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En este trabajo se optimizó y validó un método analíticoque incluyó extracción, limpieza, y determinación cromatográficapor HPLC de los compuestos atrazina (AT), deetilatrazina(DEA) y deisopropilatrazina (DIA). Se analizaronmuestras de suelo tomadas de una parcela sembrada comercialmentecon maíz en el municipio de Saldaña, Tolima, tratadacon el herbicida atrazina a una dosis de 2,4 Kg i.a/ha.No se detectaron los productos de degradación DIA y DEAen ninguna de las muestras. AT se encontró a una concentraciónde 233 μg/Kg a los 4 días después del tratamiento (ddt),de 137,0 μg/Kg a los 37 ddt y de 24,8 μg/Kg a los 70 ddt; enel muestreo a los 125 ddt no fue detectada.En otro experimento bajo condiciones controladas decámaras de crecimiento, para evaluar el efecto de la temperaturay la humedad del suelo en el proceso de degradaciónde la atrazina, se encontró que la temperatura, másque la humedad, resultó ser un factor determinante parala degradación de este herbicida; así, la degradación delcompuesto fue mayor a 30 oC que a 20oC. Con base en elanálisis cromatográfico por HPLC tampoco se detectaronlos metabolitos DIA y DEA en ninguno de los muestreos.Los resultados sugirieron, o que el compuesto parental setransformaba (metabolizaba) a otros metabolitos diferentesa DIA y DEA, o que existía una fuerte interacción de lamolécula parental y sus metabolitos con los componentesdel suelo, lo cual no permitía su extracción y detecciónmediante técnicas analíticas convencionales. Por lo cual,se estudió la mineralización, sorción y movilidad de laatrazina bajo condiciones de laboratorio utilizando técnicasisotópicas con 14C en dos suelos del Municipio de Saldaña.La mineralización se determinó a 25°C en bióetros quecontenín suelo tratado con 14C-atrazina equivalente a 2,0Kg ia/Ha y pequeños frascos con NaOH para colectar el14 CO2 producto de la mineralización del herbicida. El 14CO2se colectaba semanalmente y se leía su actividad en un contadorde centelleo. Los suelos estudiados presentaron una HPLC procedure DIA and DEA was not detected in anyof soil samples. Results suggest that parental compoundwas transformed to other metabolites different to DIA orDEA, or that a strong interaction of atrazine and theirmetabolites with soil components happens, which didnot allow compounds extraction and detection by meansof HPLC procedures. In a third phase, herbicide mineralization,sortion and mobility was studied under laboratoryconditions using isotopic techniques in two soils ofSaldaña Municipality. Mineralization was determined at25°C in biomethers contained soil treated with 14C-atrazineequivalent to a dose of 2,0 Kg ai/Ha and small flaskswith NaOH to collect the 14CO2 resulting of 14C-atrazinemineralization. 14CO2 was collected weekly and theiractivity was read by liquid scintillation counting. Nomore than 11% of 14C-atrazine was transformed to 14CO2during 17 weeks period. 14C remained in bound form(49% to 80%), and this bound portion increased withthe time. Extractable fraction was composed in a 62%to 94% by 14C-atrazine and in 6% to 38% by hidroxiatrazine.There was not found any other metabolite. Soils hadhigh affinity for the herbicide, and adsorption as the desorptionwere adjusted to Freundlich model. K d adsorptionvalues were 0,61 and 0,14 for the two soils, respectively.14 C-atrazina mobility was evaluated by means of SoilThin Layer Cromatography (STLC); herbicide mobilitywas higher in the sandy-loam than in the silty-loam soil

Purpose: This work aimed to evaluate the impact of a guaranteed access program to imatinib on the survival of patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia., Methods: We carried out a retrospective, observational, and analytical study of the database of patients diagnosed with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia of the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología and the Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo to assess overall survival based on guaranteed access or not to imatinib., Results: With an average follow-up of 99 months, all patients' estimated 20-year overall survival was 72% (95% CI, 76-67). A significant difference was found in the 20-year survival probability in favor of patients with guaranteed access 76% (95% CI, 81-71) vs. 61% (95% CI, 69-52) (p < 0.001), in addition to those in which they had better attachment 81.2% (95% CI, 85-76) vs. 44.9% (95% CI, 52-37) (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: CML is the most frequent chronic leukemia in Mexico. It mainly affects the economically active population (mean age 40), and the prognosis in our country has improved, emulating developed countries; however, the results depend on access to treatment and proper monitoring., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval The Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga and Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, a research ethics committee, approved the study, which was performed per the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Purpose: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous malignant lymphoid neoplasm and is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. More than half of patients with DLBCL can achieve remission with standard R-CHOP regimes; however, approximately 30-40% of patients are still failing this standard therapy, which remains as an important cause of progression and mortality of this disease. It is necessary to have diagnostic and monitoring tools that allow us to improve the accuracy of prognosis in these patients. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) identification through molecular biomarkers is one of the novel strategies that have been used in other types of cancer, and we aim to use this tool to analyze the potential role in DLBCL., Patients and Methods: We analyzed 138 blood samples of patients with DLBCL, of which CTCs were isolated by density gradient for subsequent detection and quantitation of molecular biomarkers using RT-qPCR with TaqMan probes. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves., Results: We found overexpression of ABCB1, αSMA, BCL2, BCL6 and VEGFR1 genes, as well as the presence of CK19, EpCAM, KI67, MAGE-A4, SNAIL and TWIST1 genes. CK19 and EpCAM expression were associated with a minor OS (85.7% vs 98.1%, p = 0.002). The overexpression of BCL2, BCL6, VEGFR1 and TWIST1 was related to a minor EFS (p = 0.001)., Conclusion: This study showed that in liquid biopsies analyzed, the presence of CTCs can be confirmed through molecular biomarkers, and it has an impact on OS and EFs, making this detection useful in the follow-up and prognosis of patients with DLBCL., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2022 Cerón et al.)

Objective: Approximately 40-50% of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have been reported to present with a normal karyotype and a variable disease-free period, most likely due to the molecular heterogeneity presented by these patients. A variety of mutations have been identified at the molecular level, such as those in the IDH1/2 gene, which causes a gain of function of the isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme, generating high levels of the (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolite, which competitively inhibits dioxygenase enzymes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of IDH1/2 gene mutations in AML patients and their impact on survival., Materials and Methods: A total of 101 patients with a diagnosis of AML were included; mononuclear cells were obtained for DNA extraction and purification. Mutations were detected using TaqMan™ competitive allele-specific probes (castPCR™). Overall survival curves were plotted using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software., Results: The frequency of IDH gene mutations was 19.8%. For the IDH1 gene, 13.8% of the mutations identified included R132H, V178I, G105G and R132C. The frequency of mutations of the IDH2 gene was 5.9%; the variants included R172K and R140Q. The mean survival time in patients without IDH1 gene mutations was 173.15 days (120.20-226.10), while the mean survival time for patients with mutations was 54.95 days (9.7-100.18), p = 0.001., Conclusion: The frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 gene mutations in the sample was similar to that reported in other studies. The analysis of these mutations in AML patients is of great importance as a prognostic factor due to their impact on survival and their use as potential therapeutic targets or as targets of inhibitors of IDH1(Ivosidenib, Tibsovo) and IDH2 (Enasidenib, Idhifa)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work., (© 2019 Olarte et al.)

Introduction: Carbapenems are the beta-lactam antibiotics with the best spectrum of activity in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The objective of this study was to molecularly characterise a collection of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates (PARC)., Methods: A total of 85 PARC isolates were recovered from 60patients in the Hospital San Pedro, Logroño (period 2008-2011). Clonal relationship was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), susceptibility testing to 15anti-pseudomonal agents was performed using the disk diffusion method, and alterations in oprD, characterisation of integrons and molecular typing (MLST) using PCR and sequencing., Results: The 85 PARC were classified into 35 different PFGE profiles. Of the 61selected strains from 60patients all of them were multiresistant, although none of them showed a carbapenemase phenotype. High polymorphism was detected in OprD, emphasising that 59% of the strains had a premature stop codon. ISPa1328 and ISPsp4 insertion sequences truncated oprD gene into 2 strains (GenBank KF517097 and KF517098). Two-thirds (67%) of the strains showed class 1 integrons with genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and 2 of them carried a new integron: aac(3)-Ia+aadA1h, named In272, GenBank GQ144317. Four sequence types were detected (Strain Nos.): ST175 (35), ST308 (3), ST235 (2), and ST639 (1)., Conclusion: Multidrug resistance, high polymorphism in oprD, a high percentage of integrons, moderate clonal relationship of strains, and the high epidemic dissemination of high-risk clones are clinical aspects of great concern in order to eradicate the spread of PARC., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)

A total of 204 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were isolated in a Spanish hospital in two different periods (2001 and 2009). The percentages of MRSA isolates detected in 2001 and 2009 were 29 and 27 %, respectively. Genetic lineages, resistance mechanisms, and virulence traits were determined in these isolates. The most frequent detected lineage in both periods was S. aureus protein A (spa)-type t067, assigned to clonal complex (CC) 5 (CC5-t067), being more prevalent in 2001 (93 %) than in 2009 (71 %). The remaining CCs and spa-types detected were (%2001/%2009): CC5-t002 (0/5), CC8-t008 (1/16), CC8-t024 (0/1), CC8-t190 (0/3), CC8-t2849 (0/2), CC22-t032 (0/2), CC30-t012 (1/0), CC228-t109 (1/0), CC228-t1318 (2/0), and CC247-t051 (2/0). Most of the MRSA were isolated from wounds, representing 39 % in 2001 and 63 % in 2009. The emergence of MRSA CC8 isolates, mainly from wounds, seemed to occur in the second period. Resistance to (%2001/%2009) quinolones (99/87), aminoglycosides (98/88), macrolides (32/30), lincosamides (30/17), and tetracycline (2/1) was found in isolates in both periods. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was detected only in 2001 (1 %), and chloramphenicol (1 %) and mupirocin resistance (11 %) were detected only in 2009. An association between staphylococcal enterotoxin gene profiles and CCs was detected in most of the cases. The egc-cluster was related to CC5, CC22, CC30, and CC228 and most of the CC8 isolates presented the sed, sej, and ser genes. Four tst-1-positive (CC5 and CC30) isolates were detected in 2001 and two lukS/F-PV-positive isolates were detected in 2009. Therefore, there is still a predominance of CC5-t067 in our region, although an increase of lineage CC8 was observed.

This study evaluates the prognostic value of MAGE-A3 expression in 28 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. A significant association was observed between MAGE-A3 expressions, assessed by quantitative real-time RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with advanced stages of disease (P < 0.05). Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and International Prognostic Index (IPI) score were significantly higher in MAGE-A3-positive patients (P = 0.025 and P = 0.004, respectively). Expression of MAGE-A3 was associated with poor response to treatment and a significantly shorter overall survival (P < 0.001). Our data address new information in the association of MAGE-A3 expression and poor prognosis in DLBCL patients.

Background: GIMEMA ALL 0288 trial was designed to evaluate the impact of a 7-day prednisone (PDN) pretreatment on complete remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We adopted this trial in 2007., Aim: To evaluate the results of treatment in two cohorts of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, treated from 2007 to January 2009 and from February to December 2009., Material and Methods: We studied 99 patients treated in the first period (58 males) and 54 patients treated in the second period (33 males) The age of patients ranged from 16 to 60 years and 70% of patients were of high risk. BCR/ABL fusion transcript was present in 12% of patients., Results: Remission rates were 61 and 51% for patients of the first and second group of treatment, respectively. The main cause of death were infections during the induction period. There were 49 relapses, mainly detected in the blood marrow. Global and event free 34 months survival were 32 and 30% respectively. Multivariate analysis disclosed risk stratification and central nervous system infiltration as risk factors for mortality., Conclusions: The main obstacles for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in these cohorts of patients were the high incidence of infections and the lack of use of growth stimulating factors.

An outbreak due to a Klebsiella pneumoniae clone occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit of a Spanish Hospital in which three newborns were infected (all with gestational age ≤29 weeks; two of them died) and seven were colonized (gestational age >32 weeks; none died). One K. pneumoniae strain per patient was further characterized. The 10 strains showed an indistinguishable pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis pattern, were typed in the phylogenetic group KpI and were ascribed into a new sequence type registered as ST341. All 10 strains presented the same multiple-antibiotic-resistant phenotype, showed extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase production, and harbored the bla(CTX-M-15), bla(SHV-11), bla(OXA-1,)aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, aac(3)-II, aph(3')-Ia and aadA5 resistance genes. No class 1 or class 2 integrons were detected. The bla(CTX-M-15) gene presented the following genetic environment: ISEcp1-bla(CTX-M-15)-orf477. These strains contained two copies of the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene included in the following new genetic environments: aac(3)-II-IS26-aac(6')-Ib-cr-bla(OXA-1) and aac(3)-II-IS26-ΔcatB3-bla(OXA-1)-aac(6')-Ib-cr (registered at GenBank with accession numbers GQ438247 and GQ438248, respectively). The genetic environment of the qnrS1 gene (IS26-ΔISEcl2-qnrS1) (GenBank accession number GQ438249) was also not described previously. The aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, bla(CTX-M-15), aac(3)-II, and bla(OXA-1) genes, located in a plasmid of 33.5 kb, could be transferred to Escherichia coli by transformation., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The prevalence and characterisation of integrons and the genetic environment of sulphonamide resistance genes were studied in 135 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from blood cultures in a Spanish hospital during 2007. Class 1 and 2 integrons were identified in 54 isolates (intI1, 52 isolates; intI2, 1 isolate; and intI1+intI2, 1 isolate). Of the 53 intI1-positive isolates, 36 (67.9%) contained the classic class 1 integron including the qacEDelta1-sul1 region, and 11 different gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 33 of these isolates. Seventeen intI1-positive isolates lacked the qacEDelta1-sul1 region, and 8 gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 12 of these isolates. Seventy-one isolates showed a sulphonamide-resistant phenotype, 63 of which contained sul genes. The sul1 gene was associated with intI1 in 36 of 42 sul1-positive isolates, and the sul3 gene was associated with non-classic class 1 integrons in 5 of 7 sul3-positive isolates. Finally, sul2 was found associated with strA-strB genes in 32 of 35 sul2-positive isolates, identifying 11 genetic structures, 1 of them presenting the IS150 element disrupting the strB gene; this structure was included in GenBank with accession no. FJ705354. Almost one-half of the E. coli isolates from blood cultures contained integrons and sul genes. Moreover, sul genes were detected in different structures, one of them new, and could be important determinants in antibiotic resistance dissemination., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

Background: To study the characteristics of bite wounds with unfavorable evolution, developing infectious complications that requires hospital admission., Methods: The data from 22 patients admitted to the Ciudad Sanitaria Vall d'Hebron hospital for the above mentioned reason over the last 5 years were reviewed., Results: The patients (8 males, 8 females and 6 children) were bitten by 10 dogs, 6 cats, and 6 men with predominance of the wound site being in the upper limb (10) followed by the lower limbs (6), head or face (5) and exceptionally on the breast (1). The most frequent clinical manifestation was abscess and/or cellulitis (13) and adenopathies or lymphangitis (4); 5 patients presented osteoarticular involvement including 3 bone fractures due to human aggression. With regard to the etiology of infection, the common bucal flora bacteria were isolated in all the cases; Pasteurella multocida in 15/16 animal bites, Eikenella corrodens associated to streptococcus in 5/6 human bites, Fusobacterium spp. (5), Bacteroides spp. (3) and Peptococcus sp. (1). The most frequently administered antibiotics were gentamycin (15), penicillin (13), cloxacillin (5) and clindamycin (4). The evolution was favorable, although slow in many cases, with sequelae in 3 patients., Conclusions: It is very difficult to foresee in which cases infectious complications will develop in bite wounds. According to the authors' experience, in the case of deep wounds the bacteria implied come from the mouth of the aggressor. Careful cleansing, rapid administration of an adequate antibiotic and clinical control being the most recommendable procedure.