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Upon encountering allergens, CD4+ T cells differentiate into IL-4-producing Th2 cells in lymph nodes, which later transform into polyfunctional Th2 cells producing IL-5 and IL-13 in inflamed tissues. However, the precise mechanism underlying their polyfunctionality remains elusive. In this study, we elucidate the pivotal role of NRF2 in polyfunctional Th2 cells in murine models of allergic asthma and in human Th2 cells. We found that an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in immune cells infiltrating the lungs is necessary for the development of eosinophilic asthma and polyfunctional Th2 cells in vivo. Deletion of the ROS sensor NRF2 specifically in T cells, but not in dendritic cells, significantly abolished eosinophilia and polyfunctional Th2 cells in the airway. Mechanistically, NRF2 intrinsic to T cells is essential for inducing optimal oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis capacity, thereby driving Th2 cell polyfunctionality independently of IL-33, partially by inducing PPARγ. Treatment with an NRF2 inhibitor leads to a substantial decrease in polyfunctional Th2 cells and subsequent eosinophilia in mice and a reduction in the production of Th2 cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthmatic patients. These findings highlight the critical role of Nrf2 as a spatial and temporal metabolic hub that is essential for polyfunctional Th2 cells, suggesting potential therapeutic implications for allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the deposition of homogeneous ZrxHf(1−x)O2 (x < 1) thin films for dynamic random‐access memory (DRAM) capacitor dielectric layers by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using a mixed precursor mixture of two precursors is investigated. ZrO2‐ and HfO2‐based thin films are widely used as capacitor dielectric layers because of their high dielectric constant (k) values and low leakage current properties. Herein, particularly, films with mixed structures of ZrO2/HfO2 are investigated because ZrO2 supports the growth of HfO2 in the tetragonal phase. However, the mixed structures deposited by ALD remain inhomogeneous even after the annealing process. The inhomogeneity results in part of the HfO2 remaining in the monoclinic phase, which reduces the k value. Herein, the formation of homogeneous tetragonal‐phase ZrxHf1−xO2 using a mixed precursor consisting of CpZr and CpHf precursors is investigated. The formation of the tetragonal phase in the ZrxHf(1−x)O2 thin films is determined through chemical and structural analysis. The variation of the electrical properties with the Zr/Hf concentration ratio is investigated. The electrical properties are enhanced compared to laminated ZrO2/HfO2 and single thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I investigate the spectacularization of labor in Tony Kushner and Jeanine Tesori’s musical Caroline, or Change (2003). Drawing from the transformative power of spectacle, I contend that overlaying the actor’s theatrical labor and the character’s theatricalized work makes the otherwise hidden issues of labor hyper visible and tangible. I discuss how the musical defines the title character through her work as a maid and illuminates the socioeconomic forces that shape her work. In addition, I analyze the anthropomorphized electronic appliances that work alongside the title character. The deliberate juxtaposition of a black maid’s domestic labor with electronic appliances embodied by live actors, positions labor at the center of the spectacle. By foregrounding work both in narrative and spectacularizing it on stage, the musical ultimately subverts the ‘mammy’ stereotype that naturalizes and conceals issues of inequality and exploitation. Also, when the character’s and the actor’s work bleed into each other, marginalized characters are empowered through the spectacular theatrical labor of performers, transforming their work into an object of appreciation and celebration. Hence the musical’s spectacularization of labor reveals theatre as a productive site, where the increasingly privatized and naturalized neoliberal redefinition of work can be publicized and challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]