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本研究は，NIMBYとしての高レベル放射性廃棄物地層処分地選定問題を取り上げ，合意形成プロセスにおける無知のヴェールの有効性を探索した．本研究は，誰もが当事者となり得るということと，自分の利害関係について不明であるという無知のヴェールの二つの要素を決め方に適用し，NIMBYの合意形成促進における有効性を検討した．ゲーム構造として，プレーヤー全員が立地地域住民となり得るとし，そのうえで利害関係を知らずに価値基準を議論する役割のプレーヤーを設けた，「高レベル放射性廃棄物処分地選定合意形成ゲーム」を開発・実施した．ゲームでは利害の代弁者である地域の首長と，利害関係を知らない無知のヴェールに覆われた住民代表のプレーヤーが順番に価値基準を議論して決定する．その結果，無知のヴェールを適用した決め方は，公正と評価されていたが必ずしも受容にはつながらなかった．合意形成プロセスに無知のヴェールを組み込むことは有効だが，立地地域を絞り込む際は別の方法を組み合わせる必要性が示唆された．, This study explored the effectiveness of the veil of ignorance in consensus building on NIMBY issues, focusing specifically on the selection of candidate geological disposal sites for high-level radioactive waste. Since NIMBY issues are notoriously difficult to reach consensus on, we examined the effectiveness of employing a ‘veil of ignorance’ during the site selection process. We refer to two elements of the veil of ignorance: the first is anyone can be a concerned party and the second is that individuals unaware of their interests discuss and make a decision. To establish this structure we designed a game, the “Consensus Building of High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Site Game,” in which anyone can be selected as representing a candidate site, and there are a type of player that discuss the value criteria for deciding a disposal site without knowing their interest. The game involves two types of players: “the local governors” who are aware of their regions’ interests, and “citizens” who are unaware of their residential regions. The game also includes a stepwise selection process: the local governors first engage in discussion, then the citizens decide on the relevant value criteria for site selection. Our results demonstrated that a selection process employing a veil of ignorance was evaluated as fair but did not necessarily lead to acceptance. This suggested that incorporating a ‘veil of ignorance’ into a consensus building process is effective, but that it is necessary to combine alternative methods to increase acceptance of the outcome of the site selection process.

This study explores the psychological determinants of the adoption of expensive energy-efficient facilities in households. Demographic factors, such as household yearly income and type of dwelling, have been considered the primary factors that account for the variance in adoption. However, this study demonstrates that psychological variables are more relevant than demographics to the adoption of expensive energy-saving facilities by employing a self-regulated stage model of behavioral change (SSBC; Bamberg, 2013a, b). The SSBC assumes an implementation intention between behavioral intention and behavior. We administered a web survey in Hokkaido, Japan (n = 312). A quota sampling method was used, and we obtained 312 valid responses. The results revealed that a) the implementation intention was the strongest predictor of adopting energy-saving facilities, b) behavioral intentions did not predict adoption directly but did so indirectly through the mediation of implementation intentions, and c) demographic factors such as type of dwelling and presence of homemakers also predicted the adoption of energy-saving facilities, while household yearly income had no effect. These results suggest that the SSBC model, which was initially developed for habit change, is applicable to and useful for adopting expensive energy-saving facilities.

本研究は2020 年7 月に施行されたレジ袋有料化の影響を調べるために，札幌市内のコンビニエンスストアの店頭にて次の観察調査を行なった；1-1) 有料化前後での人々の行動の変化，1-2) 有料化を導入した店舗と導入していない店舗でレジ袋辞退率の比較，2) 有料化後もレジ袋を購入する客の購買時の特徴の調査。調査1 は2020 年6 月から8 月に店頭にて実施し，観察による554 のデータを得た。有料化前後において有料化を行なった店舗とそうでない店舗で辞退率が大きく異なっていた。調査2 は9 月に実施し，4,289 のデータを得た。レジ袋辞退率と購入者の属性の関連について分析を行なった。その結果，レジ袋辞退率に関して以下のような買い物客の特徴が確認された；a) エコバッグ持参率は全体的に低く，b) 弁当やそれに準ずるものを購入するときや購入点数が多いときに辞退率が低かった，c) 声掛けがない場合のほうが辞退率が高かった。

格差のある集団間において，集団を超えた全体への協力を実現する過程を明らかにすることを目的に，本研究では，地球規模の環境問題を軸に，集団間の葛藤と協調をシミュレートした仮想世界ゲームを用いて検討した．共通運命の認識に着目し，共通運命の認識は話し合いにより形成され，協力することの受容を促進するという要因連関を検討した．また，個人単位だけではなく集団単位の分析も行うことで，共通運命の認識が集団ごとにどのように表象が異なるかを検討した．仮想世界ゲームを10ゲーム実施した．その結果，共通運命の認識は，集団間の話し合いに影響され，全体への協力を促進していた．また，集団ごとの表象を見たところ，全体の共通危機である環境問題発生後に共通運命の認識や協力が高まった地域が多かったが，共通運命の認識が高まらず協力に至らなかったゲームや地域もあり，こうしたゲームでは企業間競争が激化した例や，一方的に環境に配慮しない地域が生じた例など，ゲーム展開により異なることも確認された．, The goal of the current study is to clarify the process of cooperation beyond intergroup conflicts over the disparity in wealth and resources. We conducted the Simulated International Society Game, which simulates the process of conflicts and cooperations in intergroup dynamics focusing on global environmental issues. Focusing on the recognition of common fate, i.e., the recognition of superordinate goals, we examined the associations of the factors that recognition of common fate is formed by communication and promotes acceptance of cooperation. We also examined how the representation of recognition of common fate differs for each group, analyzing at not only the individual level but also the group level. We conducted ten games. The results indicated that recognition of common fate was formed by communication and promoted acceptance of cooperation. In addition, in the representation on the group level, while many groups shaped recognition of common fate and increased cooperation after the occurrence of environmental issues which was the common crisis for all, some groups failed to shape recognition of common fate and increasing cooperation. Those failed groups intensified competition between companies and did not express concern about the environmental issues. The differences in the representations were discussed.

本研究では，論争のある社会問題について当事者の選好を参照しながら意思決定を行うことを通じて政策決定とその評価の熟慮のプロセスについて学ぶゲーミング・シミュレーションを開発した．ドイツのノイス市における路面電車に関する問題について取り上げた．ノイス市では，中心地の狭い通りを走る路面電車の路線について，市民の利便性の点から存続させるか，安全性などの点から撤去するかの論争があった．開発したゲームの実践において，参加者は，最初に路面電車の問題の背景について講義を受けた後，2～5名からなるグループごとに，2009年にノイス市で実施された社会調査をもとに作成された市民のプロフィールカード3名分を参照しながら6つある論点について優先順位をつけ，3つの選択肢（存続，単線化，撤去）から1つを選んだ．特定の価値だけでなく，市民全体の価値の意見分布に関する熟考を促すために，個々のプレーヤーの優先順位づけした論点がグループで選んだ選択肢と合致するほど得点は高くなるようにした．ゲーム後のディブリーフィングでは，各グループの選択と得点結果を実際のノイス市での政策決定と比較しながら議論した．振り返りの結果から，各自の優先順位と市民プロフィールをもとに議論し，市民全体の意見分布も加味して多様な価値をバランスよく取り入れることで利害対立を避けることができていたプレーヤーほど得点は高くなっていた．最後に，実際の当事者の意見を参照しながら意思決定を行う本ゲーミングの応用可能性について議論した．, This study developed a gaming simulation to learn a deliberative process of policy decisions and their evaluation by referring to stakeholders’ preferences in relation to a controversial issue in their community so as to arrive at a consensus. The content of the game referred to a tram system in Neuss city in Germany. There was a controversial debate on whether the tramline located in a narrow street of Neuss city center should be kept for citizens’ convenience or removed for their safety. In the game, after being provided with the background of the tram system in Neuss, players prioritized which of the six issues were important by referring to three citizen’s profile cards that reflected the results of a social survey conducted in Neuss in 2009. Thereafter, the players of small groups consisted of 2 to 5 decided which of the three options (the tram should be remove/remain/single track) to choose. Each player got a score based on whether his/her priority matched the group’s decision to promote deliberation on the opinion distribution of values not only for specific benefits but for the whole citizens. After the game, the players had a debriefing session during which they discussed the results of the decisions of the small groups and compared them to the consequences of the policy decisions that had been taken in Neuss. The results revealed that the players’ scores were based on their ability to discuss citizen profiles and their own opinion and to adjust their interests according to accept various values and views of the whole citizens. Finally, the applicability of this gaming simulation in decision making with reference to actual stakeholder opinions was discussed.

This study examined the factors affecting public acceptance of the designation of areas in the Recycling Demonstration Project for Soil Generated from Decontamination Activities. The designated areas are requested to receive the soil collected after the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. This introduces what typically known as a Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) issue, which dominates around the inequitable allocation of a given burden and hinders the building of consensus. This study assumed that allocating the burden to multiple locations instead of only one location would increase acceptance. An experiment was conducted which presented a scenario manipulating the burden allocation amongst a sample of adults requited from all over Japan. The results revealed that participants who were allocated to the multiple-locations condition evaluated the situation as having less inequity, fewer risks and stigma, and a fairer procedure, as well as being more acceptable than those who were allocated to the one-place condition.

札幌市真駒内地区では，NPOなどの市民団体が環境に配慮した新しい移動手段の普及を目指した取り組みを行っている。本研究は地域住民がそれらを利用したいと思うかを明らかにすることを目的として調査を実施した。その結果，a) 環境問題の重要性の認知が高いほど環境配慮の責任感が高く，環境配慮の責任感が高いほど環境配慮の道徳意識が高かった，b) 利用意図を直接規定していた要因は環境配慮の道徳意識と社会規範評価および便益評価であり，費用評価と実行可能性評価の効果は有意でなかった，c) 地域愛着は行動意図との相関係数は正であったものの直接効果は負であった。新規移動手段導入の際には社会規範や社会的便益に注目させることが住民の利用を促すと示唆される。, This study conducted a questionnaire survey to examine whether residents of Makomanai district, Sapporo city intended to use the pro-environmental transportations, which local NPOs and citizen groups consider to install in the area. The results revealed that a) awareness of the consequences of environmental problems had a positive effect on ascribed responsibility, and ascribed responsibility had a positive effect on moral obligation, b) moral obligation, perceived social norms and public benefit evaluation had positive direct effects on the intention to use the pro-environmental transportations, whereas the effects of cost evaluation and perceived behavioral control were not significant, and c) although community attachment correlated with the intention, it had a negative direct effect. The present study implies that it would be effective to emphasize social norms and public benefits of the pro-environmental transportations in order to nudge residents to use them.

2012年8月に，「エネルギー・環境の選択肢に関する討論型世論調査」は，国政上の政策決定プロセスに公式に位置づけられた討論型世論調査（DP）としては，世界で初めて開催された。本研究は，日本在住の一般の市民からの政策形成プロセスの評価，特に討論型世論調査の評価を手続き的公正の点から評価した。そして討論型世論調査の手続き的公正評価，政府による討論型世論調査を含む一連の「国民的議論」を通した革新的エネルギー・環境戦略策定過程全体の手続き的公正評価，政府への信頼，原子力発電への賛否の態度が，革新的エネルギー・環境戦略への社会的受容に及ぼす影響を検討した。2012年10月に性別・年代・居住地域に基づく割り当て法により全国の2000名を対象にオンライン調査を実施した。その結果，（a）討論後の意見の熟議性と討論型世論調査における情報源としての専門家委員会の多様性・包括性は，エネルギー・環境DPの手続き的公正評価の主な規定因であった。（b）政府による革新的エネルギー・環境戦略策定過程全体の手続き的公正評価の主な規定因は，意見の反映と情報提供であった。（c）政府による革新的エネルギー・環境戦略策定過程全体の手続き的公正評価，エネルギー・環境DPの手続き的公正評価，政府への信頼が高いほど革新的エネルギー・環境戦略の社会的受容が促進された。市民参加による環境政策形成において手続き的公正が重要と示した。政策の社会的受容には，市民参加による政策策定過程全体の手続き的公正だけでなく，個別の市民参加の手続き的公正の評価も影響するためである。, The first global case of government-commissioned deliberative polling (DP) for developing the Strategy for Innovative Energy and Environment was held in August 2012. In the following October, we investigated the public evaluation of the policymaking process, focusing on the standpoint of citizens’ perception of procedural fairness. We also explored the effects of procedural fairness of both DP and “Public Debates” on the social acceptance of the strategy, including DP, the public debate process, trust in the government, and the pros and cons of nuclear electric power generation. We administered an online survey to 2,000 Japanese residents. The findings were as follows: (a) the main determinants for procedural fairness in DP were “extent of deliberations” and “diversity and comprehensiveness of panel of experts”; (b) the main determinants for procedural fairness in “Public Debates” were “reflection of the policy” and “information disclosure”; (c) that of “procedural fairness evaluation in ‘Public Debates,’ ” “DP,” and “trust in the government” promoted public acceptance of the strategy. We discussed the importance of procedural fairness in environmental policymaking; public acceptance of a policy is not only affected by the procedural fairness for the entire citizen participation process, but also by each type of citizen participation.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of compensation framing on acceptance of a high level radioactive waste (HLW) geological repository. Monetary compensation is sometimes provided for local governments as a benefit for accepting certain risks. However, Fray et al. (1996) demonstrated that monetary compensation failed to procure acceptance of a nuclear waste disposal repository. In reality, offering to improve social welfare is also sometimes used as compensation for accepting a risky facility. From the above, we hypothesized that monetary compensations would be rejected by residents of proposed site. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a scenario experiment. We conducted a web-based survey and obtained 1200 valid Japanese responses. The results demonstrated that there were no main effects of condition, which suggested that the framing of compensation had no significant impact on acceptance of a HLW geological repository.

This study examined the determinants of public acceptance of siting a repository for High-level radioactive waste (HLW), focusing on procedural fairness and trust. The study presumed that interactive effect of procedural fairness × trust on public acceptance exist. To examine the presumption, the study implemented a hypothetical scenario experiment that manipulated two factors: an opportunity of voice as an antecedent of procedural fairness and value similarity to the authority as a component of trust. Three-hundred seventeen people participated in the web-based experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: procedural fairness (voice vs. no voice) × trust (similarity vs. no similarity) factorial design associated with acceptance of siting investigation for a repository of HLW. The experiment measured affective reaction to the siting, and evaluations of procedural fairness, trust, public acceptance in the decision-making process. Results indicated that affective reaction, procedural fairness, and trust determined public acceptance. Moreover, the interactive effect of procedural fairness × trust on public acceptance was found. A process analysis indicated that the effect of procedural fairness was strengthened when the trust on similarity was negative.

This study investigated the effects of value similarity and procedural fairness of citizen participation on public acceptance of environmental policy decision in a case study of the tram system in Neuss city, Germany. We carried out a case study investigating the tram system in the city center of Neuss. In Neuss, the street in the city center was too narrow and dangerous because the trams went through the main street. There was a big controversial debate of whether the tram should remain or be removed from there. After a decade of discussion, the city mayor had decided the tram line to become a single track from double track on the section of the city center. To investigate how residents evaluate the decision process and to explore what factors influence people’s acceptance of the decision, a mail-out survey was conducted in Neuss. We differentiated the acceptance of single track, which is a compromised resolution reflected both opinions, from approval of remain/remove the tram system, which is a dichotomy. Results showed that a） when the acceptance was a dependent variable, both value similarity and procedural fairness had effects on the acceptance, while b） when approval was a dependent variable, value similarity had a stronger effect, but procedural fairness had a weaker effect. These results indicated that discussion framework focusing on the controversy as dichotomy might blindfold many values, on the contrary, the compromise between both sides might turn their attention to diverse values causing evaluation of procedural fairness to become more significant.

This study investigated the effects of imagining others on cooperation in a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game. There are two ways to imagine others’ perspectives: “imagining the other” or considering how the other person feels, and “imagining the self” or projecting oneself onto the other person. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions: a) the imagining-other condition, b) the imagining-self condition, and c) the control condition (thinking about a landscape). Participants played a one-shot PD game and completed the social value orientation (SVO) scale, which measures one’s cooperative tendency. Results showed that the cooperation rate was higher in the imagining-other condition, and participants in the imagining-other condition expected that the partner would cooperate and that the partner thinks they would cooperate. In contrast, in the imagining-self condition, no significant differences were observed about these variables. Furthermore, the cooperation rate increased mediated by two-way expectations in the imagining-others condition, while it was not observed in imagining-self conditions. These results show the importance of imagining others not as a reflection of self, in increasing expectation of mutual cooperation and promoting cooperation.

本研究では、これまでの様々なパブリックインボルブメントの取り組みをとおして一つの候補サイトが選ばれているフランスで、高レベル放射性廃棄物の地層処分施設立地の受容の規定因を推定した。候補サイト近傍と離れた地域を対象に、886名の回答者に対してインターネット調査を行った。その結果、これまでリスク研究分野で対象とされてきた信頼,リスク認知,スティグマに加え、手続き的公正,社会的便益,個人的便益が、NIMBY問題の受容に重要な影響を与えることが明らかになった。さらに、個人的便益と感情が、社会的便益,手続き的公正,世代間主観的規範より受容に大きな影響を与えている。これらは、規定因から受容への影響は、立地の進行状況などにより変わる可能性を示唆している。, This study examined determinants of public acceptance regarding siting a geological disposal facility for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in France, where a candidate site has been selected following on a variety of public involvement activities. Data from 886 French residents were collected in 2014 by an internet survey that was performed near a district that is a candidate for a HLW repository and in an outlying region away from the candidate site. Results indicate that procedural fairness, intergenerational subjective norm, public benefit and personal benefit were significant factors for public acceptance in dealing with the NIMBY issue in addition to factors such as trust, risk perception and stigma, dealt with in previous research on risk analysis. Furthermore, personal benefit and affect had stronger impact on the acceptance than public benefit, procedural fairness and intergenerational subjective norm.

“Waste stations”, where residents dispose of household waste, are usually maintained by the residents themselves; however, not all stations are well maintained. It was hypothesized that the level of waste station maintenance would correlate with the degree of social ties in the community, and would be influenced by local environment in the area around the waste station. A combination of observational and survey research methods were employed to test these hypotheses. Self-reported inappropriate disposal behavior and social ties were measured using a questionnaire survey, while the level of maintenance of waste stations and local surrounding environment were recorded using observational methods. Data from 508 residents, assigned to 102 waste stations in 23 local areas of Sapporo, Japan, were analyzed. Sequential regression analysis indicated that social ties in the community was the stronger predictor of the management level of waste station than the self-report disposal behavior. Furthermore, multi-level model tests revealed that the level of management of waste stations was predicted by the local surrounding environment, which provided spatial reminders of community interactions. This indicates that managing the local surrounding environment is an important intervention to encourage appropriate waste station management.

ISAGA/JASAG2015 the 46th ISAGA conference Japan Association of Simulation & Gaming hosts 17–21 July 2015 Kyoto, Japan, This study explores the processes required to achieve consensus on controversial issues that involve social dilemmas and developed the “Con-sensus Building of Wind Farm Game” (WinG). A social dilemma is a conflict between personal profit and public benefits wherein the results of individuals pursuing their own profit means that public benefits decline; thus, ultimately, individuals lose their profit. Shared recognition of a common goal is crucial in resolving social dilemmas; however, in actual practice, developing such a shared recognition is difficult due to conflicts among stakeholders. To help identify effective resolutions to this problem, we examined a case of planning for a wind farm, which often involves controversy, even though many people generally agree to the plan. WinG was developed to simulate the type of con-flicts among stakeholders when planning a wind farm. There are five types of players (stakeholders) in WinG and each has a different goal and is provided with different information. All the players are required to maximize their in-dividual goals within the time limit, however at the same time, from the view-point of public benefit, an optimal achievement point is hidden in the game that results in the second best outcome for all the players. Through negotia-tions, bargaining, and debate, the social dynamics of achieving (or failing to achieve) a consensus were observed in WinG. Analysis from 10 games showed that shared recognition of a common goal was related to consensus, while on-ly information sharing was not sufficient.