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Valerian possesses a multitude of pharmacological effects, including sedative and hypnotic properties, antihypertensive effects, antibacterial activity, and liver protection. Insomnia, one of the most prevalent disorders in contemporary society, significantly impacts people's daily lives. This study aims to explore the anti-insomnia effects of valerian volatile oil (VVO) and investigate its potential mechanism of action through chemical analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental validation. Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and drug-likeness screening, we identified 38 active compounds. Network pharmacology studies revealed that these 38 compounds might affect 103 targets associated with insomnia, such as monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), interleukin 1β (IL1B), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), which contribute to regulating the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, 5-hydroxytryptaminergic synapse, and calcium signaling pathways. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations indicated that bis[(6,6-dimethyl-3-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-enyl)methyl] (E)-but-2-enedioate exhibited a stabilizing interaction with MAOB. The animal studies demonstrated that gavage administration of a high dose (100 mg/kg) of VVO significantly diminished autonomous activity, decreased sleep latency, and extended sleep duration in mice. Furthermore, the results of the Western blot experiment indicated that VVO interacts with MAOB, resulting in decreased expression levels of MAOB in the cerebral cortex. This study demonstrates the protective mechanism of VVO against insomnia through chemical analysis, network pharmacology, and experimental validation and extends the possible applications of VVO, which is a potential therapeutic ingredient for use in insomnia treatment.

Despite progress in medical and surgical treatments of wounds, bioactive compounds still offer an effective and safe approach to accelerate wound healing (WH). In this review, recent results of studies on WH by essential oils (EOs) and their terpenoids are reported. Mechanisms of action of these substances and their possible use in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for WH are discussed. EOs of 38 species from 16 families have been evaluated for their potential to treat wounds. Lamiaceae was the most representative family with 10 species, followed by Myrtaceae and Asteraceae. EOs improve WH by acting as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agents. Some other EOs were involved by increasing expression of transforming growth factor (TGF), inhibition of several factors, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), substitution of type III collagen by type I collagen, and up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These mechanisms improved repair of cells and increased proliferation. Alternatively, DDSs based on nanomaterials (NMs) used to carry EOs for WH are mainly based on nanoparticles (NPs), microparticles (MPs) and scaffolds. There is much evidence that EOs can promote WH. Advancement of nanotechnology in recent years has contributed to improving use of EO with DDSs in WH management. However, some limitations need to be addressed to achieve the translation of this technology into clinical applications for wound treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Aromatherapy, a non-pharmacological intervention involving essential oils, has been suggested as a complementary therapy for perioperative discomfort. This study seeks to systematically examine the efficacy of aromatherapy in alleviating pain and other discomforts in mothers undergoing cesarean sections., Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted from inception to September 2024. Inclusion criteria involved mothers undergoing cesarean section, aromatherapy as an intervention, and outcomes such as pain, anxiety, nausea and vomiting. Subgroup analyses explored the effects of distinct control groups, essential oil, dosage, number of sessions, and session length of aroma preparations. Statistical analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3, with heterogeneity assessed using the Q test and I 2 statistic., Results: Seventeen studies involving 1490 participants were included. Aromatherapy significantly reduced post-cesarean pain (SMD = -1.19, 95 % CI [-1.93, -0.45], p = 0.002). Chamomile oil, low dosage (≤2 drops), single session and sessions lasting 20 min or less were more effective in relieving pain. Aromatherapy significantly decreased nausea incidence (RR = 0.52, 95 % CI [0.33, 0.81], p = 0.004), reduced analgesic requirements (RR = 0.60, 95 % CI [0.49, 0.73], p < 0.00001), and improved patient satisfaction (RR = 1.64, 95 % CI [1.26, 2.12], p = 0.0002)., Conclusion: Aromatherapy effectively reduces post-cesarean pain, nausea, analgesic use, and improves patient satisfaction. Chamomile oil, low doses (≤2 drops), single session and short length (≤20 min) seems to be the most effective method for alleviating post-cesarean pain., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of aromatherapy for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia., Design: Prospective randomized four-arm placebo-controlled trials METHODS: One hundred and twenty subjects were allocated to each of the four groups based on the application of aromatic oil in subjects manifesting PONV: group 1 (lavender), group 2 (lemon), group 3 (peppermint), and group 4 (normal saline placebo). Aromatherapy was administered to all subjects immediately after surgery. Antiemetics were provided to subjects with significant nausea or vomiting. The severity of nausea and vomiting in subjects post-TKA was evaluated using the Halpin nausea and vomiting scale (HNV). The HNV and the concentration of antiemetic drug use were evaluated. Subjects' satisfaction with treatment for PONV was evaluated at discharge., Findings: HNV scores did not differ significantly between groups immediately after surgery until the third postoperative day (P > .05). The amount of antiemetic drug used in group 3 was significantly lower among the groups (P = .030). The subject satisfaction scale did not differ significantly among groups (P = .837)., Conclusions: Aromatherapy using peppermint oil reduced the amount of antiemetics used to treat PONV after TKA under spinal anesthesia with comparable subject satisfaction. Lavender and lemon oils did not reduce the use of antiemetics after TKA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None to report., (Copyright © 2024 The American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Common postoperative symptoms are known to impede recovery, indicating the necessity for non-pharmacological alternatives to address these symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an aromatic solution prepared from lavender and ginger oil on sore throat, thirst, and nausea-vomiting after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) surgery., Materials and Methods: The trial used an experimental, double-blind randomised controlled group design with three arms. It was conducted between 2021 and 2023 in the urology department of a hospital, involving 110 patients (37 experimental, 37 placebo, 36 control) who underwent PNL. A personal information form, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for sore throat and thirst, and a verbal descriptive scale (VDS) for nausea and vomiting were used. The prepared aromatic solution was applied as a mouth spray at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h postoperatively., Results: A statistically significant decrease in sore throat scores was observed in the experimental group compared to the placebo and control groups following the intervention. Thirst levels decreased in both the placebo and experimental groups, with the experimental group showing lower thirst scores than the other groups. Additionally, the experimental group showed a significant reduction in nausea and vomiting scores compared to the other groups., Conclusion: This study found that the aromatic solution had beneficial effects on sore throat, thirst, and nausea-vomiting in the postoperative period. To our knowledge, this is among the first studies exploring combined effects of lavender and ginger oils on postoperative symptoms after PNL surgery, potentially offering new insights to the literature., Clinicaltrials Gov Id: NCT05522023., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No COI. The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a very-low-absorbable geraniol formulation, administered as a food supplement, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a real-world setting in Italy., Methods: This open-label study was conducted in Italy on patients diagnosed with IBS and treated for 4 weeks with 240 mg/day of Palmarosa essential oil, absorbed on 960 mg of ginger root powder to obtain a very-low-absorbable geraniol formulation. Baseline characteristics, including demographic and symptoms were recorded using the IBS Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS). After 28 ± 7 days, the patients were asked to complete the IBS-SSS questionnaire again. The primary objective was to confirm the effects of a very-low-absorbable geraniol formulation on self-reported symptoms of IBS and the quality of life of affected individuals. The secondary objective was to confirm the effect of the treatment on the different IBS subtypes., Results: A total of 1585 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 44.8 years and 56.4% women. Following the 4-week supplementation period, significant decreases were observed in the patients' IBS-SSS (-67.9%) and all the primary IBS symptoms, such as abdominal distention (-82.3%), unsatisfaction with bowel habits (-46.2%), and interference with quality of life (QoL) (-64.9%) (all p < 0.01). The patients' stool type improved significantly. Treatment was effective in all IBS subtypes., Conclusions: Treatment with very-low-adsorbable geraniol food supplement was associated with improvements in symptoms and bowel habits in all IBS subtypes in a real-world setting in Italy. These findings support the use of geraniol as an effective option for patients with IBS regardless of the disease subtype.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate how aromatherapy with the inhalation of lavender oil affects fatigue and sleep quality in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy., Methods: This randomized, parallel-group study was carried out in the Adult Bone Marrow Transplant unit and Hematology-Oncology clinics between January 2022 and April 2023. A total of 120 patients were assigned to experimental and control groups by randomization. The study was completed with 100 patients including 50 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group. Lavender essential oil was applied to the experimental group for 20 min prior to going to bed every night for 5 consecutive days. Physiological saline solution was applied to the control group in the same way. A Participant Information Form, the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and the Piper Fatigue Scale were used as data collection tools., Results: The experimental group showed a significantly higher sleep quality (p = 0.001) and had a significantly lower PFS scores (p = 0.001) compared to the control group. Also, the mean scores of the experimental group on the Behavioral, Sensory, and Cognitive subscales were statistically significantly lower than the scores of the control group (p < 0.05). Variables of lavender aromatherapy and total sleep quality accounted for 17.1% of the variance in fatigue levels (R 2  = 0.171)., Conclusions: Consequently, it was determined that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil significantly alleviated fatigue and lowered PFS total and subscale scores in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Also, sleep quality significantly enhanced in the overall PFS and its subscales., Trial Registration: NCT05808296. Date of Registration: 30 March 2023., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: Approval was obtained from Sinop University Ethics Committee (Number 2021/72). All procedures in this study were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or similar ethical standards. Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have emerged as a global challenge. There are several underlying mechanisms which are involved in causing mycobacterial resistance towards antitubercular agents including post translational modifications, efflux pumps and gene mutations. This resistance necessitates the investigation of complementary therapeutic options including the use of bioactive compounds from plants. Recent studies have focused on recognising and isolating the characteristics of these compounds to assess their potential against MDR-TB. Phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and essential oils have shown promising antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These compounds can either directly kill or inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis or enhance the immune system's ability to fight against the infection. Some studies suggest that combining phytoconstituents with standard antitubercular medications works synergistically by enhancing the efficacy of drug, potentially lowering the associated risk of side effects and eventually combating resistance development. This review attempts to elucidate the potential of phytoconstituents in combating resistance in MDR-TB which hold a promise to change the course of treatment strategies in tuberculosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lavender oil inhalation on work stress and job satisfaction among health professionals. This randomized, experimental study involved 108 health professionals, of whom 36 were randomized into the intervention group, 35 into the placebo group, and 37 into the control group. The intervention was performed during work shifts of the intervention group (8 hours a day during a 5-day period). The intervention group was exposed to lavender oil inhalation through a diffuser and the placebo group was exposed to inhalation of distilled water containing light yellow food dye, but the control group did not receive anything. Data were collected with General Characteristics Form, The Swedish Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire, and The Minnesota Satisfaction Scale. The study was also registered at the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000239864). Before the intervention, no significant difference was found in work stress and job satisfaction levels between the intervention, placebo, and control groups. After the intervention, the intervention group had a significantly lower work stress level and a significantly higher job satisfaction level than the placebo and control groups ( P < .05). Lavender oil inhalation can decrease work stress and improve job satisfaction., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Essential oils (EOs) are a volatile mixture of bioactive compounds extracted from aromatic plants. The composition of EOs varies, which majorly depends on the extraction methods and plant parts. Aromatherapy using EOs has been reported for its several beneficial effects in humans. Aromatherapy is considered a complementary and/ or adjuvant therapeutic approach for treating several illnesses, especially to improve mental health and well-being. The incidence of sleep disorders, specifically insomnia, is nowadays increased, possibly due to urbanization and lifestyle. The studies showed that EOs-based treatments using lavender EO, bergamot EO, cinnamon EO, and rosemary EO (alone or in combinations) could improve sleep quality, duration, and deprivation in healthy subjects and patients, those who suffer from sleep-related issues. The current manuscript details the outcomes of EO-based treatments on the sleep quality of humans and the possible mechanisms associated with the health-promoting properties of EOs. Also, the toxicity and adverse effects of EOs have been discussed. The study indicated that EOs are potent adjuvant therapeutic candidates to manage mood-associated complications in humans. Moreover, the aromatherapeutic field requires detailed studies on toxicity and dose determination, which could provide safe and effective therapeutic results., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Eucalyptus essential oils (EEOs) have gained significant attention recently anticipated to their broad range of prospective benefits in various biological applications. They have been proven to have strong antibacterial properties against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This makes them valuable in combating infections and supporting overall hygiene. The active compounds present in these oils can help alleviate inflammation, making them valuable in addressing inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, respiratory ailments, and skin disorders. Respiratory health benefits are another prominent aspect of EEOs. Inhalation of these oils can help promote clear airways, relieve congestion, and ease symptoms of respiratory conditions like coughs, colds, and sinusitis. They are often utilized in inhalation therapies and chest rubs. They can be used topically or in massage oils to alleviate muscle and joint pain. Furthermore, these oils have shown potential in supporting wound healing. Their antimicrobial activity helps prevent infection, while their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties contribute to reducing inflammation and pain associated with wounds. In aromatherapy, EEOs are renowned for their invigorating and uplifting qualities, promoting mental clarity, relaxation, and stress relief. Overall, EEOs hold great promise in biological applications, offering a natural and versatile approach to promote health and well-being. Continued research and exploration of their therapeutic potential will further unveil their benefits and broaden their applications in various fields., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Animal ethics: Not applicable., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mental wellbeing is crucial to a good quality of life. With progression in life, mental health can deteriorate, leading to multiple disorders, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Essential oils, from various sources, have a long history of use in aromatherapy. Herein, we review the current literature related to the psychological effects of essential oils, emphasizing their impact on mood regulation, stress reduction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive function. Various mechanisms, such as alterations to the neurotransmitter system, endocrine changes, and anti-oxidant activity are reviewed. The non-invasive nature of essential oils suggests they have a promising role as adjuncts to conventional therapies for improving the mental health of the aging population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Need to improve the quality of vaginal birth in a humanized and non-invasive way, contributing to pain and anxiety during labor. Integrative and complementary practices, such as aromatherapy, have been an important tool for managing natural birth. To evaluate the effects of Citrus sinensis L. aroma on pain and anxiety during labor., Methods: Single-blind randomized clinical trial with pregnant women was performed in a city of Brazilian northwest. The pregnant women were divided (n=42/group) into an experimental group (inhalation of 250 μL of C. sinensis essential oil) and a placebo group (250 μL of distilled water), and submitted to the evaluation of pain intensity through Visual Analogic Scale, anxiety (STAI-E), physiological parameters, as well as fetal heart rate., Results: Aromatherapy significantly reduced pain intensity over time (p=0.0411), especially for pregnant women in stage 1 dilatation and primiparous (p=0.0022). In addition, essential oil inhalation also reduced anxiety (p<0.0001), showing significant positive correlations (r=0.3147; p=0.3129) with pain intensity. Exposure to the aroma of sweet orange also reduced mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate of pregnant women and fetal heart rate (p<0.0001)., Discussion: The active compounds present in the essential oil used, especially limonene, are capable of modulating neurotransmission systems associated with pain and anxiety, being effective in reducing these symptoms during labor., Conclusion: It was shown that C. sinensis essential oil reduces pain and anxiety during labor, indicating the potential of this type of intervention and its possible applicability in good labor practices., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Neurodegenerative diseases were mostly perceived as diseases of ageing populations, but now-a-days, these diseases pose a threat to populations of all age groups despite significant improvements in quality of life. Almost all essential oils (EOs) have been reported to have some neuroprotective abilities and have been used as supplements for good mental health over the centuries. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of one such monoterpene phenolic EO, carvacrol (CV), that has the potential to be used as a main therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative disorders. Three libraries, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, were explored for research studies related to the neuroprotective roles of CV. All the research articles from these libraries were sorted out, with the first article tracing back to 2009, and the latest article was published in 2024. The positive effects of CV in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, multiple sclerosis, ischemia, and behavioural disorders have been supported with evidence. This review not only focused on study designs and the pharmacological pathways taken by CV for neuroprotection but also focused on demographics, illustrating the trend of CV research studies in certain countries and the preferences for the use of in vitro or in vivo models in studies. Our review provides useful evidence about the neuroprotective potential of CV; however, a lack of studies was observed regarding CV encapsulation in proper dosage forms, in particular nanoparticles, which could be further explored for CV delivery to the central nervous system.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitations resulting from small airway injury, bronchial wall thickening, and hypersecretion of mucus. Current pharmacological interventions are ineffective in reversing these airflow limitations; In our study, we investigated the potential role of patchouli essential oil (PEO) in the treatment of COPD and its underlying molecular mechanisms, both in vitro and in vivo. To establish a cigarette smoke-induced COPD mice model, we exposed the mice to cigarette smoke (CS) and administered nasal drip of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). During the modeling process, the mice were nebulized daily with PEO; Treatment with PEO significantly ameliorated the inflammatory response in CS-induced COPD mice, leading to improved lung function. Histopathological examination revealed that PEO treatment improved lung tissue changes, as observed through staining. Furthermore, PEO treatment reduced the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and reversed the CS-induced elevation of mRNA levels of these factors. Additionally, PEO treatment significantly countered cigarette smoke-induced COPD via the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice; Our result has shown that inhalation of PEO can substantially alleviate the increase in inflammatory factors, mitigate lung function impairment, and reduce airway remodeling in cigarette smoke-induced COPD mice., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: All experimental procedures were performed under the Guidance of the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) (No. SWS20230508). We confirm that the manuscript of the research report conforms to the ARRIVE guidelines., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To verify the effect of aromatherapy (inhaled or via the skin) with lavender, sweet orange and bergamot essential oils on caregivers' overload and fatigue., Method: Pilot, quasi-experimental, randomized, non-blind and parallel study with two groups. The reduced Zarit Burden Interview and Revised Piper scales were used, comparing the effect of two routes of administration. The recommendations of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials were respected. Final sample with 23 caregivers of elderly people cared for by the Home Care Program of a University Hospital, in the city of São Paulo, between May and September 2021. To analyze the outcome after 21 days, the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the effects. For the linear model, and for the variable perceived duration of fatigue, the Cumulative Link Mixed Model was used. The significance level adopted was 5%., Results: Temporal perceptions of fatigue were reduced throughout the study for the groups. However, there was no decrease in overload or fatigue, regardless of the moment and groups., Conclusion: Overload and fatigue were reduced in the group that received the treatment through inhalation, showing no statistical significance.

Background: Aromatherapy has been proposed as a complementary therapy to enhance sleep quality and regulate mood. However, few studies have specifically examined the efficacy of aromatherapy in managing sleep disorders in older adults. Therefore, the present study aims to systematically review the impact of aromatherapy on sleep quality among older adults., Methods: It employed a meta-analysis design. A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted across 7 databases to identify randomized controlled trials examining the effects of aromatherapy on sleep quality in older adults. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the literature. The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis checklist., Results: Aromatherapy demonstrated effectiveness in improving sleep quality among older adults (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.38 to -0.66; P < .001). Subgroup analyses based on aroma types, intervention modalities, and treatment durations revealed enhanced efficacy with lavender as the sole aroma (SMD = -1.39; 95% CI = -2.06 to -0.72; P < .001), non-inhaled aromatherapy (SMD = -1.73; 95% CI = -2.26 to -1.2; P < .001), and aromatherapy administered for less than 4 weeks (SMD = -1.16; 95% CI = -1.68 to -0.64; P < .001). Notably, significant effects of aromatherapy on anxiety (SMD = -0.83; 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.42; P < .001) and depression (SMD = -0.85; 95% CI = -1.30 to -0.39; P < .001) in older adults were also observed., Conclusion: This study indicates that aromatherapy improves sleep quality in older adults, with single-use lavender, non-inhalation aromatherapy, lasting less than 4 weeks being particularly effective. Aromatherapy also alleviates depression, but its effects on anxiety require further evaluation., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Objective: This study was conducted as a randomized controlled double-blind trial to examine the effects of massage and bathing using lavender oil on the pain, stress, and behavior of newborns. It was hypothesized that the interventions would be associated with changes in pain, stress, and behavior in newborns., Methods: The sample of the study included 45 term newborns (15 lavender massage groups, 15 lavender bath groups, 15 control groups). Newborns with a postnatal age of 1-5 days and a gestational age of 38-42 weeks, who could tolerate enteral nutrients, were not connected to a respiratory support device, had no skin disease, had no genetic or chromosomal abnormalities, did not undergo surgical intervention, and at least one parent giving written consent were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, repeated measures ANOVA, and one-way ANOVA tests were used to evaluate the data., Results: It was determined that the Neonatal Pain and Stress Rating Scale scores of the newborns in the lavender massage group decreased at the 5th minute after the study compared to before the study. It was determined that the Anderson Behavior Status Scoring System scores of the newborns in the lavender massage group decreased at the 5th minute after the study compared to before the study. It was also determined that the mean difference between the Neonatal Pain and Stress Rating Scale scores of the newborns in the lavender massage group was higher than the other groups., Conclusion: Aromatherapy massage with lavender oil is more effective in reducing pain and stress levels and improving behavioral outcomes in newborns than a bath application using lavender oil.

Background and Purpose: Patients suffering from burn injuries experience high levels of pain, anxiety, and sleep problems. These symptoms negatively affect the healing process of patients. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of inhalation aromatherapy applied with lavender essential oil on pain, anxiety, and sleep quality in burn patients., Methods: The randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted with a total of 60 patients, 30 of whom were treated with aromatherapy (lavender) and 30 with placebo (sterile/ saline water), who were hospitalized in the burn treatment center of the hospital between October 2021 and April 2022. Interventions were applied for 20 min in the morning and evening for five days. "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory", "Visual Analog Scale" and "Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire" were used for data collection., Results: It was determined that the pain levels of the patients in the aromatherapy group decreased significantly compared to the patients in the placebo group (p < 0.05), but the anxiety levels did not differ significantly between the groups (p > 0.05). It was determined that the sleep quality of the patients in the aromatherapy group was higher from the 3rd day than the patients in the placebo group (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: It was determined that inhalation aromatherapy applied to burn patients reduced the level of pain and increased sleep quality. Aromatherapy is recommended for healthcare professionals to reduce pain and improve sleep quality in burn patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Burns Injuries. All rights reserved.)

Background: Managing postoperative setting, regarding pain and anxiety after cesarean delivery is crucial for the mother's recovery, her emotional well-being, mother-infant bonding and initiating breastfeeding. Although some research have suggested that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil can be effective in reducing pain and anxiety in various medical settings, the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy in the postoperative setting after cesarean delivery is less well-studied. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of lavender essential oil therapy in the management of pain and anxiety after cesarean delivery., Methods: This was a monocentric randomized controlled double-blind trial conducted over a period of five months during 2023. A hundred women undergoing c-sections under spinal anesthesia were enrolled and randomly assigned; using block randomization of 4 items per block with allocation ratio 1:1, into two groups: The aromatherapy group (receiving inhaled Lavender essential oil) versus the placebo group (receiving distilled water instead). The primary outcomes were pain (at rest and after mobilization) and anxiety levels and after the intervention. This trial was registered on clinical-trials.org (NCT06387849)., Results: A total of 100 women were included (50 women in each group aromatherapy and the placebo group). The two groups were comparable regarding baseline characteristics and pre-intervention parameters with no statistically significant difference. After the intervention, the pain at rest (38,76 ± 22,9 vs. 23,84 ± 18,01; p < 0.001), the pain after mobilization (60,28 ± 23,72 vs. 40,12 ± 22,18; p < 0.001), and degree of anxiety (46,76 ± 6,59 vs. 44,3 ± 5,17; p = 0.03) were all significantly lower in the aromatherapy group. No adverse effects were reported by participants in both groups., Conclusion: Aromatherapy using Lavender essential oil is effective in reducing pain and anxiety after cesarean delivery without adverse effects., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board (approval no. 03/2023). This trial was registered on clinical-trials.org (NCT06387849) on April 2024. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. All included women gave their informed written consent to take part in the study after explaining its purpose., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Alzheimer's disease, a type of dementia, poses serious challenges to patients, especially older people, and no definitive treatment is available for this disease, with drug treatments having many side effects. As essential oils of plants deserve particular attention in the treatment of diseases, this study aimed to review the potential therapeutic effects of essential oils on treatment of psychosomatic aspects of Alzheimer's disease. To collect information, we searched different databases, including MagIran, SID, IranDoc and IranMedex, Embase, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science using the keywords of essential oil, Alzheimer, acetylcholinesterase, memory, forgetfulness, aromatherapy, medicinal plant, herbal drugs, and their Persian equivalents from January 2010 to June 2022; the search included both single and multiple keywords. We retrieved 233 articles, reviewed the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the articles, and then included 25 related articles in this review (11 in vitro studies and 14 in vivo studies). The study results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed the effectiveness of different essential oils such as salvia family, tangerine and lemon oils, Juniperus communis, Anthriscus nemorosa, olibanum, inhaled coriander, Schisandra chinensis, lavender, rose essential oil, Nepeta cataria, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Lippia origanoides, on memory and learning, enzymes, oxidative stress and inflammation, behavioural and cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that essential oils can serve as complementary therapies for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and for addressing memory impairments, although further research, especially human clinical trials, is needed to validate these findings, determine optimal dosages, and explore the long-term safety of essential oils in clinical settings., (© 2025 Japanese Psychogeriatric Society.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thyme oil (TO), chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs), and TO-loaded-CS-NPs on controlling Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection in broiler chickens when compared to ciprofloxacin (Cip) antibiotic treatment. The CS-NPs and TO-loaded-CS-NPs were initially characterized using a transmission electron microscope. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks were divided into six equal groups. Group 1 was given TO (1ml/4L of the drinking water). However, group 2 and group 3 were given CS-NPs and TO-loaded-CS-NPs in a 2 ml/chick dose by oral gavage. Group 4 was given a Cip (0.5 g/mL of drinking water). Treatments started on the 20th day of age and continued for 5 successive days. Each chicken in groups 1-5 was orally infected with 1 ml of 1 × 10 9  CFU/ml S. Typhimurium 14 days old. Chickens in group 6 were kept as blank control negative without treatment or infection. All groups were kept for 4 weeks post-infection to record clinical observations, performance parameters, the shedding rate of S. Typhimurium, and the histopathological parameters of different organs. Results showed that the infected untreated group had the lowest performance (BWT: 2164.60 ± 31.90), with the highest bacterial count (BC) (8.56 ± 0.14) and lesion scores. The best results were obtained in response to TO-loaded-CS-NPs (BWT: 2422.70 ± 51.15 and BC: 6.62 ± 0.32) and Cip (BWT: 2431.50 ± 40.01 and BC: 5.32 ± 0.16). Therefore, it is recommended to use TO-loaded-CS-NPs as an alternative antibacterial agent in controlling S. Typhimurium infection without taking the risk of developing resistant bacterial strains as with antibiotics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study aimed to compare the effect of inhaled aromatherapy using various essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients., Background: Inhalation of essential oils significantly promotes the physiological and psychological health of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, research identifying and ranking the effects of different essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients is lacking., Design: This study followed the PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-Analyses of Health Care Interventions (PRISMA-NMA) guidelines., Methods: A comprehensive search of five databases (Embase, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO) was conducted from their inception to March 15, 2023 (with an additional eligible study included dated August 14, 2023). Google Scholar was used as a supplementary method. Frequentist NMA was used to determine the effects of various essential oils. Certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA)., Results: A total of 11 trials involving 690 critically ill patients were included in the analysis. The NMA of inhaled aromatherapy revealed that the combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita, and neroli essential oils (ratio 6:2:0.5) resulted in the most significant improvement in sleep quality compared to usual care, followed by Rosa damascene, peppermint, Citrus aurantium, pure sunflower oil and lavender oil alone. The overall CoE for the results was rated as low., Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that a combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita and neroli essential oils significantly positively affected sleep quality among critically ill patients. Despite the low quality of evidence, inhaled aromatherapy is non-invasive and easy to use., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Inhaled aromatherapy can effectively improve sleep quality among critically ill patients., Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution applies to this work., Study Registration: The study protocol was registered to the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (protocol number CRD42023433194)., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is physiopathologically marked by an accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the brain tissue. While new drugs for AD have been approved, novel treatments are still needed. Eplingiella fruticosa (EF) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be beneficial against AD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EF leaf essential oil complexed with β-cyclodextrin in a sporadic AD model induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Male Wistar rats (5-6 months old) received an intracerebroventricular STZ injection (3 mg/kg) or vehicle, and were orally treated with vehicle, EF (5 mg/kg), or donepezil (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Behavioral tests included olfactory discrimination, open field, novel object recognition, sucrose preference, and spontaneous alternation. Upon completion, rats were euthanatized, and their brains were analyzed for Aβ, tau, and IL-1β via immunohistochemistry, and for oxidative stress markers. STZ-treated rats showed memory deficits and anhedonia, accompanied by increased Aβ, tau, and IL-1β immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, and increased TBARS levels in the hippocampus. On the other hand, EF treatment improved short-term and working memory (p < 0.001), and reduced depressive-like behavior (p = 0.02). Additionally, EF treatment decreased Aβ, tau, and IL-1β immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cortex (p < 0.05), and reduced TBARS levels (p = 0.04) and total oxidant status in the hippocampus (p = 0.03), and increased total antioxidant status in the cortex (p = 0.04). These findings suggest EF has neuroprotective effects against STZ-induced damage, indicating its potential as a novel compound for AD treatment., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All procedures involving animals followed the Brazilian law for the use of animals in scientific research (Law number 11.794) of October 8, 2008, Decree 6899 of July 15, 2009, as well as with the rules issued by the National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA), and was approved by the Ethic Committee on Animal Use of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (CEUA/UNIFESP Protocol No. 5135090620) in the meeting of 08/03/2020. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Financial interests: The authors declare they have no financial interests. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of Cang-ai volatile oil (CAVO) on rats with myocardial hypertrophy (MH) exposed to the hypobaric hypoxic environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using 7.0-tesla (7.0T) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)., Methods: A total of 50 male specific pathogen-free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to a low-altitude control (CON) group, hypobaric hypoxia (HH) group, myocardial hypertrophy modeling (MH) group, MH modeling plus CAVO treatment (MH+CAVO) group, and MH modeling plus benadryl hydrochloride treatment (MH+RX) group, with 10 rats in each group. Except for the CON group, the rats in all the groups were kept and fed in the standard way for 8 weeks in a high-altitude environment (at 4250 m above sea level), and then given the corresponding treatment drugs by gastric gavage. Afterwards, 7.0T high field strength CMR was used to measure left ventricular (LV) function and myocardial strain. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were performed to observe myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining was performed to analyze the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of the myocardium. Serum levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were measured by ELISA., Results: Compared with those of the control group, the MH group had significantly lower left ventricular global circumferential strain (LVGCS) at (－18.85±1.67)% and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) at (－20.39±1.48)% ( P <0.05). However, the MH+CAVO group had significantly higher LVGCS at (－22.10±1.08)% and LVGLS at (－24.60±1.72)% compared with those of the MH group (both P <0.05), indicating that CAVO treatment improved LV function. The MH group had a decreased level of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in comparison with the CON group ([1173.49±27.10] U/mL vs. [300.83±47.25] U/mL, P <0.01), a decreased SOD level in comparison with the CON group ([302.27±3.65] U/mL vs. [105.96±4.03] U/mL, P <0.01), and an increased level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in comparison with the CON group ([57.91±1.13] μmol/L vs. [6.65±2.99] μmol/L, P <0.01), suggesting that the antioxidant capacity of rats in the MH group was decreased. After CAVO intervention, rats in the MH+CAVO group exhibited an increase in the serum levels of SOD at (278.51±5.97) U/mL and GSH-Px at (961.82±17.56) U/mL, as well as a decrease in MDA at (17.79±1.33) μmol/L (all P <0.05)., Conclusion: CAVO can effectively improve cardiac function in rats with cardiac hypertrophy exposed to high-altitude environment by modulating oxidative stress and ameliorating cardiac hypertrophy., Competing Interests: 利益冲突　所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突, (© 2024《四川大学学报（医学版）》编辑部 Copyright ©2024 Editorial Office of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

The genus Stachys represents one of the most extensive genera within the subfamily Lamioideae and ranks as one of the largest genera in the Lamiaceae family. Many Stachys species are associated with a rich history in traditional medicine across various cultures, and their extracts and essential oils are rich in non-volatile and volatile compounds. Because of their complex profile of bioactive substances, Stachys members are considered to possess an extensive spectrum of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and wound-healing effects, as well as benefits for memory enhancement, lipid profile regulation, blood glucose control, and weight management. Despite the wide distribution and chemical diversity of the genus, studies on its biological activities remain limited. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant data from studies on the bioactive compounds, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of Stachys species found in databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus. Specific keywords were used in the search strategy, including "bioactive compounds", "Stachys", "Lamiaceae", "Stachys extract", "Stachys essential oil", "traditional uses", "chemical composition", "therapeutic potential", "clinical trials", "in vivo studies", "in vitro studies". The search strategy was performed according to the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data from 171 studies were included. The manuscript highlights the drug-discovery potential of Stachys species, emphasizing their potential applications in medicine, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and the food industry. Moreover, it provides important data that could assist Stachys research programs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Objective: The aim of the research was conducted as a randomized controlled interventional study to determine the effect of lavender/mint essential oils placed in stoma bags on odor removal, life satisfaction and stoma compliance in individuals with colostomy., Method: The research population is patients with permanent colostomy registered in a university hospital's stoma therapy unit. The sample consisted of 60 (20 lavender oil, 20 peppermint oil, 20 control group) patients who met the sampling criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. In the evaluation of the data the 'Numerical Evaluation Scale' (NES), the 'Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS), and the 'Ostomy Adjustment Scale' (OAS-23) were used., Results: The lavender oil and peppermint oil groups had lower mean odor intensity, mean scores, higher life satisfaction, and stoma compliance scores than the control group. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p<0.05). In comparisons made within the groups, statistically, significant differences were found in the mean scores of odor intensity level, life satisfaction, and stoma compliance after the process (p<0.05)., Conclusion: It was determined that lavender/peppermint oil placed in the stoma bag in patients with colostomy decreased the level of odor intensity, and increased life satisfaction, and stoma compliance. The trial was registered in the Clinical Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05716711., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: The fact that the concept of quality in health care services has come to the fore and that evidence-based practices have become widespread made such concepts as patient satisfaction and comfort important and priority parameters in determining the quality of health services., Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the effects of using lavender oil in intramuscular injection on injection pain, comfort level, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate., Methods: The study was designed as a prospective, single-blind randomized controlled trial. The research was conducted in accordance with the CONSORT Checklist guide. In our study, a total of 160 individuals were included in the sample, 80 of whom were control and 80 were intervention. Structured Information Form, Visual Analog Scale and Comfort Scale were used to collect the data of the research. Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis test and Wilcoxon test were used to evaluate the data., Results: It was determined that the mean pain scores of the individuals who received intramuscular injection by applying lavender oil were statistically significantly lower than the individuals in the control group. Again, the comfort score averages of the individuals who were applied lavender oil were found to be statistically significantly higher than the control group. It was determined that the blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate before the injection of the individuals in the control group increased statistically significantly according to the post-injection measurements, while the blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate in the lavender oil group decreased significantly after the injection and remained within their normal values., Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the application of lavender oil in intramuscular injection had a positive and significant effect on the blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of the individuals on the injection pain and comfort level., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest between the authors of this study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Statement of Problem: Overcoming compromised oral hygiene and susceptibility to opportunistic oropharyngeal candidal infections in patients with a maxillectomy are critical challenges. Tissue conditioners incorporated with lemongrass essential oil has been shown to have promising antifungal properties, but the effects of this incorporation on the mechanical properties of tissue conditioners remain unexplored., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effects of lemongrass essential oil incorporation at various concentrations on the tensile bond strength (TBS) and Shore A hardness (SAH) of tissue conditioners. The presence of lemongrass essential oil in the tissue conditioner was evaluated by using Raman spectroscopy., Material and Methods: Unmodified tissue conditioner served as the control, whereas tissue conditioner incorporated with lemongrass essential oil (final concentrations of 1.77%, 3.56%, and 7.17% [w/w]) and tissue conditioner incorporated with Nystatin served as the experimental groups. The SAH of Coe-Comfort specimens was measured at 2 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days for each testing group (n=3/group). The TBS of tissue conditioner to denture base acrylic resin was determined by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/minute (n=10/group). Furthermore, Raman spectra for the control and experimental tissue conditioner groups were obtained at 24 hours and 14 days. The data were analyzed with 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni multiple comparison test for SAH testing and the 1-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey HSD multiple comparison test for TBS testing (α=.05)., Results: The unmodified tissue conditioner, 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil incorporated tissue conditioner, and Nystatin incorporated tissue conditioner showed no significant difference in SAH at ≤7 days (P>.05). However, at 30 days, the 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil and Nystatin groups showed no significant difference in SAH (P=.136), but both groups had significantly lower SAH compared with the control group (P=.016 and P<.001, respectively). The incorporation of 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil in tissue conditioners had no significant effect on TBS compared with the control group (P=.184), although both possessed significantly higher TBS than all remaining groups. In contrast, tissue conditioner incorporated with lemongrass essential oil concentrations ≥3.56% (w/w) and Nystatin showed a statistically significant decrease in TBS (P<.001). Raman spectrum analysis confirmed the presence of citral bands in the lemongrass essential oil incorporated specimens at 2 hours and 14 days, verifying its long-lasting presence., Conclusions: Incorporation of lemongrass essential oil in tissue conditioners at 1.77% (w/w) concentration produced both long-lasting antifungal properties and acceptable mechanical properties (SAH and TBS)., (Copyright © 2024 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. Ischemic stroke (IS) accounts for the majority of strokes, and its pathogenesis is complex, often involving complications and sequelae. Currently, conventional clinical approaches are ineffective, with few drugs available for intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombolysis limited by a short time window. With the poor efficacy of monotherapy, the search for new complementary or alternative therapies has become the focus of researchers. In traditional medicine, Chinese aromatherapy has a long history of using aromatic medicines to treat IS. Natural essential oils (EOs), as the main pharmacological substances in aromatic drugs, are composed of different ratios of active metabolites with multi-targets and multi-components, which makes EOs have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Modern studies have also shown that EOs extracts and isolated monomers are beneficial for pathologically complex CIS. Therefore, this paper summarizes the EOs and monomers obtained from EOs that can prevent and treat IS in the last 20 years, and finds that EOs exert their anti-CIS effects mainly through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of excitotoxicity. The amelioration of IS complications by natural EOs and their active monomer components for the treatment of IS are further discussed.

Background and Purpose: It was aimed to investigate the effects of massage with or without aromatherapy given to patients after colorectal cancer surgery on symptom management in the first three postoperative days., Materials and Methods: This study was carried out with a pretest-posttest randomized controlled design. The study included the aromatherapy massage group (AG; n = 30), the classical massage group (MG; n = 30), and one control group (CG; n = 30). A blend of sweet almond oil, lavender, chamomile, and ginger oil was used in AG. Massage was applied to the foot area, and 20 min of classical massage was performed. Before the pretest, the participants were blinded by not informing them about their group allocations. The analyses were carried out using parametric methods., Results: Postoperative pain varied significantly over time in all three groups (AG: p = 0.007; η 2  = 0.150/MG: p = 0.008; η 2  = 0.559/CG: p = 0.017; η 2  = 0.132). Anxiety was found to differ between CG and AG and between CG and MG (p < 0.05). In all three groups, nausea-vomiting scores significantly decreased over time (AG: p = 0.002; η 2  = 0.211/MG: p = 0.004; η 2  = 0.164/CG: p = 0.021; η 2  = 0.125). Sleep quality was significantly higher in the massage groups than in the control group only on the second postoperative day (p = 0.011)., Conclusion: Aromatherapy massage had no significant effect on pain, fatigue, nausea, or vomiting compared to MG and CG, and sleep quality was higher in the massage groups compared to CG only on the second postoperative day. On the first three postoperative days, the post-intervention anxiety levels of AG and MG were lower than those of CG., Clinicaltrials: GOV.ID: NCT04810299., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of aromatherapy through inhalation of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in relieving pain during the immediate postoperative period of patients undergoing cardiac surgery., Methods: A single-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial, with 52 patients in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery were randomly distributed into experimental (n = 26) and control (n = 26) groups. The primary outcome was whether or not pain was relieved and secondary outcomes included changes in vital signs, sleep and facial relaxation. The control group received industry standard care and application of an essential oil-free ceramic diffuser necklace. The experimental group received the inhalation intervention with pure Lavandula angustifolia essential oil, with a drop of the oil on a ceramic diffuser necklace at a distance of 15-20 cm from the patient's nose for 30 min. Pain was measured using the Numerical Visual Scale, and vital signs using the multiparametric monitor before the intervention, 10 minutes after its start and 30 minutes after the total end of inhalation. Face relaxation was assessed before and after the intervention and sleep was assessed at the end of inhalation., Results: There was a decrease in pain levels (p < 0.001) 30 min after the end of inhalation in the Experimental Group, with a decrease in the measurements of Mean Blood Pressure (p= 0.008) and Respiratory Rate (p = 0.011). Furthermore, facial relaxation and sleep had a large effect size of 2.54 and 1.28, respectively., Conclusion: Lavandula angustifolia essential oil was effective in relieving pain, causing sleep and relaxation, proving to be a low-cost and easy-to-use tool that the nursing team can use in their care., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mastitis, an intramammary inflammation resulting from microbial infectious agents, continues to pose a significant challenge within the dairy sector, adversely affecting animal well-being and leading to substantial economic losses. These losses are attributed to decreased milk production, heightened culling rates, and the expenses related to diagnostics, veterinary care, medication, and labor. Moreover, additional costs emerge due to reduced forthcoming milk yields, compromised reproductive health, and increased susceptibility to various illnesses. Identifying the responsible agents is crucial for disease management and the implementation of antimicrobial treatments. Despite the prevalent use of antibiotic treatment, the pressing need for new therapeutic alternatives to combat bovine mastitis arises from limitations, including low cure rates, rising resistance, and the presence of antibiotic residues in milk. This review explores the potential application of herbal extracts and essential oils known for their antimicrobial properties as alternative options for managing pathogens in mastitis treatment. It examines various treatment methods and management strategies, particularly emphasizing the progress of herbal remedies and natural therapeutics in addressing mastitis, a significant concern in bovine populations and dairy herds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This review investigates Mastitis, an inflammatory condition in mammary glands caused by infectious agents, posing a critical challenge in the dairy sector, impacting animal welfare and causing substantial economic losses. The exploration delves into the efficacy of botanical extracts and essential oils with antimicrobial properties as novel approaches for managing mastitis pathogens. It highlights the limitations of current antibiotic treatments and advocates for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives. By emphasizing the progression of herbal remedies and natural therapeutics, this review addresses the significant concern of mastitis in bovine populations and dairy herds, offering insights into effective management strategies. We anticipate that this review will captivate the readership of your journal due to its valuable insights and contributions to the field. We are optimistic that our research will enrich the expanding corpus of literature concerning alternative treatments, particularly focusing on natural therapeutics, as substitutes for antibiotics, alongside efficacious management tactics. There is no conflict of interests between the authors. There is no animal as well as human study used in the study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Knee Osteoarthritis (OA)'s prevalence increases during menopause. Aromatherapy massage with different oils is applied in the treatment of knee OA. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aromatherapy massage with Bergamot essential oil (BEO) on pain, functionality, sleep quality and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women with knee OA., Materials and Methods: This study included 60 menopausal participants diagnosed with grade II-III OA. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: BEO (n=20), placebo (n=20) and control (n=20). The participants in the BEO group, received aromatherapy massage with BEO, in the placebo group aromatherapy massage with sweet almond oil was applied twice a week for 4 weeks. All participants underwent conventional physiotherapy. Visual Analog Scale was used to assess the severity of pain, Osteoarthritis Index to assess functionality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep quality and Menopausal Symptoms Rating Scale to assess menopausal symptoms. All measurements were performed before and after the study., Results: The results of the study showed that all three groups were effective on pain, functionality, sleep quality and menopausal symptoms (p<0.001). The results of the study showed that, aromatherapy massage with BEO was found to be more effective on functionality (p<0.001), pain (p<0.001) and menopausal symptoms (somatic and psychological symptoms) (p<0.001) compared to the control and placebo groups. It was determined that aromatherapy massage with BEO did not create a significant difference between the sleep quality scale scores in the control group and the placebo group (p=0.454)., Conclusion: This study found that aromatherapy massage with BEO improved functionality, reduced pain and menopausal symptoms, and did not affect sleep quality. We consider that its application in addition to routine treatment may be useful to reduce symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of aromatherapy use on cognitive function, anxiety, and sleep quality in the elderly with diabetes., Methods: The study was conducted with 63 participants aged 65 and over. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: lavender, rosemary and control groups. The intervention continued for four weeks. Data was collected using the Blessed Orientation Concentration Test, State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U/Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests., Results: In both intervention groups, the 4th week scores of cognitive functions, anxiety, and sleep quality after aromatherapy were significant compared to the baseline scores. In the control group, state anxiety scores were significantly higher in the 2nd and 4th weeks compared to the initial scores., Conclusions: Inhaling lavender and rosemary has been observed to improve cognitive function and sleep quality and reduce anxiety levels. The effects of the essential oils used in the research were evaluated over four weeks. It is thought that studying for a longer period and with more samples would be beneficial. There is a need for studies examining its effects, especially in the elderly with diabetes., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To systematically investigate the efficacy of aromatherapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)., Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search for papers published until November 2023 using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. This study was conducted following the PRISMA and Cochrane Guidelines. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed to assess the comparative effectiveness of inhalation aromatherapy versus controls in individuals diagnosed with ACS. The Jadad rating method was used to assess the quality of the included studies, and a meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 software. Heterogeneity was quantified using the Higgins I2 (%) test., Results: A total of 12 RCTs with 476 patients with ACS were included. Aromatherapy has been shown to reduce anxiety scores significantly (standard mean difference [SMD]: -1.18, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: -1.33 to -1.03; P < 0.00001) along with reduction in systolic blood pressure (MD = -8.78, 95 % CI [-13.92, -3.65], P = 0.008); diastolic blood pressure (MD = -7.76, 95 % CI [-11.39, -4.12], P < 0.001); mean artery pressure MD = -9.68, 95 % CI [-13.93.-5.44]; P < 0.0001). However, no significant effects were reported on the heart rate (MD = -6.98, 95 % CI [-15.46, 1.50], P = 0.11) and respiratory rate (MD = -0.67, 95 % CI [-2.52, 1.19], P = 0.48). A greater frequency of aromatherapy was associated greater anxiety -1.80 incidence, with 95 % CI [-2.04, -1.56]. Citrus essential oils exhibited the strongest effect (SMD = -1.97, 95 % CI [-3.34, -0.60], P = 0.005) in reducing anxiety levels., Conclusion: Aromatherapy appears to be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for reducing blood pressure and anxiety in individuals with ACS. This suggests that aromatherapy more than twice a day is effective in reducing anxiety levels. However, aromatherapy had no statistically significant impact on the heart or respiratory rates. Moreover, additional high-quality RCTs should be conducted to verify these results and explore the efficacy and mechanism of aromatherapy in patients with ACS., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Artemisia argyi essential oil (AAEO) is a traditional herbal remedy for asthma. However, the potential effect of AAEO on asthma has not been elucidated., Aim of the Study: To investigate the protective properties of AAEO upon asthma and elucidate its mechanism., Materials and Methods: The effects of AAEO in asthma were assessed by histology and biochemical analysis. Then, we integrated real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry and metabolomics analysis to reveal its mechanism., Results: In vivo, AAEO reduced the counts of white blood cells (WBCs) and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), ameliorated pathologic alterations in lung tissues, and inhibited secretion of OVA-sIgE and muc5ac. Metabolomics results showed that AAEO can exert therapeutic effects on asthmatic mice by regulating disordered arachidonic acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. Further studies shown that AAEO inhibited the expression of 5-LOX and reduced the accumulation of CysLTs in mice. Meanwhile, AAEO promoted the activity of IDO-1, facilitated the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, and regulated the imbalance of Treg/Th17 immunity. Immunohistochemical results showed that AAEO promoted the expression of IDO-1. RT-qPCR results showed that AAEO promoted the expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA, and inhibited the expression of IL-17A and RORγt mRNA, thus regulated the imbalance of Treg/Th17 immunity and exerted its therapeutic effects., Conclusion: AAEO treatment not only attenuates the clinical symptoms of asthma but is also involved in regulating lung tissue metabolism. The anti-asthmatic activity of AAEO may be achieved by reprogramming 5-LOX-CysLTs and IDO-1-KYN pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that they have no competing relationships that might affect the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Cinnamic alcohol (CA) is a phenylpropanoid found in the essential oil of the bark of the genus Cinnamomum spp. Schaeff. (Lauraceae Juss.), known as cinnamon. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of CA and its possible mechanism of action on mice submitted to the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced epileptic seizures model. Behavioral, neurochemical, histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. The administration of CA (50-200 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min prior to PTZ and 0.7-25 mg/kg, i.p., 60 min prior to PTZ) increased the latency to seizure onset and the latency to death. The effects observed with CA treatment at 60 min were partially reversed by pretreatment with flumazenil. Furthermore, neurochemical assays indicated that CA reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde and nitrite, while increasing the concentration of reduced glutathione. Finally, histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a reduction in inflammation and an increase in neuronal preservation in the hippocampi of CA pre-treated mice. Taken together, the results suggest that CA seems to modulate the GABAA receptor, decrease oxidative stress, mitigate neuroinflammation, and reduce cell death processes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to the work described in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare the effects of aromatherapy with lavender and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for sexuality (MBCT-S) on female sexual function., Design: Randomized controlled trial., Setting: Health centers in Roudan city, Iran., Participants: Sixty married women, ages 18 to 45 years, were recruited using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Participants were selected from health centers in 2022 via convenience sampling., Intervention and Measurements: Upon their completion of a demographic checklist and the FSFI as a pretest, participants were divided into three groups, including lavender aromatherapy (n = 20), MBCT-S (n = 20), and control (n = 20) through random selection with permutation blocks. All groups completed FSFI as a posttest. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26 using chi-square, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney statistical tests., Results: There was no statistically significant difference among the three groups before the intervention (p = .652), but there was a significant difference among them after the intervention (p = .001). There was a significantly positive difference between the intervention groups and the control group (p < .001). A significant relationship was observed among the three groups in sexual desire, pain, satisfaction, lubrication, and arousal. The mean scores of the posttest in sexual desire, pain, satisfaction, and lubrication were positively higher in the MBCT-S group than in the aromatherapy group, and both intervention groups showed the same effect for sexual arousal. Aromatherapy and counseling had no significant effect on improving sexual orgasm., Conclusion: MBCT-S can be used to improve many aspects of female sexual function, except for orgasm disorders; aromatherapy may improve sexual arousal., (Copyright © 2024 AWHONN. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Psoriasis is an inflammatory immune-mediated skin disease that affects nearly 2-3 % of the global population. The current study aimed to develop safe and efficient anti-psoriatic nanoformulations from Artemisia monosperma essential oil (EO). EO was extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), as well as GC/ MS was used for its analysis. EO nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared using the phase inversion method, while the biodegradable polymeric film (BF) was prepared using the solvent casting technique. A.monosperma EO contains a high percentage of non-oxygenated compounds, being 90.45 (HD), 82.62 (MADH), and 95.17 (HS-SPME). Acenaphthene represents the major aromatic hydrocarbon in HD (39.14 %) and MADH (48.60 %), while sabinene as monoterpene hydrocarbon (44.2 %) is the primary compound in the case of HS-SPME. The anti-psoriatic Effect of NE and BF on the successful delivery of A.monosperma EO was studied using the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic model in mice. Five groups (n = 6 mice) were classified into control group, IMQ group, IMQ+standard group, IMQ+NE group, and IMQ+BF group. NE and BF significantly alleviated the psoriatic skin lesions and decreased the psoriasis area severity index, Baker's score, and spleen index. Also, they reduced the expression of Ki67 and attenuated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 17. Additionally, NE and NF were able to downregulate the NF-κB and GSK-3β signaling pathways. Despite the healing properties of BF, NE showed a more prominent effect on treating the psoriatic model, which could be referred to as its high skin penetration ability and absorption. These results potentially contribute to documenting experimental and theoretical evidence for the clinical uses of A.monosperma EO nanoformulations for treating psoriasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study aimed to assess if the addition of origanum oil to denture materials could decrease microorganisms counts and biofilm formation without changing their mechanical/surface properties., Materials and Methods: A total of 66 resilient denture liner discs (SoftConfort, Dencril Comércio de Plásticos Ltda, SP, Brazil) were prepared with fixed dimensions of 10 × 3 mm for biofilm assay ( n = 36) and 12 × 2 mm for sorption-solubility tests ( n = 30) containing three oil concentrations - 0, 2.5 and 5%, thereby n = 12 per each group samples for biofilm assay and n = 10 per each group for sorption-solubility test respectively. While the microcosm biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Candida species, and total microorganisms formed on denture liner were counted and expressed as colony-forming units per disc surface area, the water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), was calculated by weighing the samples with an analytical balance at different intervals after storing them in a desiccator and distilled water alternatively. Data was recorded and statistically analyzed., Results: Surface roughness increased in all groups after biofilm formation ( p < 0.001), with the most significant change observed in the 2.5% oil group. The tested oil concentrations did not result in sorption changes, but a 5% oil concentration resulted in higher solubility ( p < 0.001). A reduction of total microorganisms and S. mutans was seen after 24 hours for all concentrations ( p < 0.05). No significant reduction was found for Candida (C.) albicans after 24 hours, whilst 2.5% oil concentration presented lower counts of C. albicans in comparison to the 5% group after 24 hours ( p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Incorporating 2.5% origanum essential oil into resilient denture liners seems to reduce microorganisms count in a complex biofilm model. These results need to be confirmed in future studies., Clinical Significance: The addition of natural products like origanum oil into denture-based materials can help manage biofilm onset and development while offering a simple and effective approach for maintaining denture hygiene. This strategy enhances the antimicrobial properties of denture liners without significantly altering their mechanical and surface characteristics, potentially improving patient outcomes. How to cite this article: Feitosa MÁL, Poletto-Neto V, Maske TT, et al. Surface Modifications and Antifungal Efficacy of Origanum Oil Incorporation in Denture-based Materials: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(9):878-884.

Purpose: Supportive anthroposophic therapies are used to treat children with pseudocroup by pediatricians in outpatient and inpatient settings. Anthroposophic treatment comprises forms of creative therapies, external applications as well as remedies, which production is based on the knowledge of the human being, nature and substances. A scientifically based guideline for these therapies is lacking. Due to insufficient study situation, we developed a consensus-based guideline to make therapy decisions more transparent and facilitate clinical routine., Methods: An online Delphi process with 67 anthroposophic pediatricians was conducted. Recommendations were accepted when reaching more than 75 % of expert agreement; otherwise, recommendations were revised and assessed by the experts once again., Results: Recommendations for general interventions and for anthroposophic remedies (Bryonia/Spongia comp.; Larynx/Apis comp.) as well as for external applications (embrocation with lavender oil) were developed. Recommendations have a consensus of 96.4 % or more., Conclusion: The consensus-based guideline provides practical recommendations for the supportive anthroposophic therapies for pseudocroup. The implementation and practicability of this guideline has to be investigated., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Tycho Zuzak reports financial support was provided by Mahle Foundation. Tycho Zuzak reports financial support was provided by Christophorus Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a prevalent concern among patients undergoing surgery, potentially elevating the risk of postoperative complications. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of inhalation aromatherapy using rosemary essential oil and music therapy in reducing anxiety levels among general surgery patients., Methods: This study employed a randomized controlled clinical trial design involving 236 patients scheduled for general surgery. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: aromatherapy with Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil (n = 59), music therapy (n = 59), combined aromatherapy and music therapy (n = 59), and a control group (n = 59). Data collection instruments consisted of the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, a personal information form, a music player, and wireless headphones. In the aromatherapy group, patients were instructed to inhale three drops of 25% rosemary essential oil. The music therapy group listened to instrumental music through headphones, while the combined group received both inhalation aromatherapy with rosemary essential oil and music therapy. The control group received three drops of an aromatic placebo. The interventions were administered for a duration of 30 min, starting one hour before surgery. Inferential statistics, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, chi-square test, paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and LSD post-hoc test, were employed for data analysis., Results: The study findings demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing anxiety among surgical patients for aromatherapy (P = 0.001), music therapy (P < 0.001), and combined aromatherapy and music therapy (P = 0.001). Aromatherapy showed the highest anxiety-reducing effect, whereas combined therapy exhibited the lowest effect., Conclusion: The results indicate that inhalation aromatherapy, music therapy, and combined aromatherapy and music therapy are all effective approaches for anxiety reduction in surgical patients. Hence, the implementation of these cost-effective and non-invasive interventions is recommended to alleviate anxiety among surgical patients., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intraoperative anxiety is a common problem when Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) is used instead of general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures such as port catheter placement. Nonpharmacological anxiolytics such as aromatherapy have been studied for their effects on preoperative anxiety, but no placebo-controlled study of aromatherapy during surgeries under MAC has yet been performed. Methods: After IRB approval, 70 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either a lavender/peppermint aromatherapy patch (Elequil Aromatabs ® ; Beekley Corporation) or a matching placebo patch. The primary outcome, time to readiness for discharge from postoperative acute care units (PACU; min), was assessed every 15 min until a modified postanesthesia recovery score for ambulatory patients (PARSAP) score of 18 or higher was reached. In the preoperative holding area, the assigned patch/placebo was activated and affixed to a folded towel placed aside the subject's head, contralateral to the side of the planned surgery. The towel and patch/placebo were discarded when the subject left the operating room (OR). Results: No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups on the primary outcome of time to discharge readiness (mean [standard deviation, SD]: 82 [15] vs. 89 [21] min, respectively, p  = 0.131). No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups on the secondary outcomes of intraoperative midazolam dose, intraoperative opioid dose, intraoperative ondansetron dose, or intraoperative promethazine dose. No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups in the proportion of subjects requiring rescue postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) medication in the PACU or the proportion of subjects requiring opioids in the PACU. No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups in pain intensity in PACU, average PONV score in PACU, or patient satisfaction in PACU. PACU patient satisfaction was high for both the patch and placebo groups (35/35 [100%] vs. 32/34 [94%] "very satisfied," p  = 0.239). Conclusions: Aromatherapy treatment is not indicated intraoperatively to reduce anxiety or the use of antiemetics in patients requiring Port catheter placement. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05328973.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aromatherapy with an essential oil blend containing lavender, bergamot, ylang-ylang, and sweet orange, compared with placebo, on perceptions of anxiety in ICU RNs., Methods: Nurses recruited from six adult ICUs and a neonatal ICU participated in this blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study, which took place over a 30-day intervention period., Results: Although there were no statistically significant changes in anxiety pre- to postintervention or between the intervention and placebo groups, there were also no adverse events or untoward effects., Conclusion: The results of this study may support aromatherapy as an evidence-based strategy to reduce anxiety in ICU nurses. Additional research is needed., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Due to numerous stressors in intensive care, common psychosocial problems arise in patients. Among these, decreased anxiety and sleep quality are observed. This study aims to determine the effect of lavender and bergamot oil applied by inhalation on anxiety and sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients., Methods: Fifty-four patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, were included in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups (Lavender, Bergamot, Control). Intervention groups were exposed to 3 drops of lavender oil or bergamot oil on pillows for 20 min, which were then placed 10 cm away from the patient's head. This intervention was applied for two nights. The patients' sleep quality and anxiety level were evaluated using the "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)" and "Richard-Campbell Sleep Scale (RCSS)." Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA tests., Results: According to our results, anxiety scores significantly decreased in the lavender and bergamot groups. Sleep quality scores significantly increased (p = <0.001). The control group showed lower sleep quality scores., Conclusion: Lavender and bergamot oil inhalation appeared effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diet and gut microbiota contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. High-fat diets (HFDs) change gut microbiota compositions, induce gut dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier leakage, which facilitates portal influx of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the liver and triggers inflammation in NASH. Current therapeutic drugs for NASH have adverse side effects; however, several foods and herbs that exhibit hepatoprotection could be an alternative method to prevent NASH., Methods: We investigated ginger essential oil (GEO) against palm oil-containing HFDs in LPS-injected murine NASH model., Results: GEO reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; and increased antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione levels to prevent NASH. GEO alleviated hepatic inflammation through mediated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and LPS/Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) signaling pathways. GEO further increased beneficial bacterial abundance and reduced NASH-associated bacterial abundance., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that GEO prevents NASH progression which is probably associated with the alterations of gut microbiota and inhibition of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Hence, GEO may offer a promising application as a dietary supplement for the prevention of NASH., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Aromatherapy, a holistic healing practice utilizing the aromatic essences of plant-derived essential oils, has gained significant attention for its therapeutic potential in promoting overall well-being. Use of phytoconstituent based essential oil has played a significant role in the evolving therapeutic avenue of aromatherapy as a complementary system of medicine., Aim of the Study: This comprehensive review article aims to explore the usage of essential oils for aromatherapy, shedding light on their diverse applications, scientific evidence, and safety considerations. Furthermore, the growing interest in using essential oils as complementary therapies in conjunction with conventional medicine is explored, underscoring the significance of collaborative healthcare approaches., Materials and Methods: Literature search was performed from databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Bentham using keywords like Aromatherapy, Aromatic Plants, Essential oils, Phytotherapy, and complementary medicine. The keywords were used to identify literature with therapeutic and mechanistic details of herbal agents with desired action., Results: The integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific research has led to a renewed interest in essential oils as valuable tools in contemporary healthcare. Various extraction methods used to obtain essential oils are presented, emphasizing their impact on the oil's chemical composition and therapeutic properties. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the factors influencing the quality and purity of essential oils, elucidating the significance of standardization and certification for safe usage. A comprehensive assessment of the therapeutic effects of essential oils is provided, encompassing their potential as antimicrobial, analgesic, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory agents, among others. Clinical trials and preclinical studies are discussed to consolidate the existing evidence on their efficacy in treating diverse health conditions, both physical and psychological. Safety considerations are of paramount importance when employing essential oils, and this review addresses potential adverse effects, contraindications, and best practices to ensure responsible usage., Conclusions: This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the exploration of essential oils for aromatherapy, emphasizing their potential as natural and potent remedies for a wide range of ailments. By amalgamating traditional wisdom and modern research, this article aims to encourage further investigation into the therapeutic benefits of essential oils while advocating for their responsible and evidence-based incorporation into healthcare practices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Antiseptic mouthwashes are useful adjuncts to daily brushing and flossing for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of three mouthwashes: chlorhexidine, essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride on oral health-related quality of life, gingival health, tongue coating and also to compare their potential side effects after 2-week consumption., Methods: Sixty participants were enrolled in this study and were divided into four groups (three mouthwash groups plus no mouthwash group). At the beginning, scaling and cleaning were performed and the following parameters were recorded: oral health impact profile (OHIP-5) questionnaire, tongue coating index, modified gingival index, calculus surface index, modified Lobene stain index and a questionnaire for side effects. Each group has followed up in 2 weeks. Data were analysed using paired t-test, ANOVA, Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi-square., Results: At the end of second week, all three mouthwashes significantly improved OHIP-5 score and reduced modified gingival index whereas essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride significantly reduced tongue coating index when compared to control group (p < 0.05). The differences between four groups were significant for calculus formation, dental staining and reported burning sensation and changes of taste sensation and perception (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The use of all three mouthwashes has been effective in controlling and reducing gingivitis and tongue coating; however, it appeared that essential oils has the minimum and Chlorhexidine has the maximum side effects. Moreover, the use of all three mouthwashes has been examined to improve the quality of life. Overall, essential oils mouthwash has the best performance among these three mouthwashes., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: Patients who are awaiting emergency surgery experience high levels of anxiety and pain. This study aimed to compare the effects of aromatherapy with damask rose and chamomile essential oil on the preoperative pain and anxiety associated with emergency orthopedic surgery., Design: A parallel-group randomized controlled design was used., Methods: Ninety participants were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: the damask rose group (n = 30), the chamomile group (n = 30), and the control group (n = 30). In the damask rose and chamomile groups, three drops of 40% essential of each plant were used for inhalation aromatherapy (three drops every hour for 3 hours) Visual Analog Scales were used to evaluate participants' pain and anxiety levels at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 1 hour after the intervention., Findings: The results of repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that both of the intervention groups experienced a decrease in pain and anxiety over time compared to the control group (P < .001). ANOVA results showed that immediately after the intervention, the anxiety level of the damask rose group compared to the chamomile and control groups was significantly lower (P = .01). However, there was no significant difference in terms of anxiety between the damask rose and chamomile groups 1 hour after the intervention (P = .07)., Conclusions: The use of damask rose and chamomile in aromatherapy was found to effectively lower anxiety and pain levels in emergency orthopedic surgery patients. The antianxiety effect of damask rose is faster than chamomile., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)