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Fundamento: los profesionales de la salud deben estar adecuadamente calificados para desempeñar sus funciones como investigadores. En Cienfuegos se han impartido varios cursos para capacitar al personal en ensayos clínicos, lo cual permite elevar la calidad de este tipo de investigación.Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la capacitación del personal de salud en la temática de ensayos clínicos durante el periodo desde 2004 hasta 2018 en la provincia Cienfuegos.Métodos: estudio descriptivo sobre los cursos impartidos en Cienfuegos en el periodo comprendido desde 2004 hasta 2018. Se consultó la documentación legislada por secretaria docente de postgrado para la impartición de cursos. Se analizaron las variables: cursos impartidos, años en que se impartieron, investigadores capacitados, lugar de procedencia y profesión. Resultados: se impartieron 46 cursos, de ellos 19 para la capacitación de investigadores clínicos. Se capacitaron 366 investigadores, de los cuales 283 (77,3 %) pertenecen a la atención secundaria y 83 (22,7 %) a la atención primaria de salud. Entre los años 2013 y 2017 se alcanzaron las mayores cifras: 30 cursos y 163 investigadores capacitados para un el 46, 2 %. Según su profesión, el 52, 5 % son médicos y el 21,9 % son enfermeros.Conclusiones: en Cienfuegos se capacitó al personal que participó en la ejecución de ensayos clínicos; con mayor representación en el personal médico y de enfermería de la atención secundaria en relación al número de ensayos clínicos que se ejecutan en este nivel del sistema de salud.

The introduction of antibiotics in the last century has been one of the examples that history provides of medical interventions that drastically changed the life expectancy of the population. The golden age of antibiotics, where the appearance of new molecules was what usual, has given way to another of drought, in which the development of this pharmacological group is rare due to the long period of time required for research into new drugs, their high cost and the increase in regulatory requirements. This medical progress gained in past decades is threatened by the increase in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, constituting a serious global risk for which it requires greater attention and coherence at the international, national and regional levels. Bacterial resistance has a great microbiological, therapeutic, economic, epidemiological and public health impact; it costs money, livelihoods, human lives, and threatens to undermine the effectiveness of health care programs. This bibliographic review proposes to reflect on the most significant aspects of the development of antibiotics and their impact on society.

Background: the use of antibiotics is frequently excessive and inappropriate, which can produce adverse effects.Objective: to characterize the use of antibiotics in the Cienfuegos municipality urban population.Methods: an exploratory, retrospective study was carried out in which 164 people over 18 years of age were surveyed and this survey was applied with the following variables to study: sociodemographic characteristics; If you used antibiotics in the last six months, who prescribed or suggested it, drug used, disease against which you took it, when did you stop taking them, if you had self-medication habits and knowledge about the negative consequences of such actions.Results: The 148 people (90, 2%) declared having used antibiotics in the last six months, the drug that they most reported consuming was amoxacillin (29, 7%); Tonsillitis (31.7%) was the main condition that motivated the use of antibiotics and the moment the patient stopped taking it was when he was advised by his doctor (66.2%). The highest percentage of use was by medical prescription (75.7%); the 23.7% self-medicated and the people who did it the most were female (71.4%) and with a level between pre-university (34.3%) and university (51.4%).Conclusions: the high consumption of antibiotics, their use in viral infections, self-medication and unfulfillment with the indicated treatment are irrational practices, which contribute to increase the negative effects of antibiotics, for which it is necessary to expand the informative campaigns, aimed at the modification of these behaviors in the population and in the health staff in charge of prescribing these drugs.

El dolor oncológico no controlado es uno de los síntomas que afectan de forma negativa la salud física y psicológica de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer. Sin dudas, representa una situación especialmente dramática. Existe evidencia sobre los beneficios del control del dolor en estos pacientes; para lograrlos, es preciso valorar las causas, localización, intensidad y duración del dolor antes y durante el tratamiento. Se plantean diferentes formas de medir la intensidad del dolor, y la escala visual analógica es una de las más comunes, además de ser la más utilizada internacionalmente respecto al resto de las escalas unidimensionales. La Organización Mundial de la Salud propone el uso de la escalera analgésica de forma pautada, con la correspondiente titulación de la necesidad de analgésicos, así como de los tratamientos coadyuvantes necesarios. Estandarizar correctamente los tratamientos y evaluar su respuesta, es imprescindible para el control del dolor. La presente revisión bibliográfica se propone un acercamiento a las directrices internacionales en el abordaje terapéutico de esta entidad, y con ello, ofrecer una actualización del tema.

Uncontrolled oncological pain is one of the symptoms that negatively affect the physical and psychological health of patients diagnosed with cancer. Undoubtedly, it represents a particularly dramatic situation. There is evidence about pain control benefits of in these patients; to achieve them, it is necessary to assess the causes, location, intensity and duration of pain before and during treatment. Different ways of measuring pain intensity are proposed, and the analog visual scale is one of the most common, in addition to being the most used internationally with respect to the rest of the single-dimensional scales. The World Health Organization proposes the use of the analgesic ladder in a prescribed manner, with the corresponding titration of the analgesic need, as well as the necessary coadjutant treatments. Standardizing treatments correctly and evaluating their response, is essential for pain control. The present bibliographic review proposes an overlook to the international guidelines in the therapeutic approach of this condition, and with it, it offers an update on the topic.

Foundation: Cienfuegos is inserted in the National Netork of Clinical Trials of the nineties. Decade. It has an important parrticipation in the registration of new drugs, which up to the moment has not been enough disseminated. This is the reason of the importance of showing the growth achived in the province in this activity.Objective: To describe the experience and development achived in Cienfuegos in conducting clinical trials. Methods: it is a descriptive study on the clinical trials conducted in Cienfuegos from May 1992 to May 2016. Variables such as: promoting center, evaluated product, stage of the clinical trials, medical specialties and number of patients included were analyzed.Results: a number of 64 clinical trials were carried out, basically form Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and the Center of Molecular Inmunology. The medical specialties with most participation were oncology and hematology with 15 (23.4%) and 10 (15.6%) trials respectively. The highest percentage of research were aimed at confirming the efficacy and safety of product for the treatment of cancer. with the conduction of 30 clinical trials (46.8%) in locations as lungs, hematologic system, breast, head and neck and prostate. A number of 2420 patients were included. There implementation extended to the Primary Health Care System and the Gustavo Aldereguia Lima Provincial Hospital was incorporated to the process of certification.Conclusion: There is a systemtic work in Cienfuegos related to the conduction of clinical trials. There has been a contribution and comercialization of several products.

Today there are countless examples that illustrate the nature of technoscience, including biotechnology and pharmacology. The clinical trial is the appropriate methodology used by clinical pharmacology to test the efficacy and safety of a treatment or intervention in humans. It constitutes the cornerstone of research. Once the preclinical research is completed, one of the biggest challenges currently facing the Cuban Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Industry is precisely the clinical evaluation. Therefore, this work aims to provide a reflection on the most significant aspects of clinical trials and their impact on society.

En la actualidad son incontables los ejemplos que ilustran la naturaleza de la tecnociencia, entre ellos tenemos la biotecnología y la farmacología. El ensayo clínico constituye la metodología idónea que utiliza la farmacología clínica para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un tratamiento o intervención en seres humanos, este constituye la piedra angular de la investigación. En la actualidad, uno de los mayores retos que enfrenta la Industria Médico Farmacéutica y Biotecnológica cubana, una vez transcurrida la etapa de investigación preclínica, es justamente la etapa de evaluación clínica. Por lo cual este trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una reflexión sobre los aspectos más significativos de los ensayos clínicos y su impacto en la sociedad.

Background: one of the pharmacologic groups of bigger prescription and use in Primary Health Attention, for his efficacy in the treatment of multiple infections constitute the antimicrobial. Previous studies evidence that there are difficulties in their prescription by doctors of this level of attention. Objective: designing a post-graduate course about the suitable selection and management of the antimicrobial in respiratory and urinary infections in primary health attention. Methods: a descriptive study, accomplished at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, shaped for three stages: diagnosis of the level of knowledge taking as sample 113 comprehensive general doctors of all the health areas of Cienfuegos; the course's design, and its validation by consulting experts. They were considered the recommendations of the guides and protocols with the best available scientific evidences about the theme. Results: the majority of the inquired individuals presented a level of knowledge between middle and low about the theme. The course was structured in five themes, with its respective objectives, organizational teaching forms, methodological guidelines, methods and teaching aids. The experts validated the course and considered it feasible, pertinent and of lofty quality. Conclusions: the course can contribute to the increment of doctor’s knowledge of the family about a selection and management of antimicrobial in the most frequent infections in Primary Health Attention, and therefore, to upgrade medical attention to the patient.

Fundamento: la automedicación constituye un problema a nivel mundial por su alta incidencia y el riesgo que entraña para el bienestar de las personas que la practican. Objetivo: caracterizar la utilización de medicamentos sin prescripción médica en trabajadores no profesionales de la salud de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal donde se aplicó una entrevista a 49 trabajadores no profesionales de la salud de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Las variables más importantes estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, nivel educacional, antecedentes patológicos personales, automedicación, grupos farmacológicos utilizados y aprobación de la automedicación, las cuales fueron procesadas y sus resultados se expresan en números y porcientos. Resultados: la mayoría de los trabajadores se han automedicado al menos una vez en su vida, predominando las mujeres entre los 40 y 49 años de edad, universitarias. Los grupos farmacológicos más utilizados fueron los analgésicos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES), antihistamínicos y psicofármacos. Muchos de los trabajadores padecen de otras enfermedades, para las cuales toman además diversos medicamentos. La gran mayoría desaprueba la automedicación, aún aquellos que hacen uso de ella y la consideran un riesgo para su salud. Conclusiones: aún queda mucho por esclarecer sobre este fenómeno, que evidentemente constituye un problema también en nuestra sociedad por lo cual se deben encaminar los esfuerzos a promover un consumo racional y responsable de los medicamentos para garantizar la salud de la población.

La biotecnología es, de las actividades científicas desplegadas por el Estado cubano, una de las que mayores resultados muestra, resultados estos que tienen un gran impacto en la salud de la población. Ha incrementado el arsenal terapéutico en el enfrentamiento de las enfermedades oncológicas con productos, entre los que se destaca CIMAvax-EGF®, la primera vacuna terapéutica contra el cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas en estadios avanzados IIIB o IV, producida por el Centro de Inmunología Molecular. La aplicación de este producto se extiende ya a la Atención Primaria de Salud con alentadores efectos, al prolongar la supervivencia de los enfermos con una mejor calidad de vida.

Biotechnology is one of the scientific activities deployed by the Cuban State, which shows greater results and impact on the of the Cuban population health. It has increased the therapeutic repertoire in dealing with oncological diseases with products such as CIMAvax-EGF®, the first therapeutic vaccine of its kind, from the Molecular Immunology Center, against non-small cell lung cancer in advanced stages IIIB IV. The application of this product already extends to Primary Health Care with encouraging results, by prolonging the survival of patients with higher quality of life.