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Collagen is the most abundant protein in humans and is heavily post-translationally modified. Its biosynthesis is very complex and requires three different types of hydroxylation (two for proline and one for lysine) that are generated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). These processes involve many enzymes and chaperones which were collectively termed the molecular ensemble for collagen biosynthesis. However, the function of some of the proteins in this molecular ensemble is controversial. While prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 and 2 (P3H1, P3H2) are bona fide collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylases, the function of prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3 (P3H3) is less clear. A recent study of P3H3 null mice demonstrated that this enzyme had no activity as prolyl 3-hydroxylase but may instead act as a chaperone for lysyl hydroxylase 1 (LH1). LH1 is required to generate hydroxylysine for crosslinking within collagen triple helical sequences. If P3H3 is a LH1 chaperone that is critical for LH1 activity, P3H3 and LH1 null mice should have similar deficiency in lysyl hydroxylation. To test this hypothesis, we compared lysyl hydroxylation in type I and V collagen from P3H3 and LH1 null mice. Our results indicate LH1 plays a global role for lysyl hydroxylation in triple helical domain of type I collagen while P3H3 is indeed involved in lysyl hydroxylation particularly at crosslink formation sites but is not required for all lysyl hydroxylation sites in type I collagen triple helix. Furthermore, although type V collagen from LH1 null mice surprisingly contained as much hydroxylysine as type V collagen from wild type, the amount of hydroxylysine in type V collagen was clearly suppressed in P3H3 null mice. In summary, our study suggests that P3H3 and LH1 likely have two distinct mechanisms to distinguish crosslink formation sites from other sites in type I collagen and to recognize different collagen types in the rER.Author summaryCollagen is one of the most heavily post-translationally modified proteins in the human body and its post-translational modifications provide biological functions to collagen molecules. In collagen post-translational modifications, crosslink formation on a collagen triple helix adds important biomechanical properties to the collagen fibrils and is mediated by hydroxylation of very specific lysine residues. LH1 and P3H3 show the similar role in lysine hydroxylation for specific residues at crosslink formation sites of type I collagen. Conversely, they have very distinct rules in lysine hydroxylation at other residues in type I collagen triple helix. Furthermore, they demonstrate preferential recognition and modification of different collagen types. Our findings provide a better understanding of the individual functions of LH1 and P3H3 in the rER and also offer new directions for the mechanism of lysyl hydroxylation followed by crosslink formation in different tissues and collagens.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in humans. It has a characteristic triple-helix structure and is heavily posttranslationally modified. The complex biosynthesis of collagen involves processing by many enzymes and chaperones in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lysyl hydroxylase 1 (LH1) is required to hydroxylate lysine for cross-linking and carbohydrate attachment within collagen triple helical sequences. Additionally, a recent study of prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3 (P3H3) demonstrated that this enzyme may be critical for LH1 activity; however, the details surrounding its involvement remain unclear. If P3H3 is an LH1 chaperone that is critical for LH1 activity, P3H3 and LH1 null mice should display a similar deficiency in lysyl hydroxylation. To test this hypothesis, we compared the amount and location of hydroxylysine in the triple helical domains of type V and I collagen from P3H3 null, LH1 null, and wild-type mice. The amount of hydroxylysine in type V collagen was reduced in P3H3 null mice, but surprisingly type V collagen from LH1 null mice contained as much hydroxylysine as type V collagen from wild-type mice. In type I collagen, our results indicate that LH1 plays a global enzymatic role in lysyl hydroxylation. P3H3 is also involved in lysyl hydroxylation, particularly at cross-link formation sites, but is not required for all lysyl hydroxylation sites. In summary, our study suggests that LH1 and P3H3 likely have two distinct mechanisms to recognize different collagen types and to distinguish cross-link formation sites from other sites in type I collagen.

Commercialization is one of the main ways to privatize public property in the countryside. The author considered the experience of commercialization of several Eastern and Eastern European countries. This article provides the implementation mechanism of the process of commercialization of public property in the agricultural sector. Having analyzed a number of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, having studied the scientific works of many scientists in the economic sphere, the author examined the effects of commercialization of public property and came to the following conclusions. We can say that the process of commercialization of public enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex is the process of separating enterprises on effective and ineffective, because it enables us to identify non-viable enterprises, that will be the subject to privatize. Commercialization results in the reduction of public deficit and of inflation as well as in the recovery of money economy in the country. This is due to either the reduction or the elimination of state subsidies and investments in commercialized companies. The commercialization process has to go to the next method of denationalisation of property that is to privatization. Therefore, it can be considered to be a transitional step towards privatization.