Search

Introduction: We aim to determine and compare the correlation between conventional and digital impression methods for measuring mesiodistal teeth dimensions. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on a total of 120 dental arch samples with less than 5 mm of tooth crowding, complete teeth on the dental arch, no missing teeth, and no fillings on the mesial or distal sides at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Conventional (extra-fast alginate) and digital impressions using a 3D intraoral scanner (CEREC Primescan) were taken from all participants, and the dimensions of the mesiodistal teeth were measured. Using R software, Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlation between conventional and digital impression methods. Result: The pooled correlation for the maxilla was 0.8062 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7751-0.8334] (very strong positive correlation); for the mandibular, it was 0.7645 (95% CI: 0.7165-0.8054) (strong positive correlation), and for both jaws was 0.7863 (95% CI: 0.7581-0.8115) (strong positive correlation). Conclusion: In the Vietnamese population measurement of mesiodistal tooth width using a digital dental scanner can be used instead of conventional plaster models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliable identification of representatives of the genus Sylvaemus is compli-cated by the huge coincidence of external and metrical characters, as well as by the fact that in most of their range, mice are in conditions of sympatry or even syntopy Moreover, identification is complicated by opposite clinal variability in size and geographic variability in fur colouration. The species are also similar in karyotypes, so their reliable identification is usually possible only based on biochemical or molecular analysis. The craniological collection of small mam-mals of O. V. Zorya and collection specimens of the Museum of Nature of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University were studied. In total, 436 speci-mens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus ura-lensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odon-tometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, three odontometrical—width of first upper molar (WM1), length of second lower molar (LM2), length of lower molar row (LM123)—and seven craniometrical characters—length of first upper molar (LM1), length of foramen incisivum (LFI), length of upper molar row (LUM), width of choana (WCH), height of skull including bulla tympanica (HBCB), length of lower molar row (LLM), length of mandible (LM)—made the greatest contribution to the differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Width of first upper molar (WM1), length of first lower molar (LM1), length of second lower molar (LM2), length of brain-case (LBC), least interorbital constriction (LIOC), width of braincase (WBC), distance between incisor and M3 (LIM3), length of upper molar row (LUM), condylobasal length of skull (CBL), palatal length (LPP), greatest length of skull (GLS), and length of lower molar row (LLM) are the least variable metric char-acters. Scatterplots linking LLM/CBL, LUM/CBL, and LUM/GLS appeared to be the most suitable for differentiating the specimens, with minimal overlap of species in the morphospace. In north-eastern Ukraine, the best distribution of mice of the genus Sylvaemus was obtained as a result of the analysis based on both odontometrical and craniological characters, when the correctness of the classification was 100%.

Abstract Aim The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reduction of the distal teeth towards the medial ones in one functional dental group in southern Bulgarian population. Materials and methods The study included 232 Bulgarians aged 20–40 years. Mesiodistal dimensions of the teeth were measured by Dentistry Sliding Vernier Caliper and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Four interdental indices were calculated: inter-incisive, premolar, upper, and lower molar indices. Results We found a decrease in the percentage ratio of the lateral to the central incisors of people from the Bulgarian population compared to those dating from the Eneolithic period on the territory of Bulgaria. Furthermore, we found a reduction in the percentage ratio of the upper and lower second molars compared to the first ones. The biggest reduction in the percentage ratio (more than 6%) was found in the lower second premolars compared to the first ones, which is characteristic for southern Bulgarians. Conclusion There was a dental reduction in all the distal members compared to the medial ones participating in one morphological dental group. As a result, we think that interdental indices can be used for explaining historical, cultural, and biological macro and microevolutionary processes and thus for understanding the origin, formation, contacts, and migration pathways of the different populations leading to ethnic variation of humanity. Therefore, they can be a reliable source of information in physiological anthropology.

Objective: This study aimed to establish intermaxillary tooth size ratios (overall index (OI) and anterior index (AI)) for normal occlusion and different Angle’s malocclusions specific to the Saudi population and compare them to Bolton’s values, which were specific to Americans. Methods: The Saudi Digital Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase were searched systematically to acquire articles which reported OI and AI for Saudi patients; inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Data, including author’s name, publication year, city, measurement technique, number of subjects, type of occlusion, means, and standard deviations, were extracted and sorted. To assess the methodological quality of the included studies, The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was utilized. Results: Of the 1473 articles, eight met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Values for normal occlusion and Bolton’s values were not significantly different. All malocclusion classes showed significant differences in the overall OI and AI values compared with Bolton’s original values and values for normal occlusion, but they did not differ from each other. Gender showed an effect only on the OI ratio for Class III malocclusion. Conclusions: Bolton’s original values can be used in Saudi patients only with normal occlusion. For cases with any Angle’s malocclusion, we recommend using an AI value of 79.08 (±3.4) for both genders. Classes I and II, regardless of gender, have the same OI value of 92.51 (±2.82). For Class III, values of 91.97 (±2.4) for females and 93.13 (±2.6) for males can be used.

Copyright of Serbian Dental Journal / Stomatološki Glasnik Srbije is the property of National Library of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate a correlation between the cusp dimensions of the first molar and mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors in the maxilla. The study materials were composed of dental casts from 29 modern Japanese female subjects with a mean age of 20 years and 8 months. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the maxillary central incisors were measured. The mesiodistal and bucco-lingual crown diameters and the cusp diameters of the maxillary first molars, such as the paracone, metacone, protocone, and hypocone, were also measured. The crown areas and indices of the first molars were calculated. The Spearman's single rank correlation coefficients between the mean values for the crown dimensions of the first molars and the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors were calculated. The hypocone cusp diameter and the hypocone index were the largest compared to those of the paracone, protocone, and metacone cusps. The bucco-lingual diameter and hypocone cusp diameter of the first molars positively correlated with the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors on the same sides. There were positive correlations between the hypocone index of the first molars and the mesiodistal crown diameters of the central incisors. Based on the results, if a large hypocone is observed in eruption of the maxillary first molars, it will be predictable that of the mesiodistal crown diameter of the maxillary central incisor large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the congruity of Moyers’ dental analysis in Pakistani individuals and to make tables foreseeing the size of non-erupted permanent premolars and canines in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Orthodontics Department of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID) Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 and included mixed dentition subjects’ casts. Mesiodistal widths (MDW) of the permanent dentition were estimated and contrasted with the anticipated values that emerged from the Moyer’s mixed dentition examination. Students t-test, simple linearregression and Pearson correlation coefficient examination were utilized for statistical correlation. All data was gathered utilizing an electronic digital caliper and further investigated through IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Results: Dental casts of the 258 subjects, 106 (41%) males and 152 (58.9%) females with the ages ranging 15.825±2.95 years were analyzed. Tooth size contrasts were significant (p <0.05) which was noticed in comparison to Moyer’s predictive table. This demonstrates a bigger tooth size in young men than in young ladies. New probability tables were created through linear regression equations for our population. Conclusion: Moyer’s prediction cannot be applied to the Pakistani population. Mandibular incisors in addition to maxillary first molars are superior in prediction for the size assessment of canines and premolars (cp) that are unerupted in males and upper arch only in females. Another noteworthy conclusion is that in our study sample, in lower arch of females, the width of mandibular molars with mandibular incisors predicts better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reduction of the distal teeth towards the medial ones in one functional dental group in southern Bulgarian population. Materials and methods: The study included 232 Bulgarians aged 20–40 years. Mesiodistal dimensions of the teeth were measured by Dentistry Sliding Vernier Caliper and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Four interdental indices were calculated: inter-incisive, premolar, upper, and lower molar indices. Results: We found a decrease in the percentage ratio of the lateral to the central incisors of people from the Bulgarian population compared to those dating from the Eneolithic period on the territory of Bulgaria. Furthermore, we found a reduction in the percentage ratio of the upper and lower second molars compared to the first ones. The biggest reduction in the percentage ratio (more than 6%) was found in the lower second premolars compared to the first ones, which is characteristic for southern Bulgarians. Conclusion: There was a dental reduction in all the distal members compared to the medial ones participating in one morphological dental group. As a result, we think that interdental indices can be used for explaining historical, cultural, and biological macro and microevolutionary processes and thus for understanding the origin, formation, contacts, and migration pathways of the different populations leading to ethnic variation of humanity. Therefore, they can be a reliable source of information in physiological anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to establish intermaxillary tooth size ratios (overall index (OI) and anterior index (AI)) for normal occlusion and different Angle's malocclusions specific to the Saudi population and compare them to Bolton's values, which were specific to Americans. The Saudi Digital Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase were searched systematically to acquire articles which reported OI and AI for Saudi patients; inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Data, including author's name, publication year, city, measurement technique, number of subjects, type of occlusion, means, and standard deviations, were extracted and sorted. To assess the methodological quality of the included studies, The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was utilized. Of the 1473 articles, eight met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta -analysis. Values for normal occlusion and Bolton's values were not significantly different. All malocclusion classes showed significant differences in the overall OI and AI values compared with Bolton's original values and values for normal occlusion, but they did not differ from each other. Gender showed an effect only on the OI ratio for Class III malocclusion. Bolton's original values can be used in Saudi patients only with normal occlusion. For cases with any Angle's malocclusion, we recommend using an AI value of 79.08 (±3.4) for both genders. Classes I and II, regardless of gender, have the same OI value of 92.51 (±2.82). For Class III, values of 91.97 (±2.4) for females and 93.13 (±2.6) for males can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nacional de Odontología is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The gender identification from human remains is an imperative and significant area pertained to forensics. Tooth odontometry plays a decisive role in sexual dimorphism. Tooth being the hardest and chemically stable structure of the human body are resistant to various destructive effects caused by trauma and incineration while the other skeletal parameters are more inclined to such effects. Maxilla being a direct part of skull bone, maxillary tooth odontometry plays a pivotal role in sex assessment. Aim: Odontometric analysis maxillary anterior and posterior teeth to analyse which teeth odontometric measurement is best for the gender assessment from maxillary cast. Materials and Method: The study group comprised 80 maxillary casts (40 male and 40 female subjects respectively) of dental stone. Digital vernier caliper was used to measure tooth dimensions. These measurements were then subjected to statistical analyses including descriptive analysis (mean), independent t-test (sexual dimorphism), using SPSS software version 11 [p value <0.05]. Result: It was observed that when the average teeth Odontometric index of male and female maxillary casts were statistically analysed (independent t-test), a statistically significant result was obtained (p value <0.05) with increased value in Odontometric measurement for males compared to females. Conclusion: The results observed in this study led us to conclude that the variations in the dimensions of maxillary canine index, maxillary central incisors and maxillary molar among male and female population can be used as reliable tool of sexual dimorphism and gender determination in forensic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The establishment of a correlation between tooth dimensions and body size is crucial within the realm of forensic odontology. While numerous investigations have focused on the association between tooth morphology or width and stature, limited reports exist regarding the correlation between overall body structure or build and odontogenic parameters. This study focuses on finding a correlation between inter-arch dimensions and the body build of an individual. Aims: This study aimed to examine the potential correlation between an individual's somatotype (body build) and the measurements of inter-canine and inter-premolar maxillary arch widths. Study Settings: Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: The sample size of the study was 153 individuals aged 18-25 years. Impressions for the maxillary arch were taken, study models were made and inter-arch measurements were taken using a digital Vernier calliper. For body build measurements, Heath-Carter somatotype measuring technique was used. The collected data were entered into an Excel sheet, and statistical analysis was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Principal component analysis. Results: On using principal component analysis, it was seen that there exists no correlation between body build of an individual when compared to inter-canine and inter-premolar distances. Conclusions: While no positive correlation has been seen between the odontometric parameters and specific body type, it can be argued that this can be due to the cited limitations of the study. Hence, we conclude with the note that a more detailed study would offer more viable and credible results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aimed at applying the morphometric quantification of the canine index for sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian sample. This was an observational study and the convenience sample consisted of 90 adult participants (45 male subjects and 45 female subjects), aging from 18 to 35 years. With the aid of a digital caliper, the intraoral mesiodistal measurement of the permanent mandibular right canine (MD43) and the intercanine distance (IC) were taken by three examiners. The measurements were applied to the mandibular canine index formula to estimate sex based on the morphometric features of human canines. The applicability of this approach for sexual dimorphism was assessed based on the mandibular canine index (MCI) calculated by the formula. The MCI was higher in male than in female subjects. In the total sample, the MCI overall mean accuracy rate for sexual dimorphism was 52.22%. In male subjects, the MCI was able to properly differentiate sex in 82.22% of the sample, while in female subjects the accuracy rate decreased to 22.22%. These results call the attention to the careful use of MCI especially for Forensic Anthropology. In particular, the accuracy of the method was close to the random of a sample that contained both sexes. Thus, the MCI should not be used as the only tool for sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various methods are used to identify representatives of the genus Sylvaemus, most of which are metric. In order to exclude anomalies in further calculations and to minimize allometric variations associated with the growth of animals, it is necessary to take into account age as an important factor of variability. Usually, a number of criteria are used to determine the age and describe the growth of mice: measurements of body and skull parameters, body weight, the degree molar wear, and the weight of the lens of the eye. Length is a more consistent guide for determining the age of mice than body weight, which usually ceases to be directly related to age after reaching adult size. Age can also be determined by the fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis in the bones of the limbs and by the degree of development of the thymus. Most often, teeth are used to determine age. Among such age criteria, we distinguish eruption and replacement of teeth sets, tooth growth in length, overgrowth of the tooth pulp cavity, tooth wear, and annual layers in the tooth tissues. Usually, the age of mice is determined by the degree of molar wear. Some authors do not consider this method universal due to individual feeding habits of animals and other environmental factors. The order of wear of tooth rows can sometimes change, and the degree of wear of the right and left tooth rows can also differ. The craniological collection of small mammals of O. V. Zorya, collected in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, was studied. In total, 198 specimens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odontometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, four odontometric (LM2, WM1, LM2, LM123) and nine craniological characters (LIOC, LD, LFI, LPP, WCH, GLS, DI, LLM, LM) made the greatest contribution to the age group differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Among the features that contributed the most to the differentiation, length measurements prevailed. LLM, LM123, LPP, LIOC, and GLS are the least variable metric characters. It is not possible to divide the sample of mice of the genus Sylvaemus into age groups based on odontometric and craniological character since the ranges of values of metric characters overlap.

Background. Studies devoted to the analysis of the odontological features of paleoanthropological material and modern population reveal epochal changes in dental structures, as well as ethnic and specific features of the population of individual regions. The study of odontological structures of different epochs allows to obtain information about the reduction and its speed, as well as the prevalence of dental anomalies in individual regions. Aim. To identify the changeability of the values of the dimensional parameters of maxillary teeth of the population of the city of Krasnoyarsk, taking into account the time vector. Materials and methods. The current odontometric study was conducted on the modern population of Krasnoyarsk (n=331), the craniological material of the Pokrovsky Necropolis (XVII century, n=73), and the Vsekhsvyatskiy Necropolis (XVIII­–XIX centuries, n=50). The study was carried out on mesiodistal (MDcor) and vestibulo-oral (VOcor) crown diameters. The modules of teeth crowns (mcor) and the average module of dental crown (mcor M(1-3) (according to the modules of molar crowns) were calculated to characterize the dimensional parameters of teeth crowns in each group in order to determine the general characteristics of the absolute size of the teeth in the jaw. Results. Both in female and male samples, the reduction of mesio-distal and vestibulo-oral diameters of some teeth, and accordingly, the reduction of teeth-crown module was revealed. The reduction of maxillary teeth-crown module among the population of Krasnoyarsk of the XVII–XIX is more marked among women. The crown module of right maxillary canine (13 tooth) reduced by 6.41% among women and 3.03% among men by the XXI century. The crown module of 23 tooth reduced by 6,43 % and 2,77% among women and men respectively. Significant reduction of teeth-crown dimensions and modules of teeth 25, 26, 27 by 4,62%, 3,17 % and 1,55% is typical for women, whereas this tendency is not specific to men. Conclusions. The analysis of the variability of maxillary teeth-crown modules confirmed the ongoing processes of teeth reduction. The obtained dimensions of the average maxillary teeth-crown module reveal the microdontia in females and mesodontia in males.

Background: Linear odontometry is customarily used in gender determination which can pose difficulties in cases of tooth decay, attrition since they mainly involve the proximal surfaces. Objectives: The present cross-sectional observation study, estimated the efficacy of alternative measurements, that is, diagonal measurements and cervical measurements in gender determination in comparison to routine odontometry. Material and Methods: A total of 200 dental cast models (upper and lower) of 100 individuals (50 male and 50 female) from Maharashtra state were included. Two Linear measurements at height of contour 1. Mesio-distal (MD) 2. Bucco-lingual (BL) and Four Diagonal 1. Mesiolingual to Distobuccal (ML- DB) 2. Mesiobuccal to Distolingual (MB- DL) at height of contour and at cervical region of the first molars were performed using vernier callipers. Results: Univariate discriminant function analysis showed that, in maxillary molars, MD width gave the highest gender dimorphism of 64%, followed by BL with 62%. In the mandibular teeth, MD gave an accuracy of 75% followed by MB-DL with 73%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overall diagonal and linear measurements gave the highest dimorphism of 81% with 80% correctly identified as females and 82% as males. The mandibular MD, BL and MB-DL gave an accuracy of 79% with 78% corrected identified as females and 80% correctly identified as males. Mandibular ML-DB and Cervical DB-CML together gave an accuracy of 77% and mandibular MD with75%. Conclusion: Thus, the study proves that diagonal measurements give almost equivalent or better results than linear measurements in gender determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Manufacturers have produced a wide variety of nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloys, but the available literature is limited on the accuracy of some integrated electronic apex locators (EAL) used with different NiTi heat treatments in working length (WL) determination. Aim: This study aims to evaluate ex vivo, the influence of different heat treatments of NiTi instruments, and the diameter of the apical preparation on the accuracy of an EAL used during root canal preparation using an integrated EAL and motor unit. Materials and Methods: Nineteen extracted human mandibular incisors were included in the study. The WL control was determined by the visual method. Instruments of Mtwo, Reciproc, Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, Twisted File Adaptive, and Hyflex CM systems, with diameters from 0.25 mm to 0.50 mm, were used to measure WL during root canal preparation. The electrical resistivity of instruments with a diameter of 0.25 mm from each system was evaluated using an Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance (LCR) meter. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The different heat treatments and different diameters did not influence the precision of the EAL (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The heat treatment and the diameter of the apical preparation did not influence the accuracy of WL determination by an EAL integrated with the endodontic motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) comprises a method of sex estimation by teeth that presents controversial results in the literature. Main body This systematic review aims to expose whether MCI can be used as a method of reliable sex estimation. A literature search was performed using the keywords “canine,” “sex,” “gender,” “determination,” “estimation,” “dimorphism,” “assessment,” “forensic” in the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, and Web of Science. In addition, manual searches were carried out on the reference lists of the selected articles to cover the largest number of articles of interest as possible. Studies that performed the measurements only on maxillary canines, scientific conferences abstract books, case reports and literature reviews were excluded. The assessment of methodological quality and risk of bias was carried out based on a checklist for cross-sectional studies and another for accuracy studies. Thus, 53 articles were selected, 13 of which were accurate and 40 were cross-sectional. All accuracy articles were assessed as low risk. Among cross-sectional articles, seven were considered to be of low risk, 31 of moderate risk, and two of high risk. The accuracy of the sex estimate by MCI was verified and, despite varying among studies, the minimum and maximum values found were, respectively, 20% and 87.5% for women and 40.6% and 94% for men. Conclusion The accuracy of the MCI was variable and should be used with caution and as an auxiliary method of sex estimation.

Introduction: The variation observed when studying odontometrics has immensely contributed over time to the investigation of hominid evolution and the population groups' diversity, according to their geographic distribution. The present study consists in the evaluation of odontometrics belonging to commingled human remains found in Academia das Ciências de Lisboa from the 1755 Lisbon's Earthquake. Aims: The first purpose is to comprehend if the odontometrics obtained in this study's sample fit its time and region, through the comparison of other populations in different locations. The second one is focused on the analysis of odontometrics' evolution through time, in the same region. Materials and methods: The whole sample of 1479 teeth was weighed in two different types of electronic scales and measured, using a digital caliper, through three diameters: mesiodistal (MD), buccopalatine (BP) and crown height (CH). Results: The average values of mesiodistal and buccopalatine diameter of upper incisors are respectively, 8.200 mm and 7.021 mm for the central incisor, and 6.296 mm and 6.209 mm for the lateral. The upper canine has an average value of mesiodistal diameter of 7.435 mm and an average value of buccopalatine diameter of 8.016 mm. The measurements revealed a high concentration of observations with values close to the median and few observations with distant values (very few outliers). Conclusion: Odontometrics obtained in Lisboa's sample are within the expected standards for that epoch. Plus, the results captured in recent studies reveal MD and BP diameters values slightly high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. It is important to take into account proximity of the incisors’ and canines’ dental alveoli to the incisive canal during immediate implant to prevent injury of the naso-palatine nerve. The purpose of the work is to study topography of the incisive canal and features of its location relative to maxillary incisors and canines in first adult men and women. Materials and methods. 174 first adult persons: 80 men and 94 women, were research objects. Odontometry and study of bone palate parameters were performed on dental cast models. Incisive canal's topography was studied on cone-beam computed tomography. Results. Distance between maxillary central incisors and foramen incisivum decreases when foramen incisivum size increases and this distance becomes longer when absolute size of maxillary teeth increases. When bone palate height increases in frontal and sagittal planes, distance between foramen incisivum and maxillary lateral incisors and canines decreases. The distance between the apical parts of maxillary central incisors' alveoli and incisive canal increases when number of nasal foramens decreases. The distance from incisive canal to the apical parts of maxillary central and lateral incisors' alveoli increases when canal inclination relative to bone palate plane increases. Conclusion. The incisive canal has a pronounced individual variability of topography and location features relative to the maxillary incisors and canines.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the root canal real length (RL) changes due to the mechanical instrumentation use with different flaring magnitudes. After access cavity, 60 mesial root canals of mandibular molars were randomly separated in three groups: Hyflex EDM (HF; #25/.12, #10/.05 e #25/~), Reciproc Blue (RB; R25), and MTwo (M2; #10/.04, #15/.05, #20/.06 e #25/.06). The RL was defined as the apical limit, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solution was chosen. After the access cavity (RL 1), cervical flaring (RL 2), and complete chemical-mechanical preparation (RL 3), the RL was evaluated. The RL was evaluated by a blind examiner with the aid of a microscope (16x) placing the endodontic file stop at the coronary reference. When comparing length measurements, the RL was shorter before instrumentation than that after instrumentation. A reduction of 0.65 mm (HF), 0.61 mm (RB), and 0.48 mm (M2) was observed. However, among groups, no statistical differences were found (p > 0.05). Under the conditions tested, it can be inferred that all mechanical systems provoked RL variations, which emphasizes the need for constant verification of the odontometry, mainly before root canal obturation.

Teeth are biological structures with a high degree of hardness, density, calcification, and capacity to adapt to extrinsic factors at physical, biological, and physiological levels. Subsequently, they resist for a longer period in deteriorating environmental conditions. With dental analysis, it is possible to acquire biographical data about a person. The aim of this scoping review was to identify publications using human teeth tissues to estimate sexual dimorphism. The scoping review was carried out in the following databases: Jstor, Scielo, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus, using ten search strategies in English and guaranteeing completeness and reproducibility of the phases stipulated in the PRISMA guide. 143 studies on sexual dimorphism based on dental tissue traits were included, of which 40.6% (n = 58) were done in Asia and 27.2% (n = 39) in America. 80% of the studies (equivalent to 114 articles) focused their observations and measurements on the dental crown; 4.2% in enamel, dentin, and pulp together; 3.5% in dental pulp; 2.1% in the entire tooth; 2.8% in enamel, root, and the enamel-cementum junction, and only 0.7% in dentin and pulp. In addition, 92.3% of the studies used metric methods, while only 4.9% and 2.8% used biochemical and non-metric method respectively. For sexual dimorphism establishment, enamel has been the most analyzed dental tissue in permanent canines and molars mainly. Likewise, the most widely and accurately used methods for this purpose are the metrics, with the odontometry as the most implemented (intraoral or by using dental plaster models, digital scanning or software) with prediction percentages ranging from 51% to 95.9%. In contrast to biochemical methods, that can achieve the highest precision (up to 100%), the non-metric methods, to a less extent, reported prediction percentages of 58%. • Canines and permanent molars are the most dimorphic teeth. • Odontometry, a metric method, is the most employed to assess sexual dimorphism. • 51% to 95.9% of sex estimation accuracy can be achieved when using odontometry. • Biochemical methods are the most recommended for highly accurate sex estimation. • Combining artificial intelligence and metric methods offers precise sex estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying species from various confiscated material is a prerequisite and of utmost importance to extend support to the law enforcement agencies in curbing illegal wildlife trade and prosecution of the cases in the court of law. Cranio and odontometric measurements have been used in developing characters for ascertaining species identity from the osteological specimens. In the present study, we established baseline data by measuring the cranial and odontometric variables in differentiating the skulls of three big cats of India, i.e. tiger, leopard and lion. The skulls of tigers were the largest and weighed heaviest among three felids and the lateral profiles revealed very sharp maxilla-naso-frontal suture angle. The skulls of lions were relatively intermediate in size having obtuse maxilla-naso-frontal suture angle with relatively rounded appearance. Leopard skulls were smallest having a prominent canine grooves and convex nasal profiles. The multivariate, principal component analysis using the selected cranio-mandibular measurement data successfully differentiated the three species. The findings of the present study will aid in forensic identification of the confiscated cranium/parts or tooth of these three big cats and open new avenues to examine the museum specimens with the reported cranio-mandibular measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) comprises a method of sex estimation by teeth that presents controversial results in the literature. Main body: This systematic review aims to expose whether MCI can be used as a method of reliable sex estimation. A literature search was performed using the keywords "canine," "sex," "gender," "determination," "estimation," "dimorphism," "assessment," "forensic" in the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, and Web of Science. In addition, manual searches were carried out on the reference lists of the selected articles to cover the largest number of articles of interest as possible. Studies that performed the measurements only on maxillary canines, scientific conferences abstract books, case reports and literature reviews were excluded. The assessment of methodological quality and risk of bias was carried out based on a checklist for cross-sectional studies and another for accuracy studies. Thus, 53 articles were selected, 13 of which were accurate and 40 were cross-sectional. All accuracy articles were assessed as low risk. Among cross-sectional articles, seven were considered to be of low risk, 31 of moderate risk, and two of high risk. The accuracy of the sex estimate by MCI was verified and, despite varying among studies, the minimum and maximum values found were, respectively, 20% and 87.5% for women and 40.6% and 94% for men. Conclusion: The accuracy of the MCI was variable and should be used with caution and as an auxiliary method of sex estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE. The maximum width between the mesial and distal labial transitional line angles, described as "esthetic width" herein, could significantly influence the visual perception of the teeth and smile. This study aimed to conduct biometric research on esthetic width and to explore whether regular distribution exists in the esthetic width of human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 4,264 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured using the Geomagic studio software program. The proportions of maxillary to mandibular homonymous teeth and proportions between the adjacent teeth were calculated. Bilateral symmetry and the correlation between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths were both accounted for during the measurement procedures. RESULTS. The mean esthetic widths were 6.773 ± 0.518 mm and 4.329 ± 0.331 mm for maxillary and mandibular central incisors, respectively, 5.451 ± 0.487 mm and 5.008 ± 0.351 mm for maxillary and mandibular lateral incisors, respectively, and 3.340 ± 0.353 mm and 5.958 ± 0.415 mm for maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. Except for the mandibular canines, no significant difference in esthetic width was found among homonymous teeth from the same jaw. A high linear correlation was found between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths of the same tooth, except for the maxillary canines. Esthetic width proportions among different tooth categories showed some regular patterns, which were similar to those of the mesiodistal width. CONCLUSION. Esthetic width is regularly distributed among the teeth in the Chinese population. This could provide an important reference for anterior dental restorations and dimension recovery in esthetic reconstruction of anterior teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forensic dentistry is an evolving field in legal medicine. In mass disasters, the co-mingled body parts can be misplaced; however, the intervention by dental experts can efficiently sort out the dispute. Understanding the fact that, rule of phi applies to all that exists in nature, in the present study, we aimed to correlate the Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter with the Total Body Height of an individual in cases scenarios where only the skull along with maxilla is the only leftover remains of the unidentified. Material and Methods: An observational study was designed involving ninety subjects comprising 45 males and 45 females of age 25 to 30 years for the following parameters. Total Body Height (TBH) was measured in centimetres using anthropometric rod. Total Facial Height (TFH) was then measured from nasion to gnathion using digital vernier caliper. Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter (TMAP) was measured from the maxillary arch model cast using digital vernier caliper. Results: The Total Maxillary Arch perimeter has significant positive correlation with Total Body Height as well as Total Facial Height of an individual. The regression equation was positively established for the prediction of Total Body Height from the known Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter as Total Body Height = 80.91762 + 0.718777 (Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter). Conclusion: The Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter can be used as a predictive tool in estimating the Total Body Height of the individual where the skeletal remains of the skull along with maxilla is only present.

Background. The study of odontometric indicators is relevant for the development and improvement of new methods of diagnosis and prediction of dental diseases. The purpose of the work was to study the odontometric parameters in men of mature age with different face types. Materials and methods. Odontometric and cephalometric parameters were studied in 103 men aged from 22 to 60 years. The height of the clinical crown, mesiodistal and vestibulo-lingual diameters of the crowns, zygomatic diameter and morphological height of the face were measured, followed by the calculation of the crown modulus and facial index by Garson. Results. In mature men with a medium-wide type of face, the modulus of the teeth crown is statistically significantly greater than in men with a narrow type of face at the canines of the upper and lower jaw, at the upper lateral incisors, at the second upper premolars, at the molars of the upper and lower jaw and at the second lower right molars by 2,94-5,34 %. The modulus of the crown in men with a wide type of face is greater than with a narrow face in the lateral upper incisors, in the second upper premolars on the right, in the molars of the upper jaw, in the second lower premolars and in the second molars of the lower jaw on the right by 2,50-6,59 %, p

Palatal rugae and teeth are genetically determined. Palatal rugae are unique mucosal elevations seen on the anterior third palate. They are the most stable characteristics in the oral cavity. They can be used to evaluate the changes in teeth positions during orthodontic treatment. Also, palatal rugae can be used for human identification, in differentiation of population and gender determination. Teeth are part of masticatory apparatus, the hardest tissue on the body, but chemically the most stable and durable even at high temperatures. Among the teeth canines shows the greater resistance to pathological alteration and trauma. Canines among all teeth have shown the greatest sexual dimorphism and moreover are least affected by caries and periodontal disease these attributes to make them reliable to be used to check sexual dimorphism. The aim of the study is to establish identity of population using palatoscopy and odontometry. Materials and methods: The present study involves 35 subjects between 12-16 years old. Palatal impressions are taken with alginate hydrocolloid and models are poured in dental cast of stone. Results: The data analysis was performed in a statistical program Statistica 7.1 for Windows and SPSS 23.0. Significance is determined by p <0.05. The data are presented in tabular form. The predominant rugae pattern in female was Straight rugae, in males Wavy rugae pattern also the predominant rugae pattern in Class I according to Angle was Wavy in males, Straight type in females same as in Class II Angle classification, Wavy type in male and Straight type in females The mesiodistal width of right canine at females is larger than left canine. The mesiodistal width of left canine is larger than the mesiodistal width of canine on the right side. The mandibular intercanin width in male subjects is slightly higher than the corresponding value in female. All measurements in male were slightly higher than in female subjects. Conclusion: In our study, palatoscopy revealed strong association with ethnicity, gender also with sagital skeletal jaw relation, thus predicting malocclusions that could be managed early with preventive and interceptive orthodontics. Also odontometric measurements mesiodistal width and mandibular intercanin width serve as e good tool in gender determination and should be used as additionally method in sex determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To establish the working length (CT) is a fundamental step toward the success of endodontic treatment. Also, the radiographic examination is one of the most important means of determining CT. This length can also be measured by electronic devices. Objective: To review the literature on the agreement between the CT measurement by radiography and electronic foraminal locators (LEF) in the primary dentition. Methodology: A bibliographic search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and BVS, using a keyword combination strategy and filtering only clinical research. The selection of the articles occurred in two stages: by reading the titles and abstracts, and by obtaining and reading the selected full articles. Results: Seven articles, published between 2011 and 2020, were selected and analyzed for methodological quality and characterized for sample size, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion. They had the essential data to contemplate the purpose of this research. The use of LEF proved to be as accurate as of the radiographic method (n=6), and in one study, the electronic method was superior to the radiographic method for determining TC. Conclusion: The electronic method is effective in determining the CT during the endodontic treatment of primary teeth and is comparable to the radiographic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the root canal real length (RL) changes due to the mechanical instrumentation use with different flaring magnitudes. After access cavity, 60 mesial root canals of mandibular molars were randomly separated in three groups: Hyflex EDM (HF; #25/.12, #10/.05 e #25/~), Reciproc Blue (RB; R25), and MTwo (M2; #10/.04, #15/.05, #20/.06 e #25/.06). The RL was defined as the apical limit, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solution was chosen. After the access cavity (RL 1), cervical flaring (RL 2), and complete chemical-mechanical preparation (RL 3), the RL was evaluated. The RL was evaluated by a blind examiner with the aid of a microscope (16x) placing the endodontic file stop at the coronary reference. When comparing length measurements, the RL was shorter before instrumentation than that after instrumentation. A reduction of 0.65 mm (HF), 0.61 mm (RB), and 0.48 mm (M2) was observed. However, among groups, no statistical differences were found (p > 0.05). Under the conditions tested, it can be inferred that all mechanical systems provoked RL variations, which emphasizes the need for constant verification of the odontometry, mainly before root canal obturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aimed at applying the morphometric quantification of the canine index for sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian sample. This was an observational study and the convenience sample consisted of 90 adult participants (45 male subjects and 45 female subjects), aging from 18 to 35 years. With the aid of a digital caliper, the intraoral mesiodistal measurement of the permanent mandibular right canine (MD43) and the intercanine distance (IC) were taken by three examiners. The measurements were applied to the mandibular canine index formula to estimate sex based on the morphometric features of human canines. The applicability of this approach for sexual dimorphism was assessed based on the mandibular canine index (MCI) calculated by the formula. The MCI was higher in male than in female subjects. In the total sample, the MCI overall mean accuracy rate for sexual dimorphism was 52.22%. In male subjects, the MCI was able to properly differentiate sex in 82.22% of the sample, while in female subjects the accuracy rate decreased to 22.22%. These results call the attention to the careful use of MCI especially for Forensic Anthropology. In particular, the accuracy of the method was close to the random of a sample that contained both sexes. Thus, the MCI should not be used as the only tool for sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the relationship between the inner intercanthal distance and the mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary anterior teeth in a Peruvian population with facial harmony. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study on a sample of 75 Peruvian subjects with facial harmony, with ages ranging between 18 and 30 years, was conducted. The inner intercanthal distance and the mesiodistal dimension of maxillary anterior teeth of each subject were measured with a digital vernier caliper. The relationship was evaluated by simple linear regression analysis. Results: A statistically significant direct relationship was found between the dimension of the inner intercanthal distance with the mesiodistal width of the lateral incisors (p=0.040, R2=5.65%), canines (p=0.032, R2=6.17%), and the total mesiodistal sum of the six anterior teeth (p=0.040, R2=5.63%), but not with the central incisors (p=0.273, R2=1.64%). Conclusion: The inner intercanthal distance showed a direct relationship with the total mesiodistal linear dimension of the maxillary anterior teeth, with the mesiodistal dimensions of the lateral incisors and canines in a Peruvian population with facial harmony.

Introduction: This bibliometric review analyzed the research trends and main characteristics of articles related to Electronic Apex Locators (EALs)., Methods: The search was conducted in November 2023 on the Web of Science Core Collection. Narrative and systematic reviews, observational and intervention studies, laboratory, and clinical studies were included. Two researchers selected the articles and extracted the number of citations, year of publication, journal, study design, theme, country, continent, institutions, author, and keywords. Collaborative networks were generated using the VOSviewer software. The relationship between data were determined by Spearman's correlation., Results: The search resulted in 374 articles, of which 294 were included. Most cited article had 175 citations. The most prevalent journal was the Journal of Endodontics (n = 84). The predominant study design was the laboratory-based (n = 223). The predominant theme was the EALs accuracy (n = 175). Piasecki L was the author with the highest number of articles (n = 11). Only 8.16% of the studies were conducted in deciduous teeth. The country with the most studies was Brazil (n = 46). Asia (n = 107) was the continent with the highest number of publications. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of citations and impact factor (rho = .294), and a strong negative correlation between citations and year of publication (rho = -.710)., Conclusions: The majority of articles were laboratory-based studies conducted on permanent teeth, focusing on the accuracy of EALs. Future studies should prioritize research on deciduous teeth, systematic reviews, and, notably, clinical trials., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we aimed to compare the cusp and crown areas of the maxillary first premolar (PM1), second premolar (PM2), and first molar (M1) in males and females in the Malay population and to formulate sex prediction models. For this purpose, the maxillary posterior teeth of 176 dental cast samples (from 88 males and 88 females) were selected and transformed to two-dimensional digital models using 2D-Hirox KH-7700. Cusp and crown area measurements were obtained using Hirox software by tracing the outermost circumference of the tooth cusps. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests, logistic regression analysis, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves as well as determination of sensitivity and specificity; analysis was performed with SPSS version 26.0. The significance threshold was set at 0.05. All crown and cusp area measurements were significantly larger in males than in females (p < 0.001). The most sexually dimorphic tooth was the first maxillary molar (mean difference, 10.27 mm 2 ), and the most sexually dimorphic cusp was the mesiopalatal cusp (mean difference, 3.67 mm 2 ) of M1. The sex prediction model had a good accuracy, with 80% of selected cases correctly predicted. Hence, we conclude that the maxillary posterior teeth in the Malay population exhibit significant sexual dimorphism, and this information may be used for sex determination as adjuvants along with other procedures., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Aim: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) emitted by smartphones can disrupt the functioning of some medical devices. The aim of the present in vivo study was to determine the effect of two smartphones (IPhone 5S and Samsung Galaxy S5) on the reliability of two electronic apex locators (EALs) (Novapex and Root ZX II). Materials and methods: Twelve patients were enrolled in the present study. Thirty-one root canals from sixteen teeth in need of root canal treatment were selected, after clinical and radiographic examination. The effect of smartphones (IPhone 5S and Samsung Galaxy S5) on both tested EALs (Novapex and Root ZX II) was determined under two different conditions: no smartphone in the operatory room (control group); and smartphones with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth setting activated and placed in physical contact with the EAL to maximise the chance of detecting EMI. The EWL was measured three times per tooth under each condition. To evaluate the reliability of EALs when used near smartphones, all measurements were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test with a significance level of 5%. Results: It was possible to determine EWL under all the experimental conditions. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for EWL measurements in the presence or absence of smartphones for the two tested EALs. A linear correlation between the two different tested EALs in the presence or absence of smartphones was also observed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that mobile phones used in the present study did not affect accuracy of EWL measurements in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare various formulas for idealized proportions of the maxillary incisors to the actual dimensions of natural teeth. The Mondelli formula 1 (MF1), Mondelli formula 2 (MF2), Albers formula (AF), esthetic proportion (EP) for width and height of anterior teeth, and golden ratio (GR) were calculated for a total of 50 dental students (30 women and 20 men) who participated in the study. The following measurements were obtained directly in the participant's mouth with a digital caliper: the mesiodistal and incisogingival dimensions of the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines; the intercanine distance; and the smile width. The participants were photographed, and the smile width was also measured on the photographs. The MF1 and MF2 were each calculated twice, using both direct measurements and photographic measurements. The projected central incisor widths calculated using the MF1, MF2, and AF were compared among themselves and against the actual measurements using analysis of variance and Fisher test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). The EP and GR were analyzed using descriptive statistics. There was a statistically significant difference between all of the widths projected by the formulas and the actual widths of the central incisors (P < 0.05). Whether calculated from a direct or a photographic measurement, the incisor widths projected by the MF1 and MF2 were statistically similar to each other (P > 0.05). The EP values were similar to those reported in the literature. Only 2% of the participants had an incisor width ratio (central incisor/lateral incisor) that matched the GR of 1.618, while 86% fell within the range of 1.2 to 1.4. Overall, the proportions calculated with the MF1, MF2, AF, EP, and GR did not exactly match the actual dimensions of natural teeth. The formulas and the proportions available in the literature can assist in esthetic planning, but the individual characteristics of each patient and expertise of the dentist should guide treatment for each case., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest reported.

Recent progress in imaging and image processing techniques has provided for improvements in odontological research in a variety of aspects. Thus, the presented method has been developed precisely in order to assess metrically 3D reconstructions of teeth. Rapidly and accurately obtained data of a wide range and appropriate density are sufficient enough for morphometric studies rather than tooth size assessments which are inherent to conventional techniques. The main contributions providing for holistic and objective morphometric analysis of teeth are the following: (1) interpretation of basic dental morphological features; (2) automated of orientational coordinate system setup based on tooth surface analysis; (3) new tooth morphometric parameters which could not be obtained through application of conventional odontometric techniques; (4) methodological novelty for automated odontomorphometric analysis pipeline. Application of tomographic imaging, which has been used for obtaining 3D models, expands the proposed method potential further through providing detailed and comprehensive reconstructions of teeth. The current study was conducted on unique material from the archaeological site of Sunghir related to the Upper Palaeolithic period. Metric assessments of external and internal morphological layers of teeth were performed in common orientation and sectioning. The proposed technique allowed more profound analysis of Sunghirian teeth which date back to the times of modern human morphology formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This research evaluated, in vivo, the accuracy of three electronic apex locators - EALs (Root ZXII, E-PEX and FIND) in teeth with vital pulp submitted to biopulpectomy, preserving the periodontal stump. For this study, 90 single-rooted teeth with extraction indication were selected. After positive pulpal cold sensitivity test, pulp chamber access was performed. The cervical and middle thirds of root canals were instrumented with Reciproc R25, and the K#15 file was used as a standard instrument to determine working length, forming 2 groups: Constriction (insertion of the instrument until the apical constriction limit) and Foramen (insertion of the instrument until the foramen and then repositioning at constriction, without removing the file from the canal). The hand file was stabilized with a light-cured flow resin. After extraction, the samples were analyzed through microCT SkyScan 1272, with CTAN software, which evaluated the proximity between the tip of the file to the apical constriction, providing data for comparative analysis using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p

Introduction: Forensic dentistry is an evolving field in legal medicine. In mass disasters, the co-mingled body parts can be misplaced; however, the intervention by dental experts can efficiently sort out the dispute. Understanding the fact that, rule of phi applies to all that exists in nature, in the present study, we aimed to correlate the Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter with the Total Body Height of an individual in cases scenarios where only the skull along with maxilla is the only leftover remains of the unidentified.Material and Methods: An observational study was designed involving ninety subjects comprising 45 males and 45 females of age 25 to 30 years for the following parameters. Total Body Height (TBH) was measured in centimetres using anthropometric rod. Total Facial Height (TFH) was then measured from nasion to gnathion using digital vernier caliper. Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter (TMAP) was measured from the maxillary arch model cast using digital vernier caliper.Results: The Total Maxillary Arch perimeter has significant positive correlation with Total Body Height as well as Total Facial Height of an individual. The regression equation was positively established for the prediction of Total Body Height from the known Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter as Total Body Height = 80.91762 + 0.718777 (Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter).Conclusion: The Total Maxillary Arch Perimeter can be used as a predictive tool in estimating the Total Body Height of the individual where the skeletal remains of the skull along with maxilla is only present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification is the first step in cases of death investigation. Although it is mostly performed by visual methods in forensic cases, sometimes it is not possible due to the condition of the body. In cases that the body is highly degraded, decomposed or skeletonized, identification becomes a difficult, multidisciplinary procedure. Mostly, the first stage of the identification is sex determination. In the presence of entire skeleton, sex determination is easy due to the bones, that represents high sexual dimorphism but otherwise it is challenging especially in the absence of skull and pelvis. As teeth are the most durable part of our body, in cases of explosion, fire or similarly extreme conditions, they are the only evidence left to be evaluated. Determination of gender from tooth samples is performed with odontometry and DNA analysis. Odontometric sexual dimorphism has been detected at different rates in different populations. The aim of the current study is to evaluate if the sexual dimorphism rates in Turkish population is applicable for forensic cases. The results of the odontometric analysis performed using 110 tooth samples exracted at Ankara Hospital, Oral and Dental Health Center were compared with the Turkish population data, and the success rates in terms of sex determination were found to be 40%, for male and 71.67% for female for the mesiodistal (MD) dimension, and 42% for male and 78.33% for female for buccolingual (BL) dimension. As a result, odontometric analysis performed on tooth samples of unknown age, sex and health status do not give adequate sex determination rates to be used in forensic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective was to develop an odontometric technique for sex estimation based on dental measurements from adult individuals, and to evaluate its applicability and reliability for diagnosis of sex of nonadult skeletal remains. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on the permanent dentition of 132 individuals (70 males, 62 females) from the identified human skeletal collection of the Certosa Cemetery (Bologna, Italy) of the University of Bologna. Binary logistic regression equations were developed based on dental measurements of the permanent teeth of the adult individuals, and these equations were subsequently applied to the permanent dentition of nonadult individuals to estimate their sex. Results: These data show that the canine teeth of both the maxilla and mandible are the most sexually dimorphic teeth in adults, followed by the mandibular second molar, maxillary and mandibular second and first premolars, and mandibular first molar. These data provided correct assignment of sex in 80.4–94.9% of cases, which depended on the measurements used. Of the 26 nonadult individuals of the experimental sample, sex diagnosis was possible for 22, which represented an applicability rate of 84.6% of the individuals. Comparing the sex of these 22 nonadult individuals estimated by odontometrics with the known biological sex, correct assignment was obtained in 90.9% of cases. Conclusion: As a method of sex estimation, odontometric analysis of permanent dentition can be used successfully for nonadult human skeletal remains in both forensic and archeological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth size, being the effect of interaction of genetic and prenatal factors, could be of importance in interpreting the multifactor causes of cleft lip/palate. Publications indicating decreased tooth parameters, no dental differences, or larger dimensions of teeth in cleft lip/palate patients. Researchers report mostly mesiodistal (MD) measurements of maxillary (affected) teeth. There is a lack of data for buccolingual (BL) diameters. Both MD and BL parameters have influence on the planning and performance of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this paper was to assess differences in mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth dimensions in Polish children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in comparison to patients without oral clefts. A total of 1883 permanent teeth, 1182 teeth of UCLP patients and 701 teeth of healthy participants were analyzed. Tooth diameters were performed using an orthodontic cast of dentition with a digital odontometer. The greatest anomalies were found in both maxillary canines and consisted of their reduced mesiodistal dimension and increased buccolingual dimension, resulting in a pathologically high crown shape index (BL/MD). Conclusion can be drawn that unilateral cleft lip and palate is a condition that causes morphological disturbances of varying severity in most mandibular and maxillary teeth both on the cleft and non-cleft sides.

Background/Aim. Determination of correct working length is one of the keys to success in root canal treatment. It provides efficient canal cleaning and shaping, a three-dimensional chermetic obturation and an optimal healing procees following root apex formation. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the accuracy and applicability of working lengths determined in permanent immature teeth in vivo using different clinical methods. Methods. The research was conducted at the Dental Clinic of Vojvodina in Novi Sad, the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. A sample of 30 canals of young permanent teeth were selected for the research. Inclusion criteria were: a need for endodontic treatmant, young permanent teeth, teeth with incomplete apex formation according to Demirijans stages F and G determined on radiography. Exclusion criteria: more than 3 years from eruption, pathological and iatrogenic resorption of the apex. The canal lenght was measured first on the initial radiograph used later as the parameter for comparison with various clinical methods. Results. The greatest average difference of measured working lengths was found by using electroodontometry and the paper point method afterwards. Regarding individual measurements, the most unprecise reading was with electroodontometry and tactile method up to 5 mm difference, and 4.6 mm was the maximal deviation for radiographic method. A deviation was defined by matching the measurements with a canal length measured on the initial radiograph. Our results showed that there was a difference between observed methods, although there was no statistical significance. Conclusion. The radiographic method and tactile method stand out as dominant methods for odontometry in permanent immature teeth, thanks to highly accurate readings, while the electroodontometry is considered the most unreliable method for determining working length in immature permanent teeth.

Background/Aim. Knowledge of numerous variations in anatomical features of furcation area is a prerequisite for the achievement of more predictable results in the therapy of multi-rooted teeth with furcation involvement (FI). The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of extracted molars of adult population in Belgrade, Serbia. Methods. In total, 468 extracted first and second molars, both mandibular and maxillary, were measured. The values of root trunk lengths and root lengths, diameter of furcation entrances (FE), distance between the roots and depth of root concavity were analysed. Results. The maxillary first molars had significantly higher root trunk lengths values than the second molars. As for the mandibular molars, FE was smaller than 1 mm. The distance between the roots was more than 2 mm at the third level of measurement. Conclusion. The buccal FE of maxillary molars was the lowest. The root concavity of the second mandibular molars was higher from the lingual aspect.

The aim of this study was to apply the morphometric quantification of the canine index for sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian sample. The sample consisted of 90 participants (45 males and 45 females) aged between 18 and 35 years. With the aid of a digital caliper, the intraoral mesio-distal measurement of the permanent mandibular right canine (MD43) and the intercanine distance (IC) were taken by three examiners. The measurements were used in a formula established by Rao, Rao, Pai e Kotian (1989) to estimate sex based on morphometric features of the human canines. The applicability of this approach for sexual dimorphism was assessed based on the inherent mandibular canine index (MCI) calculated by the formula. The MCI was higher in males than females. The mean general accuracy rate of the MCI for sexual dimorphism in the total sample was 52.22%. In males, the MCI was able to properly distinguish sex in 82.22% of the sample, while in females the accuracy decreased to 22.22%. These outcomes raise the attention for the careful use of the MCI in practice – especially in the field of Forensic Anthropology. In particular, the accuracy of the method was close to random in a sample that contained both sexes. Thus, MCI should not be used as the only tool for sexual dimorphism.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Edentulous patients require accurate positioning of artificial maxillary anterior teeth in complete dentures to recover the esthetic and phonetic characteristics. This positioning is guided by measuring distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) in dentate subjects which varies according to the ovoid, square and tapered maxillary arch forms. Objectives: 1- To determine the frequency of three different arch forms in dentate patients; 2- To assess the mean distance between central incisor and incisive papilla in each of the three maxillary arch forms. METHODOLOGY: 130 cases were selected by non-probability consecutive sampling, which included both genders and age range of 20-40 years. Impressions of maxillary arches were recorded and their casts photocopied. Arch form template was used to standardize the assessment of arch forms by best-fit method on the photocopies. The distance between mesio-incisal edge of CI and posterior border of IP was measured with digital verniercalipers (SparkFun,Colorado). RESULTS: Out of 130 subjects, 54 males and 76 females were present. The ovoid arch form was the most frequent form recorded at 67% (n=87) while the tapered arch was the least at 14% (n=18). The overall mean distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) was 11.34mm (7.58mm - 16.45mm). The mean distance was the highest for ovoid arch form (11.58mm) and lowest for square (10.49) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.016) between the two arch forms. CONCLUSION: The ovoid arch was the most frequent arch form found in dentate subjects. The mean distance recorded was highest for ovoid arch followed by tapering arch and least for square arches.

This research evaluated, in vivo, the accuracy of three electronic apex locators - EALs (Root ZXII, E-PEX and FIND) in teeth with vital pulp submitted to biopulpectomy, preserving the periodontal stump. For this study, 90 single-rooted teeth with extraction indication were selected. After positive pulpal cold sensitivity test, pulp chamber access was performed. The cervical and middle thirds of root canals were instrumented with Reciproc R25, and the K#15 file was used as a standard instrument to determine working length, forming 2 groups: Constriction (insertion of the instrument until the apical constriction limit) and Foramen (insertion of the instrument until the foramen and then repositioning at constriction, without removing the file from the canal). The hand file was stabilized with a light-cured flow resin. After extraction, the samples were analyzed through microCT SkyScan 1272, with CTAN software, which evaluated the proximity between the tip of the file to the apical constriction, providing data for comparative analysis using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the abilities of the EALs to detect the apical constriction after reaching the foramen with Root ZX II showing higher accuracy (89%). However, there was no difference in the accuracy of the three EALs in detecting the apical constriction without reaching the foramen. Based on the present results, we conclude that EALs may show accurate measures in detecting apical constriction and foramen, even without damaging the periodontal stump in biopulpectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]