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The effects of insulin and IGF-I on fatty acid (FA) and glucose metabolism were examined using oleic acid or glucose as tracers in differentiated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) myotubes. Insulin and IGF-I significantly reduced the production of C[O.sub.2] from oleic acid with respect to the control values. IGF-I also significantly reduced the production of acid-soluble products (ASP) and the concentration of FA in the medium, while cellular triacylglycerols (TAG) tended to increase. Only insulin produced a significant accumulation of glycogen inside the cells in glucose distribution experiments. Incubation with catecholamines did not affect oleic acid metabolism. Cells treated with rapamycin [a target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor] significantly increased the oxidation of oleic acid to C[O.sub.2] and ASP, while the accumulation of TAG diminished. Rosiglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [gamma] agonist) and etomoxir (a CPT-1 inhibitor) produced a severe and significant reduction in the production of C[O.sub.2] and ASP. Rosiglitazone and etomoxir also produced a significant accumulation of FA outside and inside the cells, respectively. No significant effects of these drugs on glucose distribution were observed. These data indicate that insulin and IGF-I act as anabolic hormones in trout myotubes in both oleic acid and glucose metabolism, although glucose oxidation appears to be less sensitive than FA oxidation to insulin and IGF-I. The use of rapamycin, etomoxir, and rosiglitazone may help us to understand the mechanisms of regulation of lipid metabolism in fish. insulin; insulin-like growth factor-I; target of rapamycin, TOR; etomoxir; rosiglitazone; fatty acid [beta]-oxidation and distribution doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00696.2009.

A high oleic:linoleic acid ratio (O/L) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds is controlled primarily by two recessive genes, ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B ([ol.sub.1] and [ol.sub.2]). Marker-assisted breeding for high O/L could become routine provided that userfriendly and economical markers could be developed that would target mutant alleles underlying the trait. Previously, a mutant allele of ahFAD2A was characterized as having a 448G>A transition, and two ahFAD2B alleles were found with either a nonsense mutation caused by a single nucleotide insertion (441_442insA) (high O/L line F435) or a transposable element insertion (Flavorunner 458). A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker targeting the 441_442insA site in ahFAD2B was designed. 'Georgia-02C' and 'Georgia Hi-O/U, derivatives of irradiation-induced high O/L mutants, showed CAPS marker and sequence data diagnostic for the genetic mutations in ahFAD2 found in the spontaneous mutant line F435. In addition, conflicting reports regarding the organization of ahFAD2 genes and ahFAD2B mutations were reexamined. Our data clearly show that molecular markers can be used to screen for known ahFAD2 mutations and that only two mutant ahFAD2B alleles are present in the U.S. high O/L cultivars. Genetic markers based on these mutations have utility for detecting seed mixtures and heterozygotes, and can accelerate introduction of the high O/L trait into peanut breeding lines. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.01.0021

Monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid are cardioprotective, modify the physicochemical properties of cardiomyocyte membranes, and affect the electrical stability of these cells by regulating the conductance of ion channels. We have designed a nonhydrolysable oleic acid derivative, 2-hydroxyoleic acid (2-OHOA), which regulates membrane lipid structure and cell signaling, resulting in beneficial cardiovascular effects. We previously demonstrated that 2-OHOA induces PICA activation and PKCe[alpha] translocation to the membrane; both pathways are thought to regulate transient outward [K.sup.+] current ([I.sub.to)] depending on the stimulus and the species used. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 2-OHOA on isolated cardiomyocytes. We examined the dose- and time-dependent effect of 2-OHOA on cytosolic [Ca.sub.2+] concentration ([[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i]) transient and contraction of myocytes isolated from different parts of the rat ventricular myocardium. Although this drug had no effect on [Ca.sub.2+]i transient and cell shortening in myocytes isolated from the septum, it increased (up to 95%) [[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i] transient and cell shortening in subpopulations of myocytes from the right and left ventricles. The pattern of the effects of 2-OHOA was similar to that observed following the application of the [I.sub.to] blocker 4-aminopyridine, suggesting that the drug may act on this channel. Unlike the effect of 2-OHOA on [[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i] transient and cell shortening, PKC[alpha] translocation to membranes was not region specific. Thus 2-OHOA-induced effects on [[[Ca.sup.2+]].sub.i] transients and cell shortening are likely related to reductions in [I.sub.to] function, but PKC[alpha] translocation does not seem to play a role. The present results indicate that 2-OHOA selectively increases myocyte inotropic responsiveness, which could underlie its beneficial cardiovascular effects. calcium; contractile function; fatty acid; protein kinase C; signal transduction

Melatonin is produced not only by the pineal gland but by cells of the bone marrow. Moreover, melatonin is known to promote osteogenic differentiation in several cell line models and in multipotential bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Fatty acids have been independently shown to direct such cells to acquire the phenotype and molecular characteristics of adipocytes. To examine the effect of melatonin on intracellular triglyceride accumulation, an indicator of adipogenic differentiation in the rat osteoblastlike ROS17/2.8 cell line, cells were incubated with added oleic acid (100 [micro]M), fixed and stained with Oil Red O. Cellular lipid accumulation was quantitated by an Oil Red O method highly specific for triglycerides and expressed as a triglyceride accumulation index (TGAI, triglyceride per cell). Melatonin in nanomolar concentrations inhibited oleic acid-induced triglyceride accumulation. To identify the mechanism by which melatonin reduces triglyceride accumulation, cells were incubated with the two melatonin receptor antagonists, luzindole and $20928, or forskolin, a stimulator of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production. These compounds prevented the inhibitory effect of melatonin on triglyceride accumulation, indicating that melatonin acts through known melatonin receptor-mediated mechanisms. In view of the previously demonstrated positive effects of melatonin in promoting osteoblastic differentiation in ROS17/2.8 cells and their reciprocal adipocytic differentiation induced by fatty acids, our observations may serve to relate the known age-related decreases of melatonin production, the shift in the bone marrow toward an adipocytic line of cell development, and the development of osteoporosis during aging. fatty acids; oleic acid; osteogenesis; luzindole: S20928 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00013.2007

Aging is associated with metabolic syndrome, tissue damage by cytotoxic lipids, and altered fatty acid handling. Fat tissue dysfunction may contribute to these processes. This could result, in part, from age-related changes in preadipocytes, since they give rise to new fat cells throughout life. To test this hypothesis, preadipocytes cultured from rats of different ages were exposed to oleic acid, the most abundant fatty acyl moiety in fat tissue and the diet. At fatty acid concentrations at which preadipocytes from young animals remained viable, cells from old animals accumulated lipid in multiple small lipid droplets and died, with increased apoptotic index, caspase activity, BAX, and p53. Rather than inducing apoptosis, oleic acid promoted adipogenesis in preadipocytes from young animals, with appearance of large lipid droplets. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-[alpha] (C/EBP[alpha]) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[gamma] (PPAR[gamma]) increased to a greater extent in cells from young than old animals after oleate exposure. Oleic acid, but not glucose, oxidation was impaired in preadipocytes and fat cells from old animals. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in fatty acid [beta]-oxidation, was not reduced in preadipocytes from old animals. At lower fatty acid levels, constitutively active CPT I expression enhanced [beta]-oxidation. At higher levels, CPT I was not as effective in enhancing [beta]-oxidation in preadipocytes from old as young animals, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute. Consistent with this, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase expression was reduced in preadipocytes from old animals. Thus preadipocyte fatty acid handling changes with aging, with increased susceptibly to lipotoxicity and impaired fatty acid-induced adipogenesis and [beta]-oxidation. fatty acid metabolism; oleic acid; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[gamma]; CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-[alpha]; [beta]-oxidation

The peroxisome, sole site of [beta]-oxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is known to be required for optimal growth in the presence of fatty acid. Screening of the haploid yeast deletion collection identified ~130 genes, 23 encoding peroxisomal proteins, necessary for normal growth on oleic acid. Oleate slightly enhances growth of wild-type yeast and inhibits growth of all strains identified by the screen. Nonperoxisomal processes, among them chromatin modification by H2AZ, Pol II mediator function, and cell-wall-associated activities, also prevent oleate toxicity. The most oleate-inhibited strains lack Sapl90, a putative adaptor for the PP2A-type protein phosphatase Sit4 (which is also required for normal growth on oleate) and Ilm1, a protein of unknown function. Palmitoleate, the other main unsaturated fatty acid of Saccharomyces, fails to inhibit growth of the sap190[DELTA], sit4[DELTA], and ilmlA strains. Data that suggest that oleate inhibition of the growth of a peroxisomal mutant is due to an increase in plasma membrane porosity are presented. We propose that yeast deficient in peroxisomal and other functions are sensitive to oleate perhaps because of an inability to effectively control the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids.

Zero erucic acid Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) seed oil has a low oleic acid content (330 g [kg.sup.-1]). The mid oleic acid line AB3 (650 g [kg.sup.-1]) and the high oleic acid line AB1 (830 g [kg.sup.-1]) have been developed. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of both traits in Ethiopian mustard. Plants of AB1 were reciprocally crossed with plants of the standard line 25X-1, the low linolenic acid line AB4, and AB3. Plants of AB3 were also reciprocally crossed with plants of 25X-1. A genetic study was conducted through the analysis of the fatty acid profile of [F.sub.1], [F.sub.2], [BC.sub.1][F.sub.1], and [F.sub.3] seed generations. The results revealed that mid oleic acid content in AB3 was determined by partially recessive alleles at a single locus OI, whereas high oleic acid content in AB1 was the result of partially recessive alleles at two loci, OI and OI2. Both loci produced an increment of oleic acid content of similar magnitude, although ol2 alleles had phenotypic expression only in presence of ol alleles in homozygous condition. Segregation patterns for oleic acid content were similar in crosses of AB1 with 25X-1 and AB4, which indicated that loci for high oleic acid content were not related to loci for low linolenic acid content. Recombination of genes controlling high oleic acid and low linolenic acid content resulted in phenotypes with >850 g [kg.sup.-1] oleic acid and

Activation of the PPAR gamma 2 gene (PPARG2) improves the action of insulin and its lipid metabolism. We examined the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG2, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a population with a high intake of oleic acid. A cross-sectional, population-based study was undertaken in Pizarra, a small town in the province of Malaga in southern Spain. A total of 538 subjects, aged 18-65 y, were selected randomly from the municipal census. All subjects underwent a clinical, anthropometrical, and biochemical evaluation, including an oral glucose tolerance test and Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG2. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment. Those subjects with the Ala-12 allele had an odds ratio for impaired fasting glucose of 0.55, for impaired glucose tolerance of 0.59, and for DM2 of 0.30. The intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contributed to the variance of the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) (P = 0.04), with a 2-way interaction between the Ala-12 allele of PPARG2 and the intake of MUFA (P = 0.005). The results suggest the existence of an interaction between Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPARG2 and dietary MUFA, such that obese people with the Ala-12 allele have higher HOMA IR values, especially if their intake of MUFA is low.

PPARs and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREPB-1c) are fatty acid-regulated transcription factors that control lipid metabolism at the level of gene expression. This study compared a high oleic acid-rich safflower oil (ORSO) diet and a high-butter diet for their effect on adipose mass and expressions of genes regulated by PPAR and SREPB-1c in rats. Four groups of Wistar rats were fed 30S (30% ORSO), 5S (5% ORSO), 30B (29% butter + 1% ORSO), or 5B (4% butter plus 1% ORSO) diets for 15 wk. Compared with the 30B group, the 30S group had less retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT) mass and lower mRNA expressions of lipoprotein lipase, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and SREBP-1c in the RWAT, higher mRNA expressions of acyl CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A, fatty acid binding protein, and mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryI-CoA synthase in the liver (P < 0.05). The 18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) contents in the liver and RWAT of the 30S group were >2 fold those of the 30B group (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the smaller RWAT mass in rats fed the high-ORSO diet might be related to the higher tissue 18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6). This in turn could upregulate the expressions of fatty acid catabolic genes through the activation of PPAR[alpha] in the liver and downregulate the expressions of lipid storage and lipogenic gene through the suppression of SREBP-1c in the RWAT. KEYWORDS: * High oleic acid-rich safflower oil diet * PPAR[alpha] * SREBP-1c * obesity * rats

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica was able to grow on pectic compounds, pectin and polygalacturonate, as sole carbon sources. Under the growth conditions used, P. methanolica exhibited increased levels of pectin methylesterase, and pectin-depolymerizing and methanol-metabolizing enzyme activities. On the other hand, P. methanolica has two alcohol oxidase (AOD) genes, MOD1 and MOD2. On growth on pectin, the P. methanolica mod1[DELTA] and mod1[DELTA]mod2[DELTA] strains showed a severe defect in the growth yield, although the mod2[DELTA] strain could grow on polygalacturonate to the same extent as the wild-type strain. The expression of MOD1 was detected in pectin-grown cells, but the MOD2-gene expression detected by pectin was much lower than that of MOD1. Moreover, pectin could induce peroxisome proliferation in P. methanolica, like methanol and oleic acid. These findings showed that P. methanolica was able to utilize the methylester moiety of pectin by means of methanol-metabolic enzymes in peroxisomes, and that the functional AOD subunit for pectin utilization was Mod1p in P. methanolica.

Alveolar type II (ATII) cell proliferation and differentiation are important mechanisms in repair following injury to the alveolar epithelium. KGF is a potent ATII cell mitogen, which has been demonstrated to be protective in a number of animal models of lung injury. We have assessed the effect of recombinant human KGF (rhKGF) and liposome-mediated KGF gene delivery in vivo and evaluated the potential of KGF as a therapy for acute lung injury in mice. rhKGF was administered intratracheally in male BALB/c mice to assess dose response and time course of proliferation. SP-B immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant increases in ATII cell numbers at all rhKGF doses compared with control animals and peaked 2 days following administration of 10 mg/kg rhKGF. Protein therapy in general is very expensive, and gene therapy has been suggested as a cheaper alternative for many protein replacement therapies. We evaluated the effect of topical and systemic liposome-mediated KGF-gene delivery on ATII cell proliferation. SP-B immunohistochemistry showed only modest increases in ATII cell numbers following gene delivery, and these approaches were therefore not believed to be capable of reaching therapeutic levels. The effect of rhKGF was evaluated in a routine model of OA-induced lung injury. This model was found to be associated with significant alveolar damage leading to severe impairment of gas exchange and lung compliance. Pretreatment with rhKGF 2 days before intravenous OA challenge resulted in significant improvements in P[O.sub.2], PC[O.sub.2], and lung compliance. This study suggests the feasibility of KGF as a therapy for acute lung injury. acute respiratory distress syndrome; alveolar epithelial damage; oleic acid; gene therapy

The growth of N(sub 18)TG(sub 2) Cells in the presence of (super 14)C-oleic acid under conditions favoring the simulation of PAM expression and it generates an increase in 14C-Oleamide or the presence of a peptidylglcine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) inhibitor generates (super 14)C-N-oleoylglycine is reported. The results indicate that N-Oleoylglycine is an intermediate in oleamide biosynthesis and provides further proof that PAM does have a role in primary fatty acid amide production in vivo.

Papillomas are tumors of the skin and mucosal surfaces formed by keratinocytes. Treatment with topical alpha-lactalbumin-oleic acid has a beneficial and lasting effect on skin papilliomas.

Feeding sheep concentrate-based diets increases the oleic acid content of their tissues, whereas the cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content is increased by feeding forage diets. Both these metabolic transformations could be attributable to increased activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD). Therefore, the effect of forage or concentrate feeding regimens on the fatty acid composition of sheep tissues were investigated to determine whether any changes are related to an alteration of SCD mRNA levels. Twenty-four ewe lambs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatment groups: 1) dehydrated grass pellets, 2) concentrate diet fed to achieve a growth rate similar to that of the dehydrated grass pellets, and 3) the same concentrate diet approaching ad libitum intake. As expected, animals fed ad libitum concentrates grew at a greater (P = 0.001) rate (280 g/d) than those fed either of the other two diets (180 g/d), which were similar. In samples of liver and the three adipose tissue depots studied, the concentration of oleic acid from sheep fed either level of the concentrate diet was greater (P < 0.001) than from animals fed forage. This was associated with an increase (P < 0.05) in the ratio of SCD to acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA in adipose tissue and liver. Compared with concentrate-fed, the forage-fed lambs had increased (P < 0.05) levels of the cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA and C18:1, trans-11 in all their tissues, although the levels of SCD mRNA were lower. It therefore seems that the increased oleic acid content of sheep tissues in response to concentrate-rich diets is associated with an increase in SCD gene expression. By contrast, the increased concentration of CLA in animals fed forage-based diets is associated with an increase in substrate (C18:1 trans-11) availability. Key Words: Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Diet, Oleic Acid, Sheep, Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase

Byline: Ives Hubloue (2), Dominique Biarent (2), Sophia Abdel Kafi (2), Gilbert Bejjani (2), Christian Melot (2), Robert Naeije (2), Marc Leeman (1) Keywords: Endothelins Pulmonary hypertension Acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung injury Dog model Abstract: Objective. To investigate the effects of endogenous endothelins on pulmonary haemodynamics and gas exchange in oleic acid lung injury. Design. Prospective experimental study in dogs. Setting. Animal research laboratory in a university teaching hospital. Subjects. Seventeen anaesthetised and ventilated mongrel dogs. Interventions. Nine pretreated dogs received an infusion of the endothelin A and B receptor antagonist bosentan (10 mg/kg) started before oleic acid. Eight treated dogs received bosentan started 90 min after oleic acid. Cardiac index (CI) was manipulated by inflating an inferior vena caval balloon or by opening a femoral arterio-venous bypass. Measurements and results. Pulmonary vascular resistance was defined by measuring the gradient between mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and occluded PAP (PAOP) at five levels of CI. Intrapulmonary shunt was measured using the inert gas SF.sub.6. Pretreatment with bosentan prevented the oleic acid-induced shift of (MPAP-PAOP)/CI plots to higher pressures, but did not affect the increase in intrapulmonary shunt. Treatment of established oleic acid lung injury with bosentan had no effect. Conclusions. Pretreatment, but not treatment, with bosentan, in the dose used, blunted the oleic acid-induced increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, suggesting that endothelins contribute to the increase in pulmonary vascular tone in the early stages of oleic acid lung injury. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, 808 Lennik Road, 1070, Brussels, Belgium (2) Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasme Campus of the Free University of Brussels, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium Article History: Received Date: 10/07/2002 Accepted Date: 21/01/2003 Article note: Electronic Publication

Intestinal mucosal immunity is modulated by cytokine release from intestinal cells, but little is known about the relation between nutrient absorption and cytokine release. In this study, we examined how exposure to fatty acids affects the production of growth-regulated oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (GRO/CINC-1) and interleukin (IL)-6 in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). The long-chain fatty acids, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids, and the middle-chain fatty acid octanoic acid were administered to subconfluent cultures of IEC-6 cells alone, or in combination with IL-1[beta] and transforming growth factor (TGF)-[beta]. The GRO/CINC-1 and IL-6 concentrations in culture media were determined by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. In epithelial cells, GRO/CINC-1 and IL-6 mRNA expression were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities determined by immunoblotting. Administration of long-chain fatty acids significarltly increased the GRO/CINC-1 and IL-6 secretion into culture media, and this secretion was markedly increased (P < 0.05) in the presence of IL-1[beta] or TGF-[beta]. Octanoic acid had no effect on GRO/CINC-1 or IL-6 production. Furthermore, treatment with long-chain fatty acids significantly enhanced the GRO/CINC-1 and IL-6 expression that was induced by IL-1[beta] or TGF-[beta]. MAPK activity was significantly enhanced by treatment with long-chain fatty acids. Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C or MAPK significantly reduced the fatty acid-induced increase in GRO/CINC-1 secretion, whereas a calcium/calmodulin inhibitor did not attenuate the secretion. These results suggest that long-chain fatty acids enhance cytokine release under conditions of inflammatory stimulation in the intestinal mucosa. J. Nutr. 131: 2943-2950, 2001. KEY WORDS: * long-chain fatty acids. GRO/CINC-1 * interleukin-6 * mitogen-activated protein kinase * proinflammatory cytokines * intestinal epithelial cells

Research has been conducted on the soybean lipoxygenase-1. Experiments have demonstrated that elimination reaction and enzyme inactivation produce large kinetic isotope effects.

A study was conducted to analyze the cooperative mechanism of oleic acid/oleate vesicle formation. The Cary 1E UV/vis spectrophotometer was utilized to perform turbidity measurements while oleic acid/oleate veiscle samples were evaluated by electron microscopy. The vesicle samples were also analyzed by a fiber-optics-based spectrometer supporting an argon laser and a digital autocorrelator. Results suggested that the lag phase in autocatalytic processes correlated with the transition from micelles to vesicles.

Byline: I. Frerichs (1), G. Hahn (1), T. Schroder (1), G. Hellige (1) Keywords: Key words Lung injury; Oleic acid; Regional ventilation; Electrical impedance; Pig Abstract: Objective: To apply electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and the new evaluation approach (the functional EIT) in monitoring the development of artificial lung injury. Design: Acute experimental trial. Setting: Operating room for animal experimental studies at a university hospital. Subjects: Five pigs (41.3 +- 4.1 kg, mean body weight +- SD). Interventions: The animals were anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated. Sixteen electrodes were attached on the thoracic circumference and used for electrical current injection and surface voltage measurement. Oleic acid was applied sequentially (total dose 0.05 ml/kg body weight) into the left pulmonary artery to produce selective unilateral lung injury. Measurements and results: The presence of lung injury was documented by significant changes of PaCO.sub.2 (40.1 mmHg vs control 37.1 mmHg), PaO.sub.2 (112.3 mmHg vs 187.5 mmHg), pH (7.35 vs 7.42), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (29.2 mmHg vs 20.8 mmHg) and chest radiography. EIT detected 1) a regional decrease in mean impedance variation over the affected left lung (--41.4 % vs control) and an increase over the intact right lung ( + 20.4 % vs control) indicating reduced ventilation of the affected, and a compensatory augmented ventilation of the unaffected lung and 2) a pronounced fall in local baseline electrical impedance over the injured lung (--20.6 % vs control) with a moderate fall over the intact lung (--10.0 % vs control) indicating the development of lung oedema in the injured lung with a probable atelectasis formation in the contralateral one. Conclusion: The development of the local impairment of pulmonary ventilation and the formation of lung oedema could be followed by EIT in an experimental model of lung injury. This technique may become a useful tool for monitoring local pulmonary ventilation in intensive care patients suffering from pulmonary disorders associated with regionally reduced ventilation, fluid accumulation and/or cell membrane changes. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Anaesthesiological Research, Centre of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine TL 195, University of Gottingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37 075 Gottingen, Germany Tel.: + (49)551/39--5919 Fax: + (49)/551/39--8676, DE Article note: Received: 22 December 1997 Accepted: 7 April 1998

Radioactive oleic acid was used to develop a method for the mapping of a secondary treatment system's three-dimensional performance. Water-column biodegradation was an important factor in lowering oleic acid levels, but sorption to solids may be the most important removal pathway. Additionally, the method was applied to describe the performance of activated sludge treatment systems and aerated stabilization basin system.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with high content of oleic acid (>300 g [kg.sup.-1]) is less susceptible to oxidative changes during refining, storage, and frying. Two mutants (M23 and M11) were developed that had high content of oleic acid in the seed oil compared with the original cultivar (Bay). The objective of this study was to compare the genetic control of oleic acid content in these mutants. Reciprocal crosses were made between each mutant and Bay and between the two mutants. There were no maternal and cytoplasmic effects for oleic acid content in any of these crosses. The analysis of fatty acid composition of the parents, [F.sub.1], and [F.sub.2] seeds from the cross between M23 and Bay and between M11 and Bay indicated that oleic acid content was controlled by a single gene. The cross between M23 and M11 indicated that each mutant had a different allele at the same locus for the oleic acid content. The Ol allele for low oleic acid content in Bay was partially dominant to the allele ol for high oleic acid content in M23 but completely dominant to the allele [ol.sup.a] for high oleic acid content in M11. The allele [ol.sup.a] in M11 was completely dominant to the ol allele in the M23. There was a complete inverse relationship between oleic and linoleic acid contents in both mutants. It indicated that the mutant alleles ol and [ol.sup.a] may also control the linoleic acid content by blocking the synthesis of this acid at the step of oleic acid desaturation.

Oleic acid and other long chain fatty acids inhibit the binding of single chain urokinase (scuPA) with cultured trophoplasts, endothelial cells, and soluble urokinase receptor at physiological plasma concentrations. Such inhibitory effect is dose-dependent and saturable, consistent with the involvement of specific binding sites. Inhibition is maximal at the oleic acid concentration of 150 muM. The results suggests that unsaturated long chain fatty acids may act as physiological regulators of proteolytic events and intracellular signalling.

Analysis of the interaction between manganese (III) mesoporphyrin (MnMeso) and oleic acid (OA) vesicles reveals the preferential association of MnMeso with OA. Kinetic data suggest a binding stoichiometry of 1:3:4 between MnMeso and OA. Compared to egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), OA induces higher increase of the Ti relaxation property of MnMeso. Interaction is stronger in OA-MnMeso than in PC-MnMeso. Electron microscopy helps confirm the association of MnMeso with the OA membrane.

The development of hybrids with high levels of monounsaturated oleic acid is an important goal among sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeders. The objective of this study was to determine the association of high oleic alleles with agronomic and chemical characters of sunflower. Two cytoplasmic male sterile and two restorer parental lines averaging 890 g kg to the -1 oleic acid and their isogenic counterparts with 230 g kg to the -1 oleic acid were crossed to obtain four high-oleic and four low-oleic acid near-isogenic hybrids. The pairs of isogenic hybrids were evaluated for agronomic performance in a replicated test at several locations differing widely in temperature and water availability during seed formation. High oleic acid hybrids produced significantly greater seed yield, oil content, and above-ground biomass than low oleic acid hybrids. For the other evaluated characters, high oleic acid hybrids were earlier and less self-compatible than their isogenic counterparts with low oleic acid forms, although there were differences between environments and genetic backgrounds. The high oleic acid hybrids averaged 626 g kg to the -1 higher oleic acid content than low oleic hybrids. This difference was lower for open-pollinated seed although high oleic hybrids maintained oleic acid levels near 775 g kg to the -1 under open pollination. The high oleic OL allele appears to have a positive influence on yield and oil content and a negative effect on self-compatibility; but it depends somewhat on the genetic background into which they are introduced.

The possibility of increased resistance by the villous epithelium to severe lipid insult after its exposure to mild lipid insult was examined. In vivo and in vitro studies involving a lipid test meal and physiologically relevant concentrations of oleic acid were conducted. The important function of mucus in the occurence of adaptive cytoprotection by the small intestine was established.

The stereochemical purities of the hydroxy fatty acids was ascertained by a method based on the H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis of diastereomeric S-(+)-O-acetylmandelate esters of hydroxysearates. This involves the description of microbial hydrations stereochemistries of oleic acids to six cultures of microorganisms. The capability of the NMR spectral method for determining absolute configurations and stereochemical purities was demonstrated.

Screening experiments concerned with the bioconversion of oleic acid were described. Resting cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae hydrated oleic acid into 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, while Mycobacterium fortuitum, Nocardia sp. and Nocardia aurantia all converted oleic acid into 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid. The Baeyer-Villiger chemical oxidation of 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid confirmed the position of oxygenation in the fatty acid ketone. Furthermore, a simple nuclear magnetic resonance spectral technique measured the stereochemical purity of hydroxy fatty acids.

The hydration of oleic acid into 10-hydroxystearic acid was originally described for a Pseudomonas cell extract almost half a century ago. In the intervening years, the enzyme has never been characterized in any detail. We report here the isolation and characterization of oleate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.53) from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.

An oleic acid (OA)-pretreated ion-exchange column (HAMLET) that triggers several cell death pathways in various tumor cells is used to prepare a specific state of the human milk [Ca.sup.2+] binding protein [alpha]-lactalbumin (hLA) complexed with OA. The findings indicated that the simple mixing of [alpha]-lactalbumin and oleic acid might result in formation of the complex possessing cytotoxic activity with respect to tumor cells.

A partial genome scan was conducted, using microsatellite markers, to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for ten fatty acid contents of backfat on fifteen chromosomes in a porcine resource population. Two QTLs were discovered on Sus scrofa chromosome, SSC4 and SSC7. A novelty of the QTL for oleic acid was suggested because the QTL was located far from any other QTLs previously mapped for fatness traits.

Byline: O.E. Ayala-Valenzuela, J.A. Matutes-Aquino, R. Betancourt-Galindo, O. Rodriguez-Fernandez In this work, we present the synthesis and measurement of complex magnetic susceptibility I(I) = I'(I) - I'(I) of a magnetite magnetic fluid, oleic acid-kerosene. Measurements were developed applying different magnetic polarising fields by means of an electromagnet. Short-circuited transmission line technique was used. Complex magnetic susceptibility measurements of magnetic fluids are presented as a function of both frequency and external polarising magnetic field in ranges from 60 MHz to 6 GHz and from 0 Oe to 1212 Oe, respectively. Resonance frequencies in the range from 2.09 GHz to 5.06 GHz and maximum frequencies in the range from 1.19 GHz to 4.68 GHz as a function of the bias polarising field were measured for the magnetic fluid. From resonance measurements for different polarising fields, a mean anisotropy field value of A= 767Oe was obtained. Also a mean value of anisotropy constant = 12.2x104erg/cm3 and gyromagnetic ratio I[sup.3] = 16.07 x 106 1/sOe were determined.

The study of heterogenous reactions of oleic acid aerosol particles with ozone is presented. A relative humidity of less than 1% is used for this purpose.

The reversible solid-state phase transition between the gamma and alpha phases of oleic acid was followed by 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The factors that have a significant influence on the spectra of cis-monosaturated acyl chains are discussed.

The mutual interaction of vesicles in three different systems is investigated, that is, POPC vesicles with POPC vesicles, oleic acid vesicles with oleic acid vesicles and POPC vesicles with oleic acid vesicles. The different size populations of vesicles can coexist in the same solution without tendency to fuse with each to search for an energy minimum.

The technique of single-particle mass spectrometry is coupled to a reaction flow tube to measure the uptake coefficient, gamma, of ozone (O3) by oleic acid aerosol particles. A reaction model that includes simultaneous diffusion and reaction of both O3 and oleic acid is developed and used ton fit the observed rates of reaction.

New sunflower hybrids have been genetically revamped to produce a healthful vegetable oil that's so much better for deep fat frying that domestic and export markets may quickly grow. 'By [...]

Hydrolysis of oleic acid esters/oleic anhydride within the oleic acid/oleate vesicles results in a novel autocatalytic self-reproducing giant vesicle system. Light microscopic investigations show the hydrolysis to take place within the bilayer of the vesicles and the transformation of some of the oleic acid/oleate giant vesicles (OGVs) into inclusion vesicles is also observed. The chemical reaction yields the surfactant in situ and is catalyzed by the vesicles themselves.

Current breeding programs dealing with the modification of oleic and linoleic acid concentrations in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) require large numbers for chromatographic analyses of half seeds. The objective of this research was to study the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of intact single sunflower achenes. Spectra from intact achenes were collected with a specially designed adapter and a standard monochromator instrument. Calibration equations for oleic and linoleic acid were developed from a calibration set including 465 intact achenes with a large range of variation for both fatty acids and were validated with an external set of 100 intact achenes. The coefficient of determination between NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was 0.88 for both fatty acids in external validation, demonstrating the high reliability of NIRS to predict oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of intact, single sunflower achenes. The calibration equation for oleic acid was used to evaluate two [F.sub.2] populations segregating for this fatty acid, which were further analyzed by GLC. The use of NIRS predictions permitted the discrimination of the majority of the high oleic acid achenes ([is greater than] 700 g [kg.sup.-1]), demonstrating the use of NIRS for selecting sunflower achenes with specific oleic and linoleic acid concentrations., The availability of rapid, nondestructive methods to evaluate seed quality traits is one of the most important factors determining the success of plant breeding projects (Robbelen, 1990). In oilseed crops, [...]

Research was conducted to examine the kinetics of the bulk copolyesterification at 205 degrees C between o-phthalic anhydride, oleic acid and neopentyl glycol in a nonequimolecular ratio and in the absence of an external catalyst. Results indicate that the overall kinetic order of the copolyesterification is third order. The copolyesterification is three-halves order in carboxylic and three-halves in hydroxyl group concentrations.