized with the bacterium Legionella spp. Discussion and conclusion: Knowledge of the area of the responsible person plays an essential role in managing microbiological risk. In the past, in the kindergartens where the state of the hot water supply network is monitored, was the system inconsistent and no corrective measures were taken. With the transposition of Directive (EU) 2020/2184 into the Slovenian legal order, the situation in this area will not change significantly. Given the limited size of the participants, it is difficult to single out the water supply systems that are most effective. Research in this area would be needed, taking into account influencing factors. The impact of the embedded material on the level of microbiological colonization of the hot water supply network could not be determined. The objectives of the research were partially achieved.

Uvod: V praksi se javne institucije s problematiko prisotnosti bakterij Legionella v internem vodovodnem omrežju srečujejo že vrsto let. Obvladovanje števila bakterij v sistemih za oskrbo s pitno vodo ne temelji zgolj na poznavanju mikroorganizmov, temveč tudi na prepoznavanju dejavnikov tveganja za razmnoževanje Legionella znotraj sistemov. Skrb za ustrezno higiensko vzdrževanje vodovodnega sistema se prepušča ustanovam samim. Največji vpliv na pojav bakterij Legionella v sistemu imata temperatura vode in izbira materiala, iz katerih so narejeni vodovodni sistemi. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti vpliv materialov internih vodovodnih sistemov na razmnoževanje bakterij Legionella, v javnih objektih na območju osrednje Slovenije. Metode dela: S pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature smo pridobili informacije o vplivu materialov na razmnoževanje bakterij Legionella v internih vodovodnih omrežjih. Določili smo javne inštitucije v osrednji Sloveniji, ki smo jih povabili k sodelovanju. Raziskava je bila sestavljena iz dveh delov, pridobivanja podatkov z anketnim vprašalnikom in obdelave že obstoječih podatkov o številu bakterij Legionella v vzorcih vode iz izbranih inštitucij. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da so povišane vrednosti bakterije Legionella spp. identificirali v objektih starejše gradnje, kjer imajo posledično vgrajene materiale iz železnih pocinkanih cevi ter železnih pocinkanih cevi v kombinaciji z materiali iz plastičnih mas. Najvišje koncentracije bakterij Legionella spp. so se pojavile, kjer niso bili zagotovljeni in izvedeni ustrezni preventivni ukrepi. Delež pozitivnih vzorcev je znašal 34 %. V ustanovah, kjer imajo vgrajene materiale iz plastičnih mas (PEX in PVC), je bil delež pozitivnih 2 %. Z raziskavo je bilo ugotovljeno, da je preventivno izvajanje ukrepov pokazalo pozitivne rezultate že ob prvem ponovnem odvzemu vzorcev pri 32 % javnih objektov, kjer bakterij Legionella spp. nismo več potrdili. Ugotavljamo, da je bil ukrep s termično dezinfekcijo uspešen. Anketiranci v svojih odgovorih navajajo, da za preprečevanje prisotnosti obravnavanih bakterij najpogosteje uporabljajo termično dezinfekcijo in izvajajo dosledno točenje vode. Razprava in zaključek: Vodovodna napeljava v javnih objektih oziroma v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju predstavlja zapleteno časovno, dinamično in prostorsko raznolikost. Pitna voda je v tem primeru precej pod vplivom materialov inštalacijske napeljave. Vsi materiali imajo določene prednosti in slabosti za rast mikroorganizmov. Introduction: In practice, public institutions have been dealing with the problem of the presence of Legionella bacteria in the internal water supply network for many years. Control of the number of bacteria in drinking water supply systems is not only based on knowledge of microorganisms, but also on the identification of risk factors for Legionella reproduction within the systems. The care for the proper hygienic maintenance of the water supply system is left to the institutions themselves. The greatest influence on the appearance of Legionella in the system has the water temperature and the choice of material from which plumbing systems are made. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to determine the influence of the materials of internal water supply systems on the reproduction of Legionella bacteria in public buildings in central Slovenia. Methods: By reviewing the professional and scientific literature, we obtained information on the influence of materials on the reproduction of Legionella bacteria in internal water supply networks. We identified public institutions in central Slovenia, which we invited to participate. The research itself consisted of two parts, obtaining data with a questionnaire and processing existing data on the number of Legionella bacteria in water samples from selected institutions.Results: The results showed that elevated levels of Legionella spp. identified in older buildings, where consequently older materials made of galvanized iron pipes and galvanized iron pipes in combination with plastic materials are installed. The highest concentrations of Legionella spp. have occurred where appropriate preventive measures have not been provided and implemented. The share of positive samples was 34%. In institutions where only plastic materials (PEX and PVC) are installed, the share was positive 2%. The research shows that the preventive implementation of measures showed positive results at the first re-sampling in 32% of public buildings where the bacteria Legionella spp. we no longer identified. We find that the measure with thermal disinfection was successful. Respondents state in their answers that they most often use thermal disinfection and perform consistent water dispensing to prevent the presence of the bacteria in question. Discussion and conclusion: Plumbing in public buildings or in the home water supply network (HVO) represents a complex temporal, dynamic and spatial diversity. In this case, the drinking water is considerably influenced by the materials of the installation wiring. All materials have certain advantages and disadvantages for the growth of microorganisms.

Uvod: Sistem zobozdravstvenega stola predstavlja zaprto vodovodno omrežje, kjer lahko zaradi lastnosti posameznega tipa sistema zobozdravstvenega stola, zastajanja vode v omrežju in drugih dejavnikov pride do tvorbe biofilma znotraj vodovodne napeljave. To predstavlja ugodne pogoje za razrast in kolonizacijo bakterij Legionella, s čimer je lahko ogroženo zdravje uporabnikov vodnega vira. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je priprava načrta za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterije Legionella za zobozdravstveno dejavnost. Metode dela: Izdelava magistrskega dela je potekala v več korakih. Po pregledu znanstvenih člankov in različnih nacionalnih priporočil na temo preprečevanja razmnoževanja Legionella v vodovodnih omrežjih sistemov zobozdravstvenih stolov smo izdelali načrt za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterij Legionella za zobozdravstveno dejavnost večje zdravstvene ustanove v Sloveniji. Načrt je bil preverjen praksi in v skladu z izkušnjami dopolnjen in prilagojen. Rezultati: Načrt zajema popis odgovornih oseb za izvajanje dejavnosti ter dejavnike tveganja za okužbo z bakterijami Legionella skupaj z ogroženimi populacijami. Sledi opis vodovodnega omrežja s preventivnimi ukrepi za preprečevanje nastanka biofilma v zobozdravstvenih stolih. Navedeni so tudi korektivni ukrepi, ki se izvajajo ob ugotovljenih neskladjih. Razprava in zaključek: Okužbe z bakterijami Legionella v zobozdravstvu so potrjen, vendar zaradi pomanjkanja neposrednih dokazov pogosto prezrt problem. Kljub temu strokovnjaki ugotavljajo, da imajo zobozdravstveni delavci v primerjavi z ostalo populacijo v krvi veliko število protiteles proti bakterijam Legionella. Najučinkovitejši ukrep proti okužbam je upoštevanje preventivnih ukrepov in dobre higienske prakse pri delu ter zagotavljanje pitne vode ustrezne kvalitete v hišnem vodovodnem omrežju. V načrtu za preprečevanje razmnoževanja bakterij Legionella smo upoštevali način dela v zobozdravstveni dejavnosti, zahteve proizvajalca zobozdravstvenih stolov, največji poudarek pa posvetili varovanju zdravja zaposlenih in pacientov. Introduction: The dental chair system is a closed water supply network. The characteristics of each type of dental chair system, water stagnation in the network and other factors can form a biofilm on the inner surface of water pipes. This serves as a favorable condition for Legionella bacteria growth and colonization which represents a health risk to the water source users. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to set up a Legionella bacterium multiplication prevention plan for dentistry. Methods of work: The master's thesis was designed in several steps. After reviewing scientific articles and various national recommendations on Legionella reproduction prevention in dental unit’s waterlines we prepared a Legionella bacterium multiplication prevention plan for a major Slovenian health care institution. The plan was used in practice for two months and has been adapted and supplemented in accordance with gained experience. Results: The plan describes people responsible for carrying out activities, defines Legionella infection risk factors with the inclusion of endangered population characteristics, and outlines the water supply network with preventive measures for biofilm formation in dental unit’s waterlines. We also listed the corrective measures implemented in case of identified discrepancies. Discussion and conclusion: Legionella bacteria infection is an existing but often overlooked problem in dentistry due to lack of direct evidence. Nevertheless, experts note that dental professionals have a higher number of anti-Legionella blood antigens in comparison to the rest of the population. The most effective measure against infections are the preventive measures implementation, good hygienic practice at work and the provision of adequate quality of drinking water in the home water supply network. Our plan considered the dentistry work principle and manufacturer requirements with the greatest emphasis on protecting the health of employees and patients.