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This paper discusses the quantitative bibliographic data derived from scientific publications on Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) subjected to elevated temperature, the influence of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties, particularly the compressive strength and microstructure behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) mixtures based on the review of previous pieces of literature. Systematic literature reviews were employed as the methodology in this study. The age of related publications selected to be reviewed was limited to publications for the past ten years, 2010 to December 2020. It was found from available research that exposure of the ECC specimen at the elevated temperature starting from 200oC significantly reduced the compressive strength when the temperature increases, melting of fiber and increase of porosity causes the dramatically increase micro-cracks.

Research on Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) is overwhelming owing to its wide structural applications that can serve multi-functional purposes in civil and nvironmental infrastructures. Compared to other high-performance fiber reinforced concrete, ECC yields superior tensile ductility and multiple cracking behaviors when subjected to tensile loadings even with low to moderate volume of fibers. This paper presents the flexural properties of ECC made of cement, an industrial by-product, such as ground granulated blast-furnace slags (GGBS), local silica sand, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, water, and superplasticizer (SP). Two series of ECC mixtures (ECC-G50 series and ECC-G60 series) and one control mixture were designed. The effect of two different fiber contents in volume fraction was investigated for the two series of ECC mixtures. The compression and flexural tests were conducted on ECC and control specimens after 28 days of curing. A compression test revealed that almost all ECC mixtures improved compressive strength between 20% to 30% compared to the control specimens. In addition, all ECC plate specimens demonstrated excellent strain-hardening states (i.e., displacement capacity at least ten times greater than the control specimens) and multiple fine-cracks failure modes after the three-point bending test. The increase in fiber content slightly reduced the compressive strength but enhanced the flexural behavior of the ECC-G50 series. However, this observation is not discovered in the ECC-G60 series. Outcomes of this research assist material scientists on the content of PVA fiber and GGBS used in making ECC.

Rapid innovations in the ever-expanding area of the construction sector have turned into such a self-compacting concrete investigation (SCC). As a result of the effect on financial and ecological values, the importance of such innovation is expanding quickly. Many researchers have improved the efficiency of the present SCC using industrial materials. Pertinently, substituting cement with surplus material in the manufacture of concrete is environmentally sustainable. Eggshell has become one of the possible alternatives for cementitious material because it encompasses a compound of calcium. Such endeavour is primarily driven by the restriction of landfill sites and the desire to decrease the warming effect. This study describes the failure behaviour and cracks characteristics of SCC beams comprising eggshells under flexural assessment. In order to measure its compressive strength, an SCC mixture encompassing eggshells was developed and evaluated. The ultimate flexural strength and propagation of cracks were discussed for SCC beams tested under flexural using a various a/d (shear span to an effective depth) ratio. The SCC beams crack widths were also validated with Eurocode2. When loads are placed close to supports (lower a/d ratio), the results show that SCC beams can sustain a higher load with improved deflection control. The finding among all SCC beam assessments unveiled that the initial value of experimental crack width was significantly less than the 0.3mm maximum crack control limit delineated by Eurocode2 (EN 1992-1-1, 2004). Various kinds of crack characteristics have also been detected in SCC beam specimens marked as flexural, shear, and combination of shear-flexural cracks.

This research focuses on the mechanical properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). Few ECC mixtures were designed and tested under direct tensile test and compression test. The novelty of this research is the utilization of available local materials in Malaysia, which is significantly different from the ingredients employed by previous researchers in the US, Japan and other countries. The ingredients used for ECC mixtures in this research were Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), sand, water, superplasticizer (SP) and polypropylene (PP) fibers. Local ingredients such as river sand and GGBS were used to replace micro silica sand and fly ash in the standard mix of ECC. Test results demonstrated that tensile ductility and compressive strength in ECC improved as compared to normal concrete. The effect of cement replacement ratio and fibres content are discussed based on the performance in both tensile and compressive properties. Comparison with previous studies was carried out to identify the weaknesses of the current ECC mixture, so that improvement can be done in future studies. The best ECC mixture is proposed according to the performance in mechanical properties.

This paper deals with the bearing capacity of the unreinforced and reinforced bridge concrete pedestals/concrete blocks when concentrically loaded through square steel plate under axial compressive loading. It is well known that the presence of the lateral reinforcement gave a higher value of bearing capacity of concrete block. The main purpose of this study is to determine the ultimate bearing strength and observed the failure modes of confining reinforcement on the bearing strength of concrete blocks. A total of nine numbers of specimens with three different types of concrete pedestals was experimentally investigated. There are three specimens of concrete pedestals reinforced with ties, three specimens of concrete pedestals reinforced with spirals and three plain concrete pedestal. The use of square steel plate helps in determining the bearing capacity when concentrically loaded on top of the specimen. Experimental results indicate that the reinforced concrete blocks with spirals and ties gave larger bearing capacities than unreinforced concrete blocks. While the concrete block with higher steel percentage gave a slightly higher bearing capacity. The modes of failure between reinforced and unreinforced concrete blocks were differ between each other as the inverted pyramid and a conical shape failure occurs in the plain concrete block, while reinforced concrete block mostly gave a splitting crack on the outside of the lateral reinforcements.

Large heavy force transfers over a limited area of concrete surface can cause high concentrated stresses due to contact interaction of steel bearing plate on concrete surfaces has been highlighted in designing the bearing strength of concrete. For concrete bearing, the bearing capacity increases due to confining pressure provided by a steel bearing plate. The bearing capacity of concrete can be greater than its compression strength depends on the concrete to steel area (Ac/As) ratio. The steel bearing plate acted as load dispersing plate in the load transfer members. The present study examines the confinement effect for CFRP wrapping to load-bearing capacity of concrete. Six numbers of concrete cube blocks of 150 mm3 were loaded through the steel bearing plate with sizing of 100 mm2 up to failure level under vertical load. The significant effect of external reinforcement of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) to concrete bearing was examined. The experimental results indicate that the structural performance of concrete bearing wrapping using CFRP provides additional lateral confinement can increase bearing capacity of concrete.

The Engineering Accreditation Council Standard 2020 requires the stipulated 12 programme outcomes that address complex engineering problems (CEP) and complex engineering activities (CEA) to be incorporated in the engineering programmes. However, the implementation of outcome-based education with regards to CEP and CEA is still in the infancy stage. This study was carried out to give an overview of the implementation of complex engineering problems and activities in Malaysian engineering programmes in relation to the types of assessment used to address CEP and CEA, and the typical weightage and taxonomy level of CEP and CEA employed in these assessments. A survey questionnaire was administered to 256 engineering educators from 25 universities to enquire about the implementation of CEP and CEA in their engineering programmes, particularly in the online teaching and learning during the Covid19 pandemic. The findings showed that most of the programmes addressed complex engineering problems in assignments or projects as compared to final examinations or mid-term tests. Complex engineering activities were found to be addressed in Final Year Project, Industrial Training and Integrated Design Project and laboratory courses. The findings in this study could act as a guideline for educators to enhance the teaching and learning activities incorporating CEP and CEA elements, and hence facilitating the continual quality improvement for an engineering programme. Keywords: Complex Engineering Problems, Complex Engineering Activity, Engineering Accreditation Council, Outcome-Based Education

In this paper, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) project in Structural Engineering subject is discussed. FEA course is normally offered as one of the engineering subjects. Nowadays, many softwares are available with so many features and variations of analysis when it comes to FEA. And, it has always been a challenge for educators, in finding suitable examples and tutorials to deliver the course concept. Hence, the planned project in this course is expected to familiarize the students with the various important tools and fundamental concept in understanding the subject. Truss analysis is purposely chosen to accomplish this task. Not only the structural engineering analysis concept is applied, but it will also be used in Truss Bridge Model Competition. This project is also one of the examples to show the linkage between academic knowledge and industrial needs. Thus, it is also hoped that, the skills gathered from this subject can enhance the marketability of the students upon graduation.

In ensuring the quality of the offered programs in Malaysia, it is crucial to comply with the long chain of Quality Management processes in obtaining and maintaining accreditation of undergraduate engineering programs. One of the processes is to continually and effectively measure the students’ attainment of program outcomes amid the implementation of Outcome-Based Education. This paper focuses on MyCOPO system, the evaluation of undergraduate bachelor degree engineering students’ attainment measurement system in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. A quantitative survey has been conducted to measure academic staff and students’ satisfaction level of MyCOPO implementation in the faculty. This survey has been conducted in line with the university strategy in promoting organisation operational excellence via MyCOPO system, where 47 and 227 respondents were recorded for academic staff and students, respectively. Two sets of questionnaires were designed to determine the impact of the system, the effectiveness on delivery and quality of the system and users’ happiness index. This system is found to be impactful in ease the work, increase the quality and provide satisfaction to related parties. The usage of MyCOPO system is effective and the average rating of happiness index for academic staff and students are 8.2 and 7.2 out of 10 for happiness index, respectively. Keywords: Attainment measurement system, Civil engineering, outcome-based education, satisfaction.

Outcome-Based Education (OBE) implementation is one of the qualifying requirements for engineering programme accreditation in Malaysia. Implementation of the OBE in Integrated Design Project (IDP) is essential in producing high quality engineering graduates that are able to meet the challenges especially in the era of Industry 4.0 in Malaysia. IDP is the course offered to the final year students of undergraduate programme in Faculty of Civil Engineering, University Teknologi MARA. This paper presents the mapping of the addressing Course Outcomes (CO) and Programme Outcomes (PO) to the scopes of assessment in a capstone project (CP) for IDP. The explicitness in the measurement of CO and PO in the course is demonstrated. The rubrics for the assessment of CP are also presented. Finally, evaluation of student performance in IDP particularly CP is discussed through a sample analysis of the CO and PO attainments.

The bearing capacity of concrete loaded through steel plate has been the subject of numerous studies, play as an important element that need to be considered in designing many types of concrete members such as foundation structure, the end bearing zone of prestressed post-tensioned concrete beams and even for concrete pedestal in bridges. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the bearing capacity of concrete blocks axially loaded through square and circular steel plates. The relative area of the surface of concrete block specimen to the area of the bearing plate is one of the most significant factors influencing the bearing capacity of concrete blocks. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to determine the maximum bearing capacity and observe the failure modes of concrete blocks concentrically loaded through square and circular steel plates. A total of twenty-one (21) numbers of specimens with three different types of concrete blocks were experimentally investigated. There are three (3) specimens of plain concrete blocks, nine (9) specimens of concrete blocks laterally reinforced with ties (loaded and tested under three different sizes of square steel plate) and nine (9) specimens of concrete blocks laterally reinforced with ties (loaded and tested under three different sizes of circular steel plate). The use of steel plate helps in determining the bearing capacity when concentrically loaded on top of the specimen. The results of the experimental testing herein were compared with the bearing capacity values calculated based on previous researches and international standards. Experimental results demonstrate that concrete blocks laterally reinforced with ties loaded and tested under larger relative area of the steel plate gave lower value of bearing capacity compared with other reinforced specimens. Meanwhile, the failure pattern of concrete blocks under the bearing load was found to vary with the increase in sizes of steel plates.

Tensegrity structures is a light-weight structure compared to concrete structures that are heavy and rigid in shape. The studies on form-finding for tensegrity configuration are still ongoing and have been extensively conducted. Additionally, many proposed tensegrity structures have not been built for real applications. This study aims to determine potential self-equilibrated configurations of three-stage Class I tensegrity model assemblage with triangular cells, which may be applied as deployable towers. The form-finding methodology involves phases in establishment of desired form and formulation for the self-equilibrated state. The system of equilibrium equations was solved by Moore-Penrose generalized inverse method. A range of twist angles 10o – 50o for triangular cells was investigated in the form-finding process. It was found that the form-finding method via changing of twist angles has successfully search self-equilibrated tensegrity models.

This paper presents an investigation on the integrity of an existing circular reinforced concrete cement silo that subjected to a new 600 mm × 600 mm opening. The opening is introduced at the cement silo side wall for airslide installation to improve the aeration system of the silo. Three-dimensional finite element silo model was generated based on the available construction drawings of the existing silo by using SAP 2000 software. The integrity of the silo was investigated through results from stresses distribution, hoop tension forces, shear forces and bending moments focusing on silo wall, wall opening and silo base slab. Assessment of the existing silo capacity is summarized and the results compared with the integrity checks show inadequacy of the silo base slab under the modification work. Besides, high vertical stress concentration at the localised wall opening is expected with adopted safety factor of 1.24.

In the era of emerging technology, application of robotic and automation in multi discipline is expected. Civil engineers drastically accept and adopt robots in real world construction industry to assist workers in fatigue and harsh environment, concurrently improve the quantity and quality of the work with most likely lesser cost. Due to remarkable architecture, mechanics and advance features like lightweight, energy efficiency and flexibility; compatibility of tensegrity structures in robotic design will certainly enlighten the construction market. In particular, extra energy to maintain the tensegrity-based robot configuration under gravitational load is not required. Similarly to living organism, tensegrity-based robot generates global transformation with even tiny local pressure under low energy consumption, yet the subsequent configuration equilibrium can be sustained by its own. Will the integration between biology and tensegrity in robotics uphold the next generation of robots in construction industry? This paper provides understanding of biotensegrity principle and its potential to robotics particularly in inspection robots based on previous studies with the motive to encourage more researchers to work in tensegrity-based robot especially from biology perspective.