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Introduction and objective Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a group of doping substances. They cause muscle hypertrophy and an increase in strength. Moreover, they may lead to dangerous side effects. Knowledge of the side effects of AAS use is necessary because in clinical practice we often encounter patients who decide to supplement with steroids. The aim of the study is to present information on the epidemiology, mechanism of action, methods of detecting AAS, the impact of the substance on the male and female body, and a description of organ side effects, highlighting: the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the psyche. Review methods Literature search was conducted in the PubMed database with inclusion criteria ‘free full texts’ and publications date between 2015 – 2024. A total of 7272 results were found; 30 publications were ultimately included in the review. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge Overusing AAS is very popular among people training at the gym. They have an anabolic effect on muscle tissue. They contribute to infertility in men and masculinization in women. Stimulation of androgen receptors above physiological doses of AAS leads to vascular changes that, in extreme cases, may lead to sudden cardiac death. Moreover, they accelerate brain aging. An increase in aggression and risky sexual behavior has been observed among people using doping. The diagnostic material used in anti-doping tests is urine and blood serum. Summary AAS abuse is a serious public health problem. Men who want to improve their figure and decide to use doping are particularly at risk. Due to the easy availability of steroids, society should be made aware of the negative effects of steroid use.

Introduction and purpose of the work: Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the world. It is caused by bacteria of the Borrelia genus. It is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes genus. The disease caused by these bacteria can affect many organs of the human body. Knowledge about diagnosis, form of the disease and treatment is necessary because this disease entity can often be encountered in clinical practice. The aim of the study is to present information on available diagnostic methods and to describe the organ form of the disease, distinguishing: articular form, cardiac form and neuroborreliosis, based on a review of the current literature. Review methods: The review is based on 20 articles obtained from PubMed databases, using the keywords: "Lyme joint disease", "neuroborrelia", "Lyme heart disease". Published between 2000 and 2023. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Lyme disease most often causes symptoms affecting the skin, musculoskeletal system, heart muscle, and nervous system. The diagnosis of the disease is based on the clinical symptoms presented by the patient. The key symptom of the disease is the presence of erythema migrans (EM). The articular form of Lyme disease is characterized by an ongoing inflammatory process located within the joint. It is located within large ponds. The most common cardiac form of the disease is self-limiting cardiac inflammation caused by Lyme disease. However, in the course of neuroborreliosis, meningitis is observed. Treatment is based on antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: Lyme disease is a life-threatening disease. It can cause non-specific symptoms, so it is important to diagnose it as early as possible and treat it to prevent progression.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic joint disease that causes slow degeneration of the articular cartilage of each joint component. For years, treatments have been sought to halt the progression of OA. Modern medicine has not yet found such a cure, but it has therapies to offer that make life more comfortable for a short period of time. Oral therapies with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol effectively relieve only minor joint pain in the early stages of OA. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and corticosteroid (GCS) delivery therapies may result in clinically significant benefits in a significant number of patients, but emerging evidence suggests that the apparent efficacy of these treatments is largely due to other factors, including the placebo effect. The paucity of high-level evidence of action and methodological limitations make it difficult to consider delivery injections with stem cell preparations as effective in treating the causes of OA. Although many promising pharmacological treatments are currently in clinical trials, the best therapeutic option for OA to date is joint alloplasty. The most common surgical access when performing hip alloplasty is the posterior access. Replacing the diseased hip joint has many benefits for the patient including pain relief, improved quality of daily life and more efficient mobility.

One of the most prevalent digestive diseases worldwide, functional gastrointestinal dysfunction (FGID) places a substantial strain on healthcare resources and causes significant morbidity. A study using Rome IV diagnostic criteria estimates the prevalence of FGID is about 40% worldwide. Most people with FGID exhibit symptoms from the realm of psychopathology, most often anxiety and depression, making patients' quality of life lower compared to even those with chronic organic diseases. By elucidating the causes and consequences of qualitative and quantitative changes between the microbiota of a healthy person and the microbiota of a person with FDIG, incredible progress has been made in understanding the role of the gut microbiota in FGID. However, the exact cellular and molecular pathogens of FGID that are directed by the gut microbiota remain unknown, and learning more about them will result in non-empirical, but targeted therapies.