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岡崎 佑香 訳, 原著作の書誌事項: Kuster, Friederike. (2020). „Bringen die Reproduktionstechnologien die Familie zum Verschwinden?“. In: C. Mahs, B. Rendtorff, A. Warmuth (Hg.), Geschlechterverwirrungen. Was wir wissen, was wir glauben und was nicht stimmt, Frankfurt a. M./New York: Campus, 237-243., 「正誤表」を追加（2022-04-28）, Translated by Yuka OKAZAKI

In this article, I explore the accounts of marriage, concubinage, and prostitution given by Kant in his The Metaphysics of Morals and Lectures on Ethics and by Fichte in his Foundations of Natural Right. Both Kant's and Fichte's accounts of marriage have been analyzed from the feminist perspective, beginning with Marianne Weber's work in 1907. Many of these feminist analyses, however, have been so devoted to criticizing Fichte's views about marriage and gender that they have overlooked what his views about concubinage and prostitution entail when he argues for the concept of marriage. Similarly, Kant's views about marriage and gender have been the target of fierce criticisms by contemporary feminist thinkers. However, drawing on Kant's philosophy, some anti-prostitution feminist thinkers morally condemn prostitution. As a result, the problem of how Kant's and Fichte's discourses contribute to divisions among women has been disregarded. This paper aims to show how Kant and Fichte, regardless of their intention, discursively produce divisions among women. The argument of this paper proceeds as follows. First, to summarize Kant's views on sexual impulse, in Kant's words Geschlechtsneigung, and show how and why he criminalizes concubinage and prostitution, I analyze the discussion on the duty to oneself in his Lectures on Ethics in the mid-1770s (Section 1). Next, through a close reading of the “Casuistical Questions” in Part II of his Metaphysics of Morals, Tugendlehre, I show Kant's view about whether engaging in sex in marriage is permissive when a married couple can engage in sex without taking account of the possibility of procreation, that is, when they know that procreation is not possible (Section 2). Furthermore, I show how Fichte in his Foundations of Natural Right defines the natures of women and men and then deduces from his definition of sexes the necessity of marriage (Section 3). Finally, I demonstrate how Fichte defines concubinage and prostitution in his theory of marriage (Section 4). I conclude that in the Kantian framework engaging sex only for the sake of sexual pleasure, even in marriage, can be morally impermissible. I also argue that a woman's consent to her absolute and infinite subordination, which Fichte requires for a just marriage, cannot be based on her free will.

2022, 【要旨】

In this article, I explore the accounts of marriage, concubinage, and prostitution given by Kant in his The Metaphysics of Morals and Lectures on Ethics and by Fichte in his Foundations of Natural Right. Both Kant's and Fichte's accounts of marriage have been analyzed from the feminist perspective, beginning with Marianne Weber's work in 1907. Many of these feminist analyses, however, have been so devoted to criticizing Fichte's views about marriage and gender that they have overlooked what his views about concubinage and prostitution entail when he argues for the concept of marriage. Similarly, Kant's views about marriage and gender have been the target of fierce criticisms by contemporary feminist thinkers. However, drawing on Kant's philosophy, some anti-prostitution feminist thinkers morally condemn prostitution. As a result, the problem of how Kant's and Fichte's discourses contribute to divisions among women has been disregarded. This paper aims to show how Kant and Fichte, regardless of their intention, discursively produce divisions among women. The argument of this paper proceeds as follows. First, to summarize Kant's views on sexual impulse, in Kant's words Geschlechtsneigung, and show how and why he criminalizes concubinage and prostitution, I analyze the discussion on the duty to oneself in his Lectures on Ethics in the mid-1770s (Section 1). Next, through a close reading of the “Casuistical Questions” in Part II of his Metaphysics of Morals, Tugendlehre, I show Kant's view about whether engaging in sex in marriage is permissive when a married couple can engage in sex without taking account of the possibility of procreation, that is, when they know that procreation is not possible (Section 2). Furthermore, I show how Fichte in his Foundations of Natural Right defines the natures of women and men and then deduces from his definition of sexes the necessity of marriage (Section 3). Finally, I demonstrate how Fichte defines concubinage and prostitution in hi

Additional file 1: Table S1. A list of cell surface molecules investigated and monoclonal antibodies used for flow cytometry. Table S2. Demographic and clinical features of RA patients and controls used in the series of experiments. Figure S1. Screening of monocyte-derived cell surface molecules that were differentially expressed after short-term culture with abatacept. Peripheral blood samples from 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 5 controls were used for a derivation experiment. Circulating monocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the absence (mock) or presence of abatacept (ABT) or CD28-Ig. Cell surface expression was quantified by flow cytometry and is expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratio. Statistical comparisons between two groups were made using the Mann–Whitney U test. Figure S2. Screening of monocyte-derived cytokines/chemokines that were differentially expressed after short-term culture with abatacept. Peripheral blood samples from 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 5 controls were used for a derivation experiment. Circulating monocytes were cultured for 24 hours in the absence (mock) or presence of abatacept (ABT) or CD28-Ig. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by multiplex bead arrays. Statistical comparisons between two groups were made using the Mann–Whitney U test. Figure S3. Time course of abatacept-induced downregulation of CD64/FcγRI on monocytes. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 3 controls and cultured with or without abatacept for 6, 24, and 28 hours. The expression levels of CD64/FcγRI were quantified by flow cytometry and are expressed as the CD64/FcγRI expression ratio, which was calculated by dividing the mean fluorescence intensity ratio of monocytes cultured with abatacept by the mean fluorescence intensity ratio of monocytes cultured without abatacept. The results are shown as the mean and standard deviation. A representative result of 2 independent experiments is shown. Figure S4. Abatacept-induced downregulation of CD64/FcγRI on monocytes is independent of the IgG1-Fc portion of abatacept. Peripheral blood monocytes were obtained from 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cultured without (mock) or with abatacept or intact human IgG1-Fc for 24 hours. The expression levels of CD64/FcγRI were quantified by flow cytometry and are expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratio. The results are shown in boxplots, and statistical comparisons between two groups were made using the Mann–Whitney U test. A representative result of 3 independent experiments is shown. Figure S5. Confirmation of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD)-induced citrullination of fibrinogen by specific recognition of ACPA-positive IgG in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PAD- or mock-treated fibrinogen was coated in duplicate on 96-well polyvinyl plates, and applied for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified ACPA-positive IgG, ACPA-negative IgG, serum from ACPA-positive RA patient or serum from ACPA-negative healthy control. All measurement was conducted in duplicate, and results are shown as mean ± standard deviation. A representative result of 3 independent experiments is shown.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jso-10.1177_23971983221090857 for Severe digital ischemia as an unrecognized manifestation in patients with antisynthetase autoantibodies: Case series and systematic literature review by Akira Yoshida, Takahisa Gono, Yuka Okazaki, Yuichiro Shirai, Mitsuhiro Takeno and Masataka Kuwana in Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders