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[EN] BACKGROUND: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) formally recognized the sovereign rights of nations over their biological diversity. Implicit within the treaty is the idea that mega-biodiverse countries will provide genetic resources and grant access to them and scientists in high-income countries will use these resources and share back benefits. However, little research has been conducted on how this framework is reflected in real-life scientific practice. RESULT: Currently, parties to the CBD are debating whether digital sequence information (DSI) should be regulated under a new benefit-sharing framework. At this critical time point in the upcoming international negotiations, we test the fundamental hypothesis of provision and use of DSI by looking at the global patterns of access and use in scientific publications. CONCLUSION: Our data reject the provider-user relationship and suggest a far more complex information flow for DSI. Therefore, any new policy decisions on DSI should be aware of the high level of use of DSI across low- and middle-income countries and seek to preserve open access to this crucial common good.

In the absence of a governance framework for climate engineering technologies such as Solar Radiation Management (SRM), the practices of scientific research and intellectual property acquisition can de facto shape the development of the field. It is therefore important to make visible emerging patterns of research and patenting, which we suggest can effectively be done using bibliometric methods. We explore the challenges in defining the boundary of climate engineering, and set out the research strategy taken in this study. A dataset of 825 scientific publications on climate engineering between 1971 and 2013 was identified, including 193 on solar radiation management; these are analyzed in terms of trends, institutions, authors and funders. For our patent dataset, we identified 143 first filings directly or indirectly related to climate engineering technologies – of which 28 were related to SRM technologies – linked to 910 family members. We analyze the main patterns discerned in patent trends, applicants, and inventors. We compare our own findings with those of an earlier bibliometric study of climate engineering, and show how our method is consistent with the need for transparency and repeatability, and the need to adjust the method as the field develops. We conclude that bibliometric monitoring techniques can play an important role in the anticipatory governance of climate engineering.

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1370794%5DMICH-V-1370794, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1370794/MICH-V-1370794/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1433984%5DMICH-V-1433984, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1433984/MICH-V-1433984/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1433982%5DMICH-V-1433982, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1433982/MICH-V-1433982/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1387326%5DMICH-V-1387326, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1387326/MICH-V-1387326/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1381339%5DMICH-V-1381339, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1381339/MICH-V-1381339/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1379473%5DMICH-V-1379473, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1379473/MICH-V-1379473/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1372219%5DMICH-V-1372219, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1372219/MICH-V-1372219/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1369490%5DMICH-V-1369490, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1369490/MICH-V-1369490/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1366576%5DMICH-V-1366576, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1366576/MICH-V-1366576/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1363868%5DMICH-V-1363868, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1363868/MICH-V-1363868/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

The vulnerability of the Aviation Transportation System was once again highlighted on September 11, 2001. Hijacking was not a new phenomenon in aviation; it erupted in the late 1960s, hijackers used commercial airliners for transportation to Cuba. The hijack incidents slowly became more violent. Aviation security legislation and measures were championed after each major aviation hijack incident, but they were not always fully implemented. What was the status of aviation security leading up to 9/11? Have the improvements made to the Aviation Transportation System since 9/11 made the system less vulnerable? This thesis presents a comparative study of domestic aviation security measures applied to commercial passenger aviation. Security initiatives, the implementation of those initiatives, and security policies both pre and post 9/11 are described and examined in an effort to determine if the domestic Aviation Transportation System is more secure now than it was prior to September 11., http://archive.org/details/securingviationt109453155, US Air Force (USAF) author., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This thesis argues that Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) agreements, no matter how fair and equitable, ultimately help to destroy traditional knowledge rather than protect it. ABS agreements are promoted and implemented as one of the key mechanisms for the protection of traditional knowledge from illegitimate appropriation by pharmaceutical companies or other actors. However, because they dominantly treat traditional knowledge as intellectual property in need of protection from misappropriation, they have the effect of expanding capital into a previously noncapitalist domain. The thesis argues that it is in the domain of subsistence that traditional knowledge is developed and reproduced; but the expansion of capitalism destroys people’s autonomous subsistence and thus the very foundations of traditional knowledge. In order to make this argument, the thesis combines two main strategies. First, a critical understanding of Karl Polanyi’s notion of the double movement of capital is integrated with the autonomist Marxist idea of capital as value practice, and the concomitant understanding that alternative value practices constitute an ‘outside’ of capitalism. This theoretical framework guides discussion of the way in which the protection of traditional knowledge constitutes a form of capital expansion. Second, a detailed ethnographic presentation of a bioprospecting project and its ABS negotiations in the Ecuadorian Amazon is considered in political and historical context. This reveals the way in which traditional knowledge protection introduces market valuations into an area of life which had theretofore been oriented by different values. In conclusion, the thesis points to the importance of engaging in value practices which create and re-create the ‘outside’ of capitalism as a counter-hegemonic form of traditional knowledge protection which actually safeguards the conditions in which traditional knowledge can flourish.

The vulnerability of the Aviation Transportation System was once again highlighted on September 11 2001. Hijacking was not a new phenomenon in aviation; it erupted in the late 1960s, hijackers used commercial airliners for transportation to Cuba. The hijack incidents slowly became more violent. Aviation security legislation and measures were championed after each major aviation hijack incident, but they were not always fully implemented. What was the status of aviation security leading up to 9/11? Have the improvements made to the Aviation Transportation System since 9/11 made the system less vulnerable? This thesis presents a comparative study of domestic aviation security measures applied to commercial passenger aviation. Security initiatives, the implementation of those initiatives, and security policies both pre and post 9/11 are described and examined in an effort to determine if the domestic Aviation Transportation System is more secure now than it was prior to September 11., The original document contains color images.

The vulnerability of the Aviation Transportation System was once again highlighted on September 11, 2001. Hijacking was not a new phenomenon in aviation; it erupted in the late 1960s, hijackers used commercial airliners for transportation to Cuba. The hijack incidents slowly became more violent. Aviation security legislation and measures were championed after each major aviation hijack incident, but they were not always fully implemented. What was the status of aviation security leading up to 9/11? Have the improvements made to the Aviation Transportation System since 9/11 made the system less vulnerable? This thesis presents a comparative study of domestic aviation security measures applied to commercial passenger aviation. Security initiatives, the implementation of those initiatives, and security policies both pre and post 9/11 are described and examined in an effort to determine if the domestic Aviation Transportation System is more secure now than it was prior to September 11.

This paper provides a series of international indicators for biodiversity and traditional knowledge within the global patent system. The indicators are based on a review of the International Patent Classification in use by patent offices worldwide and enable the analysis of a wide variety of sectors and sub-sectors of activity. Nine main sectors are reviewed ranging from agriculture to cosmetics, traditional medicines, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. A series of sub-sectors such as stem cells, genomics and proteomics are also examined. The paper was prepared to inform debates on an international regime on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity. The paper is also relevant to the work of WIPO on Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge. A range of policy options including disclosure of origin, certificates and the introduction of Adjustable Incentive Measures (AIMs) are considered in detail. The paper is relevant for the 2010 Target and the Millennium Development Goals.