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Oil seeds sector is one of the major dynamic components of the agriculture world. Oil seeds such as canola (Brassica napus) require a higher quantity of sulfur (S), which is supplied through inorganic fertilizers. However, the overapplication of agro‐chemicals to get higher yields of crops is harming the soil health. Therefore, the application of bacterial cultures with plant growth‐promoting activity as biofertilizers ensures soil health maintenance and enhances crop productivity. To achieve this aim, the present research was initiated by procuring three sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria (SOBs), namely, SOB 5, SOB 10, and SOB 38, from the Microbiology Department, PAU. In the initial assessment, all three SOB cultures showed resilience to pesticide toxicity at the recommended dosage, with the exception of ridomil. These cultures were later characterized morphologically, biochemically, and at the molecular level using 16s rRNA resulting in their identification as Enterobacter ludwigii strain Remi_9 (SOB 5), Enterobacter hormaechei strain AUH‐ENM30 (SOB 10), and Bacillus sp. 5BM21Y12 (SOB 38). Functional characterization of these SOB cultures revealed their ability to exhibit multifarious plant growth‐promoting traits. Bacillus sp. 5BM21Y12 showed greater functional activity, including high P solubilization (14.903 µg/mL), IAA production (44.28 µg/mL), siderophore production (13.89 µg/mL), sulfate ion production (0.127 mM), ammonia excretion (2.369 µg/mL), and Zn solubilization (22.62 mm). Based on the results of functional and molecular characterization, Bacillus sp. 5BM21Y12 was selected for field trials by formulating different treatments. Composite treatment, T8 (100% S + Bacillus sp. + pesticides) significantly enhanced growth parameters (plant height, root, and shoot biomass), yield attributes (siliqua length, test weight, number of siliqua/plant), yield parameter (total biomass and seed yield), quality parameter (crude protein and oil) as compared to all other sole treatments employed in the field. A combined application of non‐pathogenic Bacillus sp. 5BM21Y12, with good functional activity enhanced yield of crop due to synergistic and additive interaction with fertilizer/pesticides. As biofertilizer application reduces the input of pesticides/fertilizers new inoculant formulations with cell protectors and the development of compatible pesticides should be searched to assure the benefits of integrated treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetyl-TAG (3-acetyl-1,2-diacylglycerol), unique triacylglycerols (TAG) possessing an acetate group at the sn-3 position, exhibit valuable properties, such as reduced viscosity and freezing points. Previous attempts to engineer acetyl-TAG production in oilseed crops did not achieve the high levels found in naturally producing Euonymus seeds. Here, we demonstrate the successful generation of camelina and pennycress transgenic lines accumulating nearly pure acetyl-TAG at 93 mol% and 98 mol%, respectively. These ultrahigh acetyl-TAG synthesizing lines were created using gene-edited FATTY ACID ELONGASE1 (FAE1) mutant lines as an improved genetic background to increase levels of acetyl-CoA available for acetyl-TAG synthesis mediated by the expression of EfDAcT, a high-activity diacylglycerol acetyltransferase isolated from Euonymus fortunei. Combining EfDAcT expression with suppression of the competing TAG-synthesizing enzyme DGAT1 further enhanced acetyl-TAG accumulation. These ultrahigh levels of acetyl-TAG exceed those in earlier engineered oilseeds and are equivalent or greater than those in Euonymus seeds. Imaging of lipid localization in transgenic seeds revealed that the low amounts of residual TAG were mostly confined to the embryonic axis. Similar spatial distributions of specific TAG and acetyl-TAG molecular species, as well as their probable diacylglycerol (DAG) precursors, provide additional evidence that acetyl-TAG and TAG are both synthesized from the same tissue-specific DAG pools. Remarkably, this ultrahigh production of acetyl-TAG in transgenic seeds exhibited minimal negative effects on seed properties, highlighting the potential for production of designer oils required for economical biofuel industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) is a valuable oilseed crop with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the lipidomics in Sacha inchi seeds (SIDs). Saturated fatty acids occupied more than half of the proportion (59.31%) in early development, while PUFAs accounted for 78.92% at maturation. The main triacylglycerols were TAG(18:3/18:3/18:3), TAG(18:2/18:2/18:3), and TAG(16:0/18:2/18:2). The corresponding species (18:3/18:3, 18:2/18:2, and 16:0/18:2) were also the main ingredients in diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, indicating high PUFA composition in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of TAG. Only LPC(18:3), LPC(18:2), and LPC(16:0) were identified in SIDs, implying that those PUFAs on the sn-2 positions of the PC(18:3/-), PC(18:2/-), and PC(16:0/-) categories were released into the acyl-CoA pool for the Kennedy pathway. Conversely, the PC(18:1/-) and PC(18:0/-) categories might be responsible for the generation of PC-derived DAG and TAG. The lipidomics data will contribute to understanding the TAG assembly in developing SIDs, especially for PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended Abstract Background: Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses and the most limiting factor in agricultural production worldwide, affecting the growth, development, and final yields of crops. Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of oilseeds in the world, and its seeds contain more than 40% of oil. Moreover, the meal obtained from oil extraction has more than 35% protein, hence it currently ranks third among oil crops in the world after soybean and oil palm, making it necessary to identify the genotypes that tolerate salinity stress. The development and improvement of rapeseed cultivars with salinity tolerance and acclimation offer promising prospects for improving sustainable production in this area. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the responses of rapeseed genotypes to salinity stress through analyses of agronomic and biochemical traits. Methods: The genetic diversity between rapeseed lines in terms of agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in saline soils was investigated in an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 17 autumn rapeseed genotypes with three replicates in the research farm of East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The measured traits were plant height, the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, plant growth rate, 1000-seed weight (TSW), seed yield, oil content, and oil yield. The relationships between yield, yield components, and morphological traits were explored using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), comparison of averages, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and biplot to understand the relative importance of traits affecting the yield of the studied genotypes. Results: The studied genotypes were significantly different from each other in pod length, pod area, number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, plant growth rate, seed oil percentage, plant height, TSW, grain yield, and oil yield. However, there were no significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of harvest index and number of actual pods to potential pods. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 5, 11, and 15 can be introduced as salinity-tolerant lines, and genotypes 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 can be considered salinity-sensitive lines. According to the other traits, genotype 11 produced a high pod length, number of fertile pods, oil percentage, and oil yield, genotype 5 had a high growth rate and oil percentage, and genotype 15 presented a high height and number of fertile pods. According to the cluster analysis, the second and third groups contained tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The genotypes in the second group had the highest percentage of positive deviation from the overall mean for grain yield, plant height, harvest index, seed oil percentage, pod length, pod area, and number of fertile pods. Based on the biplot analysis, Karaj 8 and 14 genotypes had a strong relationship with the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, and plant growth rate. Based on the obtained results, the plant height, TSW, seed yield, and oil content traits were closely correlated with Karaj 5, 7, 11, 10, and 15 genotypes. Based on the results of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of seed yield was positive and significant for three traits, i.e., plant height, oil percentage, and number of fertile pods, and the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.879) was obtained for seed yield with seed oil percentage. Positive and significant correlations were measured for the number of seeds in pods with pod length (r = 0.699), pod area (r = 0.555), number of fertile pods (r = 0.678), and number of actual pods. Therefore, genotypes characterized by longer and more abundant pods play a crucial role in improving seed quantity, a key component of grain yield in saline environments. Consequently, the size and number of pods per plant serve as indicators of high-yield potential under such conditions. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second components had the highest relative variances, accounting for 44.66% and 31.22% of the total variance, respectively. Together, these two components accounted for 75.88% of the total variance. Factor loadings showed that traits such as number of fertile pods, seed yield, oil yield, and seed oil content had the highest factor loadings in the first component. Similarly, the plant growth rate had the highest factor load in the second component among all the studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups, and its dendrogram showed that all the studied genotypes were divided into four separate groups based on all the measured traits. The first group comprised three Karaj 1, 13, and 16 genotypes, the fourth group (like the first group) contained three Karaj 5, 11, and 15 genotypes, and the third group had five genotypes, namely Karaj 3, 7, 8, 10, and 14. The remaining genotypes were assigned to the second group. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate acceptable genetic diversity among rapeseed genotypes in terms of the evaluated traits in saline lands. This shows the importance and the possibility of using these genetic resources to achieve promising and superior genotypes in breeding programs.

Background: Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses and the most limiting factor in agricultural production worldwide, affecting the growth, development, and final yields of crops. Rapeseed is one of the most important sources of oilseeds in the world, and its seeds contain more than 40% of oil. Moreover, the meal obtained from oil extraction has more than 35% protein, hence it currently ranks third among oil crops in the world after soybean and oil palm, making it necessary to identify the genotypes that tolerate salinity stress. The development and improvement of rapeseed cultivars with salinity tolerance and acclimation offer promising prospects for improving sustainable production in this area. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the responses of rapeseed genotypes to salinity stress through analyses of agronomic and biochemical traits. Methods: The genetic diversity between rapeseed lines in terms of agronomic, morphological, and physiological traits in saline soils was investigated in an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 17 autumn rapeseed genotypes with three replicates in the research farm of East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The measured traits were plant height, the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, plant growth rate, 1000-seed weight (TSW), seed yield, oil content, and oil yield. The relationships between yield, yield components, and morphological traits were explored using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), comparison of averages, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and biplot to understand the relative importance of traits affecting the yield of the studied genotypes. Results: The studied genotypes were significantly different from each other in pod length, pod area, number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, plant growth rate, seed oil percentage, plant height, TSW, grain yield, and oil yield. However, there were no significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of harvest index and number of actual pods to potential pods. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 5, 11, and 15 can be introduced as salinity-tolerant lines, and genotypes 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 can be considered salinity-sensitive lines. According to the other traits, genotype 11 produced a high pod length, number of fertile pods, oil percentage, and oil yield, genotype 5 had a high growth rate and oil percentage, and genotype 15 presented a high height and number of fertile pods. According to the cluster analysis, the second and third groups contained tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The genotypes in the second group had the highest percentage of positive deviation from the overall mean for grain yield, plant height, harvest index, seed oil percentage, pod length, pod area, and number of fertile pods. Based on the biplot analysis, Karaj 8 and 14 genotypes had a strong relationship with the number of fertile pods, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod area, and plant growth rate. Based on the obtained results, the plant height, TSW, seed yield, and oil content traits were closely correlated with Karaj 5, 7, 11, 10, and 15 genotypes. Based on the results of correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of seed yield was positive and significant for three traits, i.e., plant height, oil percentage, and number of fertile pods, and the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.879) was obtained for seed yield with seed oil percentage. Positive and significant correlations were measured for the number of seeds in pods with pod length (r = 0.699), pod area (r = 0.555), number of fertile pods (r = 0.678), and number of actual pods. Therefore, genotypes characterized by longer and more abundant pods play a crucial role in improving seed quantity, a key component of grain yield in saline environments. Consequently, the size and number of pods per plant serve as indicators of high-yield potential under such conditions. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the first and second components had the highest relative variances, accounting for 44.66% and 31.22% of the total variance, respectively. Together, these two components accounted for 75.88% of the total variance. Factor loadings showed that traits such as number of fertile pods, seed yield, oil yield, and seed oil content had the highest factor loadings in the first component. Similarly, the plant growth rate had the highest factor load in the second component among all the studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups, and its dendrogram showed that all the studied genotypes were divided into four separate groups based on all the measured traits. The first group comprised three Karaj 1, 13, and 16 genotypes, the fourth group (like the first group) contained three Karaj 5, 11, and 15 genotypes, and the third group had five genotypes, namely Karaj 3, 7, 8, 10, and 14. The remaining genotypes were assigned to the second group. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate acceptable genetic diversity among rapeseed genotypes in terms of the evaluated traits in saline lands. This shows the importance and the possibility of using these genetic resources to achieve promising and superior genotypes in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) is a valuable oilseed crop with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the lipidomics in Sacha inchi seeds (SIDs). Saturated fatty acids occupied more than half of the proportion (59.31%) in early development, while PUFAs accounted for 78.92% at maturation. The main triacylglycerols were TAG(18:3/18:3/18:3), TAG(18:2/18:2/18:3), and TAG(16:0/18:2/18:2). The corresponding species (18:3/18:3, 18:2/18:2, and 16:0/18:2) were also the main ingredients in diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, indicating high PUFA composition in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of TAG. Only LPC(18:3), LPC(18:2), and LPC(16:0) were identified in SIDs, implying that those PUFAs on the sn-2 positions of the PC(18:3/-), PC(18:2/-), and PC(16:0/-) categories were released into the acyl-CoA pool for the Kennedy pathway. Conversely, the PC(18:1/-) and PC(18:0/-) categories might be responsible for the generation of PC-derived DAG and TAG. The lipidomics data will contribute to understanding the TAG assembly in developing SIDs, especially for PUFAs.

Harmful insect species were investigated in soybean and sunflower seed samples mixed with weed seeds and stored for a short time in the open field in the Çukurova Region (Türkiye) including Adana, Mersin and Osmaniye Provinces in 2020. A total of 8 harmful insect species were found in the samples of stored soybean and sunflower seeds. Seeds of 12 weed species were detected in both soybean and sunflower seed samples. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbsts, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was the major pest insect in both sunflower and soybean seeds. A few species of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L. 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which are the primary pest of stored cereals, were recorded under outdoor conditions. No insect feeding damage was observed on the seeds of both crops and also on the seeds of the weeds. Finally, the seeds of soybean and sunflower crops which were harvested and kept outside the warehouses, for a short time, were attacked by some stored pest insects particularly Tribolium spp. This issue may create a problem, in the case that harvested crops with insects are moved into the warehouse, which has suitable temperature and moisture for the pest insects to develop and multiply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies in humans are major problems worldwide, which necessitate their increase in food crops. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), which is a good nutritional source of Zn and Fe, is used as a table-purpose food item worldwide, but is mostly grown under poor-fertility soils, resulting in low Zn concentrations in the edible seed. In a 2-year field study, the influence of zinc sulfate and Zn-EDTA, at 2 kg Zn ha−1, was studied in 20 confectionery peanut cultivars where both of these Zn sources increased yield attributes, 100-seed weight, and Zn, P, and K concentrations in seed. The respective mean concentrations of Zn, P, and K in the seed were 43 mg kg−1 and 0.61% and 0.75% in control which increased to 50 mg kg−1 and 0.62% and 0.76%, with the application of zinc sulfate and 46 mg kg−1 and 0.63% and 0.82%, respectively, with the application of Zn-EDTA. The cultivars TG 37A, GG 7, HNG 69, ICGV 00348, CSMG 884, and BAU 13 showed high protein (25% and above), Zn (>50 mg kg−1), Fe (>75 mg kg−1), P (>0.60%), and K (>0.75%) with the application of zinc sulfate and hence are being recommended for cultivation and their use as food to ameliorate micronutrient malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of ultrasonic assisted extraction to extract seed oils for multifaceted food applications is discussed in this study. Seed oils, which are notable sources of health‐promoting characteristics and reservoirs of fatty acids and phytochemicals, are being targeted for effective extraction. Conventional techniques of oil extraction, including mechanical pressing and rendering, have limitations such as low extraction rate, high energy consumption, and low yield. In this context, ultrasonic assisted extraction is green and fast oil extraction technology with a greater extraction rate and low energy consumption. Ultrasound assisted oil extraction is mostly used technique since it is environmentally friendly and can be easily integrated with other extraction processes. Ultrasound‐aided extraction uses less solvent than traditional extraction methods. In this process, cavitation bubbles form in the solvent and burst, causing changes in pressure and temperature that expedite the mass transfer of solutes into solvent. The miscella, including the solvent and oil mixture, is then desolventized using evaporators, followed by steam‐stripping to remove the extracted oil. The current review paper discusses the characteristics of ultrasonic extractions for efficient oil extraction (extraction duration, ultrasound frequency, temperature, solvent employed, and ultrasound type). The conventional and non‐conventional oil extraction methods from sources have been examined in this article, in addition to the ultrasound assisted extraction. Along with traditional and advanced oil extraction techniques, the use of ultrasonication in conjunction with other cutting‐edge techniques is covered in this article. Practical applications: Ultrasound assisted oil extraction extracts oil from vegetables, oilseeds, and nuts by using a suitable carrier. The key parameters influencing ultrasound aided extraction of oilseed include particle shape and size, moisture content of seed, amount of solvent, and extraction time/temperature. The ultimate extraction yield is influenced by the extraction time, operating frequency, operational temperature, solvent type, and proportion, and ultrasonicator design. This technique consumes less energy and requires less maintenance. It is quite efficient and reliable. On this basis, ultrasound aided extraction may be utilized commercially to increase oil extraction rate from oil seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal-oil plant Camelina is a plant that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Because its most important advantage is excellent resistance to drought and cold as well. Therefore, in this study, in order to determine the best cultivation areas of Camelina in Kurdistan province based on a number of main parameters affecting the growth of this plant, statistics and daily meteorological information for 19 years in different meteorological stations of the province from 2000 to 2019 were used. Statistics and information from14 stations in neighboring provinces were also used to increase the accuracy of the created zoning maps. To create a spatial database for the study area, the required maps were entered into the ArcGIS 10.3 software and environment and descriptive map information was added to them. Finally, based on the requirements for each of the parameters, the classification of the maps was done according to the resources used. Krigink's method was used to prepare temperature, precipitation and altitude maps. The final results showed that for Camelina cultivation, in 26259 and 7059 square kilometers, equal to 75 and 25% of the total area of the province was suitable and unsuitable respectively. In addition, Camelina susceptible areas were often located in the southern parts of the province.

Globally, excess soil nutrient mining is a serious challenge to sustainable agricultural production. The task is more daunting in the semi-arid region of the globe. In addition to the primary nutrient deficiency over the mining of secondary nutrients, especially sulfur is an emerging challenge in contemporary crop production systems. Hence, there is a dire need to devise an appropriate sulfur management protocol by searching for efficient and sustainable sulfur sources. Therefore, the efficacy of new sulfur molecules was evaluated on the performance and nutrient acquisition potential of the pearl millet–mustard system at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi, India, for two years. The flexibility of urea–ES technology allows customized sulfur-enhanced urea formulations that suit unique crop needs, offering an all-in-one nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer solution. Hence, the study hypothesized that new sulfur molecules like sulfonated urea (SEU) will have a positive impact on crop growth, yield, and nutrient acquisition in the pearl millet–mustard system. The results revealed that the application of 50% sulfur (S) (15 kg/ha) as a base and 50% (15 kg/ha) as a topdressing (SEU 10-0-0-75) produced better growth, yield-contributing parameters, and economic productivity of the pearl millet–mustard system. However, both compositions of SEU (40-0-0-13 and 10-0-0-75) were significantly better than the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and the RDF along with other S sources like single super phosphate and bentonite in enhancing crop growth and productivity. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEn) and S (Aes) of SEU (40-0-0-13 and 10-0-0-75) were 9.1 and 10.3 kg seed yield/kg N and 51.2 and 28.9 kg seed/kg, respectively. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of SEU (40-0-0-13) and SEU (10-0-0-75) is significantly higher than those of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) alone. Thus, the findings inferred that splitting S (50% as a base and 50% as topdressing) through SEU is a practically feasible and economically robust S option for profitable and sustainable production of the pearl millet–mustard production model in the semi-arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current scenario of increasing environmental problems associated with the need for rapid energy transition, this article aimed to investigate the implementation of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon), a plant with high environmental performance, as a source of energy resources. This study presented thLife Cycle Assessment of two energy production chains—for the polygeneration of power, heat, and cooling; and to produce biodiesel—fed with cardoon seeds, in addition to comparing these chains with the use of the traditional Italian grids (power and gas) and with the production of diesel based on palm, soybean, and rapeseed. Approximately 49 t of seeds were cultivated and processed, yielding 8.5 t of oil. The system boundaries encompass three main macro-phases, cardoon production, oil extraction, and, depending on the application, energy generation (polygeneration) or transesterification (biodiesel). The models were developed using the software SimaPro V9.3.0.2, and the inventory was based on the database ecoinvent V3.8. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment was performed using the ReCiPe V1.06 method at the midpoint (H) and endpoint (H/A) levels. Crude cardoon oil showed a global warming of 20–55% lower than other vegetable oils (palm, soybean, and rapeseed). In the case of biodiesel production, cardoon-based biodiesel presented a reduction in the impact burden by 12–57% compared to biodiesel based on palm, soybean, and rapeseed. With the use of oil in Polygeneration, a subtle increase in the impact burden was observed, with 13% more impact than the use of Italian power and gas grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food crops (bush mango (n=12), roasted cashew nut (n=12), dried okra (n=12), sesame (n=35) and sorghum (n=36)) sold in markets in Nasarawa state, Nigeria, were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS mycotoxin method. The hepatocarcinogenic aflatoxin B1 was detected in 42%, 25% and 19% of bush mango, dried okra and sorghum samples at mean concentrations of 19.2, 8.27 and 4.75 µg/kg, respectively, while fumonisin B1 contaminated 9% of the sesame (mean: 12.5 µg/kg) and 47% of the sorghum (mean: 461 µg/kg) samples. At least 19% of the sorghum samples were co-contaminated with aflatoxin B1 andfumonisin B1. The nephrotoxic ochratoxin A was detected in bush mango, sorghum and, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, in dried okra. These vended food crops in the local markets are therefore prone to mycotoxin contamination,which may pose a health threat to consumers, and require intentional mitigation efforts.

The modulation of the larvae fatty acid profile through the diet has also been previously demonstrated by Hoc et al. [[34]], according to whom the fatty acid profile of prepupae differs depending on the flaxseed or rapeseed meal used in the larvae diet. However, compared to the control, the effects of improving the quality of I H. illucens i larvae fats through the use of vegetable oils in diets were not influenced by the larvae age, because even if PUFAs decreased at 20 days old of larvae, their levels still remained significantly higher than those of the larvae in the control. Keywords: oil seeds; fat quality; omega-3; dietary modulation; rearing substrate EN oil seeds fat quality omega-3 dietary modulation rearing substrate N.PAG N.PAG 16 09/27/22 20220901 NES 220901 1. [Extracted from the article]

In order to evaluate the yield components, seed yield, and oil content of Camelina doubled haploid lines, an experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 40 doubled haploid lines (as treatments) and three replications in the research farm of College of Aburaihan- the University of Tehran, Pakdasht during 2020. Since the yield characteristics and oil content of Camelina lines are unknown in the Iranian climate, the study investigates seed yield components, as well as oil yield and oil content of 40 Camelina lines. The results show a very significant difference between Camelina lines in terms of yield components, which ultimately leads to significant differences in grain yield, thus affecting the grain oil yield. Although none of the lines has had absolute superiority in all components of grain yield, in terms of final grain yield, line of 134 with 3178 and line of 110 with 3120 kg/ha are identified as superior lines. Therefore, according to the purpose of this study, in order to select the best Camelina line with maximum grain and oil yield, 134 and 110 lines are introduced and recommended as superior and promising lines that are compatible with the climatic conditions of the Pakdasht region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC–MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (−13°C), cloud point (−9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food crops (bush mango (n=12), roasted cashew nut (n=12), dried okra (n=12), sesame (n=35) and sorghum (n=36)) sold in markets in Nasarawa state, Nigeria, were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS mycotoxin method. The hepatocarcinogenic aflatoxin B1 was detected in 42%, 25% and 19% of bush mango, dried okra and sorghum samples at mean concentrations of 19.2, 8.27 and 4.75 µg/kg, respectively, while fumonisin B1 contaminated 9% of the sesame (mean: 12.5 µg/kg) and 47% of the sorghum (mean: 461 µg/kg) samples. At least 19% of the sorghum samples were co-contaminated with aflatoxin B1 andfumonisin B1. The nephrotoxic ochratoxin A was detected in bush mango, sorghum and, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, in dried okra. These vended food crops in the local markets are therefore prone to mycotoxin contamination, which may pose a health threat to consumers, and require intentional mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible insects such as the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L. represent a potential and sustainable source of nutrients for food and feed due to their valuable nutritional composition, which can be modulated through dietary enrichment. The high content of saturated fatty acid (FA) of Hermetia illucens larvae fats can be modulated through dietary enrichment as a result of adding vegetable oils in the rearing substrate. Therefore, the present research aims to highlight the effects of a 10% addition of vegetable oils from five dietary fat sources (linseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and hempseed oil) on the growth, development, reproductive performance, and the fat and fatty acids profile of H. illucens. Oil inclusion in the larval diet improved (p < 0.05) the weight of larvae, prepupae, pupae, and imago without influencing (p > 0.05) the egg clutch weight and the number of eggs in the clutch. In addition, the larvae fatty acid profile was different (p < 0.001) according to the oil type, because the unsaturated FAs (UFA) increased from 11.23 to 48.74% of FAME, as well as according to the larvae age, because the saturated FAs decreased from 85.86 to 49.56% of FAME. Linseed oil inclusion led to the improvement of the FA profile at 10 days age of larvae, followed by hempseed and rapeseed oil. These three dietary treatments recorded the highest concentrations in UFA (29.94–48.74% of FAME), especially in polyunsaturated FA (18.91–37.22% of FAME) from the omega-3 series (3.19–15.55% of FAME) and the appropriate n–6/n–3 ratio. As a result, the degree of the lipid polyunsaturation index increased (17.76–41.44) and the value of the atherogenic (3.22–1.22) and thrombogenic (1.43–0.48) indices decreased. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that enriching the larval diet with these oils rich in UFA can modulate the larvae FA profile, making them suitable sources of quality fats for feed and indirectly for food.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of micronized full-fat camelina, flax, or sunflower seeds in the diet for broiler chickens on the performance productivity, nutrient utilization, and composition of intestinal microbial populations and to assess the possibility of modification of the resistance of isolated bacteria to chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action. The use of micronized oilseeds improved the broiler chicken body weight (P = 0.035) and the FCR value (P = 0.045) in the final rearing stage by enhancement of the utilization of total protein and organic matter. Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were isolated from small intestinal contents, and Enterobacteriaceae taxa were detected in the cecum and cloaca of the broiler chickens. The addition of micronized camelina seeds (CAM.IR) contributed to an increase in the Bifidobacterium counts in the small intestine, compared with the control treatment (P < 0.050). Escherichia coli bacteria were not isolated only in the CAM.IR treatment. Nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol were the most effective agents against the isolates from the cecum and cloaca in all oilseed treatments, whereas streptomycin exhibited the lowest efficacy. In the CAM.IR and micronized sunflower seed (SUN.IR) treatments, there were higher counts of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains than in the control and micronized flax seed (FLA.IR) treatments (P < 0.05). There was a difference between strains isolated from the cecum and cloaca only in the FLA.IR treatment, i.e., increased tetracycline sensitivity was exhibited by strains isolated from the cloaca (13% vs. 50%), also in comparison with the control treatments (P = 0.054). In comparison with the CAM.IR and control treatments, reduced numbers of multi-resistant strains were found in the cloaca isolates from the for FLA.IR and SUN.IR variants. Micronized camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be used as part of an effective nutritional strategy focused on optimization of the efficiency of rearing broiler chickens, as they positively modify intestinal microbial populations and increase bacterial sensitivity to the analyzed chemotherapeutic agents.

This article examines the varieties and effectiveness of fertilizers for winter rapeseed, the dynamics of the production process of crops at different sowing times, and the influence on the yield of oilseed fertilization of crops, the green mass of which was used for feed in the autumn growing season. The study and optimization of the assortment, research and development of technologies for growing highly productive crops of winter rapeseed is crucial. In this article, the authors summarize the literature and substantiate new directions for the use of winter rape crops for green fodder and oilseeds in different countries and regions of the Russian Federation. The article studies three domestic varieties of the All-Russian Research Institute of Oilseeds named after academician V.S. Pustovoit and one variety of foreign selection. The article identifies the dynamics of biomass accumulation and changes in the morphometric parameters of winter rape plants in the autumn growing season, depending on the timing of sowing. It also studies the productivity and quality of the green mass of winter rape and the possibility of using it for forage purposes. It discusses the yield of winter rape oilseeds, in which the green mass was used in the fall of the sowing year. It also determines the economic efficiency of cultivating the same crops of winter rape used for green mass in the fall and for oilseeds in the spring growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The world agriculture market is highly competitive; hence, the use of new approaches to analyze it can provide new insights to understand the factors that determine its competitiveness. This paper aims to investigate the global trade of soybean, soybean cake, and maize. They are listed among the most important commodities worldwide. To do so, we collected 2019 exports of these items from FAO database and analyzed them using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. The results showed the following scenarios: Soybeans present high competition between Brazil and the US; China is a shift factor, being responsible for 67% of imports. Soybean cake is shown in the market to have a larger number of buyers; however, Argentina, Brazil, and the US are the main exporters. Brazil and Argentina compete more in European and Asian countries, while the US mostly supplies its neighbors Mexico and Canada. Maize demonstrated the same main exporter players as soybean cake—Brazil, Argentina and the US. Brazil and Argentina compete mainly in European and Asian markets, while the US mostly supplies its neighbors, with the exception of Japan.

The production of hydrocarbon (C7-C20) and alcohol (C11-C19) from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compound are produced from the transesterification of the seed oil of the Nyamplung that has been conducted by the catalytic hydrocracking using Al-MCM-41 and Pd2+-impregnated-Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The performance of catalysts were compared by various analysis including the acidity that was determined by pyridine and FTIR, the crystal structure observed by XRD, the surface area and pore volume analyzed by BET/BJH, the surface morphology observed by TEM, the metal on the surface of catalyst observed by XPS and the product of the hydrocracking analyzed by GC-MS. Hexagonal structure of the MCM-41(100) was shown in the 2θ = 3o-5o of the diffractogram. The presence of impregnated Al and Pd observed at the 2θ = 20o and 34o, respectively. The Pd/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was more acidic than Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after the impregnation process. The tendency of catalytic hydrocracking of hydrocarbon produced was indicated that more amount of Palladium have more hydrocarbons aliphatic than alcohol.

Mechanical expression is widely applied for oil recovery from oilseeds using continuous screw presses. Despite significant recent advances in the field of press design and automation, it remains difficult to predict the press performances based on the theoretical approaches, and more experimental investigations are needed to clarify and characterize the seeds flow and expression behavior in the press. Residence Time Distribution (RTD) is a frequently used tool in chemical engineering to characterize the material flow by simple tracer tests. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using RTD for the screw presses, in order to check the flow patterns homogeneity and identify the possible deviations depending on the press geometry and the operating conditions. Both theoretical modeling and experimental investigation are conducted for two different screw press designs (Reinartz and Olexa), and at the different rotation speeds. An original and reliable experimental methodology was developed by using erucic acid as tracer in the form of pulse injection and gas chromatography as detection method. Experimental results coupled with statistical calculations showed the influence of the screw geometry and the rotation speed on the seeds flow inside the press. The matter displacement was much faster and the experimental residence time was very close to the theoretical one indicating more homogeneity and less dispersion in the Olexa arrangement in comparison to the Reinartz arrangement. The higher variance observed at lower rotation speed (2.4 rpm) suggested the presence of flow defects like mixing and axial dispersion in the press. To complete the experimental work, axial dispersion model was applied, and allowed obtaining the valuable information, such as axial dispersion degree and distribution functions. Obtained results can be very useful to predict the performance of existing screw presses and design more efficient industrial equipments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study was to determine the content of basic nutrients, the level of fatty acids, tocopherols, xanthophyll, and lycopene, and the total phenolic content in camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) (Cs), sunflower (Helianthus L.) (Ha), and flax (Linum L.) (Lu) seeds. The seeds were either raw or subjected to processing, i.e. boiling, micronization, or microwave roasting. The basic chemical composition was established and the fatty acid composition as well as the content of tocopherol (α, β, γ, δ, total), β-carotenoids, xanthophyll, lycopene, and total phenolics were determined in the analyzed oil seeds. The analyzed oil seeds are a rich source of protein and PUFAs as well as α-tocopherols (Ha) and γ-tocopherols (Cs, Lu), xanthophyll, and phenolics One portion of seeds covered from 746/513 (Cs) to as much as 1209/813% (Lu) (female/male) of the ALA daily intake. The AI value in the processed seeds increased (P < 0.05) and the values of H/H and HC declined (P < 0.05). The oil seed processing resulted in loss of most nutrients and bioactive constituents and appearance of some amounts of trans isomers, especially in the microwave roasted seeds (0.99–1.79 g/100 g crude lipid). The phenolic content decreased in the boiled seeds (Ha: 1301; Cs: 578.3, and Lu: 62.75 mg/100 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study determined the effect of the addition of 15% of camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds to iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets for broiler chickens during 21−42 days of age on the nutrient digestibility, production traits, slaughter analysis parameters, hematological indices, blood mineral elements, and dietary value of breast and drumstick meat. Two hundred one-day-old broiler chickens were assigned to four groups (treatments) with five replicates (10 birds per cage, 5 females and 5 males). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. Broiler chickens receiving diets supplemented with camelina and flax seeds exhibited an increase (p < 0.05) in average body weight and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the ether extract content and energy digestibility of the diets. Moreover, the best carcass quality with a high proportion of muscles and low abdominal fat content (p < 0.05) was noted in broilers fed flax- and sunflower-enriched diets. The treatments with the oil seeds reduced the ether extract content and the calorific value of breast and drumstick muscles. The flax seeds contributed to an increase in the Fe content in drumstick muscles. Additionally, some blood parameters were influenced by the flax seed supplementation, e.g., the level of hemoglobin declined (p < 0.05) and the iron level in plasma increased (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be regarded as good dietary components with positive effects on the dietary value of poultry meat.

The present work was conducted in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food science department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, in order to evaluate some nontraditional oil seeds these are i.e. Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds and Christ’s thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi) seeds. The seeds of the roselle and Christ’s thorn fruits were procured from Elobeid local market, North Kordofan State, while marula fruits were obtained from Elnuhod, West Kordofan State. The proximate composition of the seeds, cake and christ’s thorn pulp was done. Some chemical and physical properties were performed for the extracted oil. The results revealed that proximate composition of the seeds and cake differ statistically among the studied materials. Significant differences were observed among the oil extracted from these species; moreover, these oils differ significantly in color and viscosity only.

The present study involved seed health testing of four oil seeds (mustard, niger, groundnut and sunflower) for seed-borne fungi and seed vigor, and the evaluation of neem and tulsi leaf powders as seed treatment biofungicides. Standard blotter, agar plate and paper towel methods were employed. All the seed samples tested yielded several seed borne fungi. The herbal powders were screened individually and in combination (1:1) at the concentrations of 2, 5 and 10% by seed treatment. The incidence of seed borne fungi from oilseeds was substantially reduced by neem and tulsi powder on seed treatment in comparison to untreated control seeds. The leaf powders also increased seed germination and seedling emergence with increased shoot and root length. These plant powders could possibly be exploited in the management of seed-borne pathogenic fungi to prevent deterioration of oil seeds and to increase their vigor in an eco-friendly way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine how the partial supplementation of Moringa oleifera whole seed meal (MOWSM) would affect layer performance, egg quality and egg fatty acid profile. One hundred and forty-four Hy-Line hens in early-lay (20-weeks-old), with an average body weight of 1.45 kg were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments which were formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council standards for brown-egg laying hens. Dietary treatments consisted of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5% MOWSM. Layer performance was monitored over a period of 8 weeks. The inclusion of MOWSM in layer diets reduced feed intake, bodyweight, the rate of lay, egg weight, and egg mass. Yolk colour was significantly improved by 1, 3 and 5% inclusion levels, while the albumen height decreased. The albumen weight, yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, and egg shape index showed no statistical differences across all treatment groups. Similarly, the saturated fatty acid profile was also not affected. Palmitoleic acid decreased with the increase in MOWSM inclusion, whilst linolelaidic acid increased. The atherogenicity index was not affected by MOWSM inclusion, while the thrombogenicity index increased when compared to the control diet. It was concluded that, although MOWSM inclusion improved yolk colour, maintained external egg quality, and improved the fatty acid profile, the deleterious effect that it had on layer performance indicated that it may not be fed to early-lay hens at these respective levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Seed deterioration is a natural and irreversible process. Nevertheless, seed priming with water and antioxidants can minimize oxidative damage in oilseeds, resulting in attenuation of seed deterioration. The objective of this assay was to evaluate seed priming on respiratory activity of Jatropha curcas submitted to accelerated aging. Seeds from two provenances (Janauba and Pedro J. Caballero) were submitted to three priming treatments (control, immersion in deionized water, and with 750 µmol L-1 of ascorbic acid) and treated for accelerated aging at 41 °C for 72 h. The results showed that the priming of J. curcas seeds promoted tolerance to accelerated aging. Primed seeds, with ascorbic acid from Janauba and deionized water from Pedro J. Caballero, resulted in a higher percentage of normal seedlings, and increased germination speed index and seed respiration. The decline of physiological quality of J. curcas seeds after accelerated aging is directly associated with a reduction in respiratory activity that is related to seed moisture content.

The production of hydrocarbon (C7-C20) and alcohol (C11-C19) from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) compound are produced from the transesterification of the seed oil of the Nyamplung that has been conducted by the catalytic hydrocracking using Al-MCM-41 and Pd2+-impregnated-Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The performance of catalysts were compared by various analysis including the acidity that was determined by pyridine and FTIR, the crystal structure observed by XRD, the surface area and pore volume analyzed by BET/BJH, the surface morphology observed by TEM, the metal on the surface of catalyst observed by XPS and the product of the hydrocracking analyzed by GC-MS. Hexagonal structure of the MCM-41(100) was shown in the 2θ = 3°-5° of the diffractogram. The presence of impregnated Al and Pd observed at the 2θ = 20° and 34°, respectively. The Pd/Al-MCM-41 catalyst was more acidic than Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreased after the impregnation process. The tendency of catalytic hydrocracking of hydrocarbon produced was indicated that more amount of Palladium have more hydrocarbons aliphatic than alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to provide available data on a new class of allergens, the oleosins, and their diagnostic value. There is evidence that allergen extracts used for in vivo as well as in vitro diagnostic tests do not contain oleosins because these proteins are lipophilic and nearly insoluble in saline or aqueous solutions. So far, only oleosins of peanut, sesame and hazelnut have been registered as allergens. Reports on IgE-binding tests performed with oleosins of different species with sera from allergic patients show that IgE specific for oleosins are associated with severe allergic reactions which is why they should be part of the diagnostic tests in the future. Recent Findings: Recent findings showed that oleosins purified from in shell-roasted peanuts revealed a higher IgE-binding capacity when compared to raw ones. Naturally purified as well as recombinantly produced peanut oleosins can be used in basophil activation test. Summary: The synopsis of all reports on different thermal processing of several oleosin sources and the respective data obtained with patients sera investigated via immunoblot and basophil activation test points to the recommendation that-if naturally purified oleosins are used, they should mostly be obtained from roasted food allergen sources. For immunoblot and basophil activation test, both, naturally purified oleosins as well as recombinant modified oleosins are valuable diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of different cryoprotectants on germination and seedling development of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds after cryopreservation, two experiments were performed under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. Nine treatments were used for both experiments, as follows: T1--No cryoprotectants (control); T2--glycerol 2 M (20 minutes); T3--sucrose 0.4 M (20 minutes); T4--glycerol 2 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 (10 minutes); T5--glycerol 2 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 + phloroglucinol 1% (10 minutes); T6--sucrose 0.4 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 (10 minutes); T7--sucrose 0.4 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 + phloroglucinol 1% (10 minutes); T8--glycerol 2 M (20 minutes) + sucrose 0.4 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 (10 minutes); and T9--glycerol 2 M (20 minutes) + sucrose 0.4 M (20 minutes) + PVS2 (10 minutes) + phloroglucinol 1% (10 minutes). After cryopreservation, seeds without cryoprotectants (T1) or with sucrose 0.4 M + PVS2 (T6) returned the best germination percentages after seven days of in vitro culture, 29.5% and 25%, respectively. However, they were not significantly different. For the ex vitro experiment, seed germination percentage was higher in organic substrate. These results indicate that cryopreservation of jatropha seeds can be accomplished without cryoprotectants, and faster germination is obtained in organic substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to transform Camelina sativa easily with biosynthetic enzymes derived from other plants has made this oil seed crop an ideal platform for the production of unusual lipids valuable for different applications. However, in addition to expressing transgenic enzymes, the suppression of endogenous enzyme activity to reduce competition for common substrates or cofactors is also required to enhance the production of target compounds. As camelina possesses a relatively undifferentiated hexaploid genome, up to three gene homeologs can code for any particular enzymatic activity, complicating efforts to alter endogenous biosynthetic pathways. New genome editing technologies, such as that offered by the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein) system, offer the capability to introduce mutations into specifically targeted genomic sites. Here, by using a carefully designed guide RNA identical to all three homeologs, we demonstrate the ability of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing system to introduce mutations in all three CsDGAT1 or CsPDAT1 homeologous genes important for triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in developing seeds. Sequence analysis from transgenic T1 plants revealed that each CsDGAT1 or each CsPDAT1 homeolog was altered by multiple mutations, resulting in a genetic mosaic in the plants. Interestingly, seed harvested from both CsDGAT1- and CsPDAT1-targeted lines was often shrunken and wrinkled. Further, lipid analysis revealed that many lines produced seed with reduced oil content and altered fatty acid composition, consistent with the role of the targeted genes in seed oil biosynthesis. The CRISPR/Cas system therefore represents a useful method to alter endogenous biosynthetic pathways efficiently in polyploid species such as camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prickly ash seed (PAS) is composed of 27-31 % lipids and may be a potential lipid-rich ingredient for fish feed. In this study, we examined how the supplementation of four isonitrogenous (31.44 %) and isocaloric (16.5 kJ g) experimental diets (soybean meal, cotton meal, and rapeseed meal were the primary protein sources; soybean oil was the main lipid source) with various concentrations of PAS (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 %) affected the growth, body composition, and health status of Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). A total of 252 fish (44.38 ± 3.05 g) were randomly distributed into 12 circular tanks (21 fish/tank) and hand-fed one of the four diets three times daily to apparent satiation. The fish were sampled after consuming the diets for 60 days. The results showed that final weight (121.74-101.32 g) and specific growth rate (1.67-1.34) decreased as PAS increased, but only the 7.5 % PAS diet negatively influenced the growth and feed conversion ratio of the experimental fish ( P < 0.05). Dietary PAS addition did not influence the crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and moisture of the whole body, muscle, or hepatopancreas ( P > 0.05) but increased the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in the muscle and hepatopancreas. PAS had no adverse effect on serum biochemical parameters, including the activities of alanine aminotransferase (18.87-24.90 U L) and aspartate aminotransferase (117.13-129.94 U L) and the concentration of total protein (23.63-27.13 g L), albumin (9.08-9.90 g L), globulin (14.17-17.23 g L), glucose (4.77-6.30 mmol L), total cholesterol (2.32-2.81 mmol L), triglyceride (2.25-2.52 mmol L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.41-0.43 mmol L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.57-0.76 mmol L) ( P > 0.05). No significant difference in hepatopancreatic superoxide dismutase activity (101.5-107.2 U mg prot) was found among the groups ( P > 0.05). However, malondialdehyde content increased with increased dietary PAS supplementation, with fish in the 5.0 and 7.5 % PAS groups showing levels significantly higher than those in the other groups ( P < 0.05). Fish fed the 7.5 % PAS diet had a midgut fold height (358.76 μm) and fold width (71.48 μm) that was significantly lower than those of fish in the other groups (456.48-610.13 and 93.25-106.83 μm, respectively; P < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that the diet for Jian carp can be supplemented with up to 5.0 % PAS without adverse effects on growth performance and health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds of soybean, peanut, and sesame were exposed to various doses of gamma irradiation (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.5 kGy). Fatty acid and unsaponifiable profiles of the extracted oils were separated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the ratios of unsaturated to saturated total fatty acids (TU/TS) and total hydrocarbons to sterols (TH/TSt) were significantly altered upon irradiation. These changes were clearly observed in the oil extracted from irradiated sesame seeds compared with the oils from irradiated peanuts and soybean. The major change in fatty acid composition was the decrease in the quantity of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2) in all cases. In contrast, the sterol fractions such as cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol levels of irradiated seeds were generally lower than that of the un-irradiated seeds.

This paper reports the physicochemical characteristics of the seed oils from different varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivated in Pakistan, namely Sugar Baby, Q-F-12, D-W-H-21 and Red Circle-1885. The oil and crude protein contents from watermelon seeds, within the range of 28.25 to 35.65% and 20.50 to 35.00%, respectively, varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the varieties tested. The levels of moisture, ash, and crude fiber in the seeds tested were found to be 2.16-3.24%, 1.95-3.42% and 4.29-6.60%, respectively. The physicohemical characteristics of the extracted oils were: free fatty acid contents (1.17-2.10% as oleic acid), iodine value (97.10-116.32 g of I2 100g-1 of oil), saponification index (190.20-205.57 mg KOH g-1 of oil), unsaponifiable matter (0.54-0.82%) and color (1.12-4.30 R + 12.20-33.40 Y). The oils revealed a reasonable oxidative parameter range as depicted by the determinations of specific extinction at 232 and 270 nm (2.90-4.40 and 2.05- 3.09, respectively), p-anisidine value (5.60-7.70) and peroxide value (2.90-5.06 meqO2 kg-1 of oil). Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid found in all the seed oils with contributions of 45.30-51.80% of the total fatty acids (FA). Other fatty acids detected were known to be oleic acid (20.2- 23.5%), palmitic acid (15.1-16.9%) and stearic acid (11.5- 14.4%). The contents of α- and δ-tocopherol in the oils accounted for 120.6-195.6 and 9.1-58.3 mg kg-1, respectively. The physicochemical attributes of the watermelon seed oils showed a wider variation among the varieties tested. The results of the present study indicate that the seeds of the tested watermelon varieties from Pakistan are a potential source of high-linoleic oil and thus can be explored for commercial use and value addition.

We have determined the parameters of oil expression process for non-typical seeds of oil-producing plants, such as quince tree, safflower, fennel-flower, cuckoo-flower, tarweed, lallemantia, sea-buckthorn, borage, evening primrose, mustard, and others. The relative moisture of most of the seeds tested ranged from 5.5% to 8.9%. The values of the oil point pressure obtained for the seeds permitted detailed classification of the plant species under study into 7 seed hardness groups. The largest group belonged to the pressure range from 10 to 15 MPa (oil flax, spring rapeseed cvs Bronowski, Mazowiecki, and Star, spring rape cv. Porkland and local population, oil radish, spring camelina, mustard cv. Małopolska, evening primrose cv. UWM). The oil content in this group was above 30%, and in the case of rapeseed cv. Mazowiecki and Bronowski it was 40%. The values of compression energy obtained for the materials studied in the oil test ranged from 3.69 J (oil sunflower cv. Wielkopolski) to 64.18 J (sea-buckthorn).