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Oligotoma negra “Black webspinner” Figures 75 (lateral), 76 (dorsal, ventral) Plates 47 (lateral), 48 (dorsal, ventral) The respiratory system of Embioptera remains rather understudied, with the most recent detailed analysis of tracheal anatomy by Lacombe (1958, 1971). The specimen of Oligotoma shown here is a male and is notable because of the air-filled alimentary canal (fig. 77). Male webspinners do not feed, and like Ephemeroptera (fig. 21), the alimentary canal is coopted as a large air space, spanning the length of the body. In this specimen, the distention of the alimentary canal compressed tracheae against the inner body wall, making determination of morphology and assessment of homology challenging (particularly in the abdomen). Some notable differences were observed between Lacombe (1958) and the specimen here, particularly in the thorax, but her work was useful in mapping abdominal tracheae. The meso- and metathoracic wing base T 2,3- Wbr are likely present but partial in this scan, likely due to fluid infilling of this specimen as it was frozen to -20° C rather than -80° C. Although a tympanal hearing organ in the femur (of pro- and mesoleg, and occasionally hind leg) of webspinners was described by Szumik et al. (2019), there is no evidence of an air space in femur of any leg (as seen here in the foretibia of Gryllus, for example). DESCRIPTION: HEAD: H-DCT extending anteriad, curving laterally along head capsule; H-VCT slightly ventrad. H-DC present, slightly anterior of cervix. H-DCT with H-DCT-DVi running dorsad anterior of cervix, following head capsule. H-DCT runs directly anteriad, dividing into H-DVB ventrad and H-Ant. H-VCT with H-VCT-DVi extending dorsally, nearly in contact with H-DCTDVi and following head capsule laterally. H-VCT continues anteriorly, with dorsal H-DVB connection to H-DCT. After short extension, H-VCT divides into H-Lbm, and subsequently into H-MxPlp, H-Md, and H-Oc. H-Lbm branch connecting mediad as H-VC. Branch leading to H-Oc continues to H-Ft. THORAX: T 2- S with four branches: H-DCT, H-VCT, T 2-DB, and T 2-VB. T 2- CT absent. H-DCT runs directly anteriad, with T 1-DVi branching dorsad before continuing dorsally along prothoracic tergum. T 1-DC present, extending mediad near branching of T 1-DVi. H-VCT runs anteriad, with T 1- L branching ventrad just prior to a nearly 90° turn ventrad, subsequently turning anteriad along prothoracic sternite. T 1-VC present, branching off T 1- L. T 2-VB runs posteriad and slightly ventral briefly before curving dorsad; small T 2- AWL branching anteriad at apex of curve, dividing into T 2-AWba dorsad and T 2- AL continuing posteriorly toward midleg. T 2-DB continues, curving medially with several branches, likely for flight muscle, before extending posteriad as T 2-ADLT. Full DLT not visible but likely present, possibly fluid infilled; Lacombe (1958) indicates presence of dorsal connective. T 2-VB runs posteroventrad, with large T 2- FM branching dorsad and laterally. T 2-VB continues as T 2- VLT, connecting with T 3- S. T 2-VC present, branching mediad approximately halfway between T 2- S and T 3- S. T 3- S with four branches: T 3- AWL, T 2- PWL, T 3-DB, and T 3-VB. T 3- AWL running dorsad, curving posteroventrad where T 3-W-c-r splits dorsally and remaining branch continues as T 3- L. T 2- PWL connecting directly from anterior; T 2- PL branching ventrally, joining with T 2- AL after a short distance and continuing as T 2- L; T 2-Wbr continues anteriad from T 2- PWL; T 2-Wbr partial likely due to fluid infilling. T 3-DB runs mediad, dividing after a short distance into T 2-PDLT anteriorly and T 3- DLT posteriad. T 3-VB runs posteroventrad, with a connection to T 2- VLT very close to T 3- S; T 3-VB continues posteriorly as T 3- VLT, linking up with A 1- S. T 2-VLT-Vi on right side, extending past T 3- S into abdomen; unclear if T 2-VLT-Vi links with an abdominal spiracle. T 3- S on right side slightly different from left, possibly due to displacement of tracheae by distended alimentary canal air space; T 3- S on right side with T 3- VLT positioned posteriad as with right side, but with short, curving spiracular branch dorsad and anteriad, with T 2- VLT connecting from anterior; branch continues dorsad to T 2- AWL, T 2-DB, T 2- PWL split as with left side. ABDOMEN: A 1..8- S present. A 1- S modified from subsequent abdominal segments; A 1- S with five branches: A 1-DB, T 3-PWBa, T 3- VLT, and T 3- PL. A 1-DB short and running mediad, connecting with T 3- DLT from anteriad and continuing as A 1- DLT posteriad. T 3-WBr (also partial, likely due to fluid infilling) runs anteriad, continuing with small T 3-W-cu-a into trailing edge of hind wing. T 3- VLT from directly ventrad. T 3- PL runs ventrad, lateral from T 3- VLT, joining with T 3- AL and extending into hind leg as T 3- L. Segments A 2..7 likely similar but morphology difficult to determine due to distention of air-filled alimentary canal. A 2..7- DLT present, arcing slightly dorsad and usually sinuous. A n - VLT present. A 6-VC visible; other A n -VC likely present but displaced against body wall, see figure 78. Several visceral tracheae visible, but dif- ficult to determine morphology; A 3-Vi and A 4-Vi large and directly posteriad, spanning sev- eral segments. A-Cr visible at base of cerci., Published as part of Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P & Grimaldi, David A, 2023, COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA, pp. 1-184 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1) on pages 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, http://zenodo.org/record/7730159, {"references":["Lacombe, D. 1958. Contribuicao ao estudo dos Embiidae. III. Aparelho respiratorio de Embolyntha batesi Mac Lachlan, 1877 (Embiidina). Studia Entomologica 1 (1): 177 - 195.","Lacombe, D. 1971. Anatomy and histology of Embolyntha batesi MacLahlan, 1877 (Embiidina). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 69 (3): 331 - 396.","Szumik, C., M. L. Juarez, M. J. Ramirez, P. Goloboff, and V. V. Pereyra. 2019. Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera. American Museum Novitates 3933: 1 - 32."]}

Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P, Grimaldi, David A (2023): COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1): 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/sd.sp.55

Aposthonia guizhouensis sp. nov. Figs. 1–9 Type material. Holotype male, (ICJUST) China: Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Guiyang Forest Park, 26.5499891° N, 106.766504° E, 1100 m, 6-VI-2019, Lu Qiu. Paratypes: four males and four females, same locality and data as holotype (ICJUST). Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, Guizhou Province. Distribution. This species is known only from Guiyang Forest Park, Guizhou Province, China. Description Alate male (n = 5). Head length 1.5–2.0 mm, width 0.9–1.2 mm; body length 10.0–11.0 mm, width 0.8–1.0 mm; forewing length 6.5–8.0 mm, hindwing length 6.5–7.0 mm. Head capsule dark brown (Figs. 1–3), near 1.5 times longer than broad with kidney-shaped small eyes, sides behind eyes near parallel, gradually converging posteriorly. Clypeus pale and near trapezoidal (Fig. 3A). Labrum membranous posteriorly and laterally, anteriorly with a dark brown, elliptical sclerite (Fig. 1). Maxillary palpi brown, five-segmented; labial palpi brown and short, threesegmented (Figs. 2, 3B). Submentum brown, near rectangular, with medial concave at both anterior and posterior margins, posterior corners slightly projected laterad (Fig. 3B). Mandible dark brown. Antennae brown throughout, at least 21-segmented (Figs. 1–2). Prothorax dark brown (Fig. 1), much shorter and narrower than head, near quadrate with subqual length and width, surface with deep transverse and longitudinal grooves; meso- and metathorax generally brown with dark margins. Wings brown with longitudinal pale stripes (Figs. 1–2); anterior medial vein (MA) not forked. All legs dark brown except the pale articulations. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla (Fig. 2). Abdomen brown throughout with terminalia darker. Terminalia with left (10L) and right (10R) hemitergites of segment 10 of relatively equal size (Figs. 4A, B). Process of 10L (10LP) sickle-shaped, subapically with a triangular spine pointing laterad (Figs. 4A–D); process of 10R (10RP) slightly wider and much longer than 10LP, inner margin dentate, apex pointed and curved laterad (Figs. 4A–D); epiproct (EP) sclerotized, length ca. two times longer than width, with concave lateral margins and rounded posterior margin (Figs. 4A–B). Hypandrium (H = sternite 9) broad and rounded (Figs. 4C–D). Process of H (HP) broad and near trapezoidal. Left paraproct (LPPT) broad, sclerotized, acutely pointed and hooked posterolaterally (Figs. 4A–D). Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) less developed, forming a brown plate at base of left cercus. Basal segment of left cercus (LC 1) dilated distally and slightly lobed without echinulation (Figs. 4A–D). Apterous female (n = 4). Head length 1.5–2.0 mm, width 1.0– 1.2 mm; body length 11.0–12.0 mm, width 1.2–1.5 mm. Head capsule dark (Fig. 5A–B), convex, slightly longer than wide. Eyes dark, smaller than in male. Submentum rectangular (Fig. 5B). Antennae with at least 22 segments, basal 14–17 segments brown, distal segments pale (Figs. 5A–B). Prothorax entirely pale; meso- and metathorax generally brown. Foreleg with pale femur, tibia and pale brown apical two tarsal segments; tibia of mid leg and hind leg with both ends conspicuously pale (Figs. 5A–B). Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla (Figs. 5B). Abdomen brown throughout, similar to meso- and metathorax. Tenth tergum elongated posteriorly (Fig. 6A); tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates (Fig. 6B). Cerci entirely dark brown (Figs. 5A–B). DNA barcode. The obtained COI sequence of A. guizhouensis sp. nov. was 678 bp in length. The genetic distance between A. guizhouensis sp. nov. and all other sequenced congeners is a high value of over 0.2 (Fig. 7A), which excludes its identity with these congeners. The NJ and ML trees generated very similar tree topology (Figs. 7B–C), where A. guizhouensis sp. nov. clustered with an unidentified species from Mexico, Aposthonia sp. KBMEB165 (accession No. JQ907087). However, the high sequence divergence (0.2) and the remarkable geographical isolation exclude conspecific status of the two species. Remarks. The new species is assigned to genus Aposthonia instead of Oligotoma or Eosembia on the basis of the following combination of characters: absence of mesal lobing of the left cercus-basipodite (LCB) in the male; hind basitarsus with single ventral papilla in both male and female (Ross 2007, Poolprasert et al. 2011a, b). The presence of an outer subapical spine on 10LP in combination with the apically pointed and out-curved 10RP can easily separate A. guizhouensis sp. nov. from all other species of Aposthonia (Poolprasert et al. 2011a). The new species can be distinguished from A. borneensis, the only known Aposthonia species from China, by the small eyes, different shapes of 10LP, 10RP, HP and LPPT in the male and by the apparently different body color in the female (see Figs. 2–3 in Poolprasert et al. 2011a). The DNA barcode of A. guizhouensis sp. nov. also exhibits a high ratio of sequence divergence from all included sequences of A. borneensis (Fig. 7A), strongly supporting A. guizhouensis sp. nov. as a distinct different species from A. borneensis. Aposthonia guizhouensis sp. nov. is common in Guiyang Forest Park, inhabiting various habitats from dirt road in wild jungle (Figs. 8A–C) to man-made stone railings and columns (Figs. 9A–C). There are also numerous examples of adults of A. guizhouensis sp. nov. in Guiyang City. Their abundance is evidence that Guiyang City is a warm area with a high humidity and plenty of vegetable matter such as dead leaves and lichens. The Embioptera fauna in China lacks systematic investigation and is apparently underestimated. More undescribed webspinners are expected to be discovered in this vast area., Published as part of Chen, Zhi-Teng, 2022, Aposthonia guizhouensis sp. nov., a new webspinner of Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) from China, pp. 190-198 in Zootaxa 5213 (2) on pages 191-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7354432, {"references":["Ross, E. S. (2007) The Embiidina of Eastern Asia, Part I. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58, 575 - 600.","Poolprasert, P., Sitthicharoenchai, D., Butcher, B. A. & Lekprayoon, C. (2011 a) Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2937 (1), 37 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2937.1.3"]}

Aposthonia guizhouensis sp. nov. from Guizhou Province of China is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the distinctive terminalia structure in males. Aposthonia guizhouensis sp. nov. represents the second species of Aposthonia known from China. DNA barcode of the new species is sequenced and compared with its related congeners.

Species Aposthonia merdelynae Lucañas & Lit, n. sp. Fig. 2 Material examined. Holotype male, Philippines, Luzon: Los Baños, Laguna, on Canarium ovatum Engl., 22-x- 2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00028 ♂); Paratypes, 2 males, 3 females, same data as holotype (UPLBMNH EMB-00029‒00030 ♂; 00031‒00033 ♀) Diagnosis. This species is similar to A. borneensis except for its relatively smaller size, subcylindrical LC1 (distally dilated and lobed in A. borneensis), and enlarged membranous area of the 10RP. It is also similar to A. problita Poolprasert, Sitthicharoenchai, Butcher & Lekprayoon 2011 in size and coloration, but differs in the presence of the hook-like LPPT (absent in A. problita) and the shape of the hypandrium. It differs from A. oceania Ross 1951 in terms of the ovate head and submentum with rounded corners, and LC1 cylindrical (head elongate, submentum with acute corners and LC1 distinctly expanding distally in A. oceania). Description. Size (mm): ♂ BL: 5.4 ± 0.44; HL × HW: 1.0 ± 0.15 × 0.7 ± 0.1; OR: 0.53 ± 0.01; Fw: 4.1 ± 0.1; Hw: 3.1 ± 0.12. ♀ BL: 5.2 ± 0.9; HL × HW 0.8 ± 0.12 × 0.7 ± 0.06. Male alate (Fig. 2A). Small, generally light brown except for dark brown head. Antenna filiform, whitish proximally, brown distally. Submentum reniform, lateral margins entire (Fig. 2C). Pronotum chocolate brown, concolorous with rest of thorax and abdomen. Hind basitarsus with single indistinct papilla (Fig. 2D). Terminalia (Figure E-F): LC1 subcylindrical, not abruptly lobed. 10LP slightly constricted basally and medially, distally rounded (Fig. 2G). 10RP with membranous area enlarged, tip diverging as two similar-sized teeth. LPPT broad, basally ending with left-pointing hook (Figure 2H). HP broad basally leading to blunt HP that points to LC (Fig. 2F). Female (Fig. 2B) slightly larger than male. Chocolate brown throughout except on integumental joints. Sternite 8 with right triangular patterns laterally, central region unpigmented (Fig. 2I). Sternite 9 medially unpigmented (Fig. 2I). Etymology: Aposthonia merdelynae n. sp. species is named in honor of Dr. Merdelyn Caasi-Lit, in recognition of her contributions to the knowledge of insect-plant interactions and for her support for this study. Remarks: This species is the third known member of Aposthonia sp. native to the Philippines, the others being A. japonica (Okajima 1926) and A. oceania Ross, both reported from Davao (Davis 1940; Ross 1955)., Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Poolprasert, P., Sitthicharoenchai, D., Butcher, B. A. & Lekprayoon, C. (2011) Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2937, 37 - 48.","Ross, E. S. (1951) A new species of Embioptera from Oceania. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 14 (2), 307 - 310.","Okajima, G. (1926) Description of a new species of Oligotoma from Japan, with some notes on the family Oligotomidae. Journal of the College of Agriculture Imperial University of Tokyo, 7 (4), 411 - 432.","Davis, C. (1940) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. XVIII. The genus Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 45, 362 - 387.","Ross, E. S. (1955) Embioptera. Insects of Micronesia, 8 (1), 1 - 8."]}

Genus Aposthonia Krauss 1911 Diagnosis. Resembles Oligotoma except for the absence of the mesad lobe of the LCB and the simple left paraproct process (LPPT). Differs from Eosembia by the presence of single papillae on the hind basitarsus, narrow LP and inconspicuous aedeagus. Distribution. Tropical Asia. Remarks. Aposthonia is one of the largest and widely distributed genera. It is probably a polyphyletic group, serving as a “catch-all” genus for Oligotomidae (Ross 2007). This is supported in cladistic analysis of Szumik (1996) and Miller et al. (2012). Ross (2007) reported that the Philippine diversity of webspinners was comprised mainly of Aposthonia, a genus common in the Indo-Australian region., Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 23, 1 - 78.","Ross, E. S. (2007) The Embiidina of Eastern Asia, Part 1. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58 (29), 575 - 600.","Szumik, C. (1996) The higher classification of the order Embioptera: A cladistic analysis. Cladistics, 12, 41 - 64.","Miller, K. B., Hayashi, C., Whiting, M. F., Svenson, G. J. & Edgerly, J. S. (2012) The phylogeny and classification of Embioptera (Insecta). Systematic Entomology, 37, 550 - 570. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00628. x"]}

Genus Oligotoma Westwood 1837 Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Oligotomidae by the left basipodite (LCB) projecting mesad as a lobe. Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ross 1955) Remarks. Oligotoma, together with Aposthonia, is one of the largest genera of Embioptera and several of its species are relatively common because of their rapid (anthropogenic) dispersal (Ross 2007)., Published as part of Luca��as, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Ba��os, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1837) Characters of Embia, a genus of insects allied to the white ant (termites), with a description of the species of which it is composed. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, 369 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00029. x","Ross, E. S. (1955) Embioptera. Insects of Micronesia, 8 (1), 1 - 8.","Ross, E. S. (2007) The Embiidina of Eastern Asia, Part 1. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58 (29), 575 - 600."]}

Species Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure 1896) Fig. 3 Embia humbertiana Saussure 1896: 353 (Holotype: Ceylon (now Sri-Lanka), Museum d"Histoire Naturelle, Geneva). Oligotoma humbertiana: Davis 1939: 186; Ross 1940: 674; Ross 1944: 496; Ross 1955: 6; Ananthasubramanian 1956: 226; Kapur and Kripalani 1957: 120; Bradoo 1971: 264; Ross 1978: 6; Ross 2006: 341; Poolprasert 2012: 410; Chandra and Dawn 2014: 1565. Material examined. 3 males, 3 females, Philippines: Luzon: Los Baños, Laguna; on Sweetenia macrophylla King, 15-iii-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00006♂); on Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook, 15-i-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00009♂); on Cynometra ramiflora L., 9-viii-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00017♂ - 00018♀); on Cassia fistula L., 25-vi-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00019♀); on Pterocarpus indicus Willd., 27-vi-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00020♀) Distribution: Indian in origin, now widespread. Diagnosis: Oligotoma humbertiana is distinguished from other Oligotoma species by the small apical process on the narrow, curved 10RP and the bifid 10LP. Description: Size (mm): ♂ BL: 7.9 ± 0.74; HL × HW: 1.2 ± 0.06 x 1.0 ± 0.15; OR: 0.36 ± 0.01 Fw: 4.1 ±0.1; Hw: 4.6 ± 0.36. ♀ BL: 7.9 ± 0.74; HL × HW: 1.2 ± 0.06 x 1.1 ± 0.06. Alate male (Fig. 3A) varying from light to dark brown. Antennae filiform, covered with setae. Mandibles conspicuous. Incisor darkly pigmented, three on left, two on right. Submentum semiquadrate, with anterior side deeply convex (Fig. 3C). Pronotum concolorous with abdomen. Hind basitarsus with single papilla (Fig. 3D). Abdomen black-brown. Terminalia (Figs. 3E, F): LCB laterally elongate, encircling inner sides of LC. 10LP broad basally narrowing and curving leftward, with minute bifurcated teeth. 10RP with distinct subapical process. H broad basally. HP narrowing to blunt edge. LPPT narrow horizontal hook. Female (Fig. 3B) generally dark brown to black. Head sometimes reddish. Hind basitarsus with single papilla. Sternite 8 mostly unpigmented with U–shaped pigment medially and posterolateral markings (Fig. 3G). Sternite 9 unpigmented anteriorly with anteromedial and lateral macula (Fig. 3G). Remarks. Oligotoma humbertiana is considered a “weed” species and has been introduced to the Philippines and other countries such as Mexico via the Manila Galleon trade (Ross 1984), China, Indonesia (Ross 2000), Hongkong, Mariana Islands, Taiwan and Thailand (Poolprasert 2012). The observed specimens agree with the previous descriptions of the species except for specimens described by Chandra & Dawn (2014) from India, which greatly differ in the curvature of 10RP; other than that character other structures are similar. It is possible that the Chandra & Dawn specimens represent a different subspecies of O. humbertiana or a completely different species., Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Saussure, H. (1896) Note sur la tribu des Embiens. Mitteilungen der Schweizeruschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 339 - 355.","Davis, C. (1939) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. I. The genotype of Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 64, 181 - 190.","Ross, E. S. (1940) A revision of Embioptera of North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 33, 629 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 33.4.629","Ross, E. S. (1944) A revision of the Embioptera of the New World. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 94 (3175), 401 - 504.","Ross, E. S. (1955) Embioptera. Insects of Micronesia, 8 (1), 1 - 8.","Ananthasubramanian, K. S. (1956) Biology of Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure) (Oligotomidae, Embioptera). Indian Journal of Entomology, 18, 226 - 232.","Kapur, A. & Kripalani, M. B. (1957) Studies in Indian Embioptera. Part I. The Oligotomidae of India. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 190 (3), 111 - 134.","Bradoo, B. L. (1971) Two new species of Embioptera with records of others from South India. Oriental Insects, 5 (2), 264 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1971.10434013","Ross, E. S. (1978) The Embiidina of China. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, 13, 1 - 8.","Ross, E. S. (2006) The insect order Embiidina of Northern Africa and the Red Sea region. Fauna of Arabia, 22, 287 - 344.","Poolprasert, P. (2012) The embiopteran genus Oligotoma Westwood, 1837 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae), with three new recorded species from Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science, 46, 408 - 417.","Chandra, K. & Dawn, P. (2014) First record of four species of webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) from Chhattisgarh, India. Check List, 10 (6), 1565 - 1569. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.6.1565","Ross, E. S. (1984) A synopsis of the Embiidina of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 86 (1), 82 - 93.","Ross, E. S. (2000) Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 1: Origin, relationships and integumental anatomy of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 149, 1 - 36."]}

Species Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood 1837) Fig. 4 Embia (Oligotoma) saundersii Westwood 1837: 373 (Holotype: East India, Oxford University Museum of Natural University). Embia latreillii Rambur 1842: 312. Oligotoma latreillei (Rambur) Enderlein 1910: 56; Mukerji 1935: 8; Menon and George 1936:90; Davis 1939: 183. Oligotoma insularis M’Lachlan 1883: 227; Davis 1939: 183. Oligotoma cubana Hagen 1885: 141; Davis 1939: 183. Embia hova Saussure 1896: 354. Oligotoma hova (Saussure) Krauss 1911: 38. Embia bramina Sassure 1896: 352. Oligotoma bramina (Saussure) Krauss 1911: 37; Davis 1939: 184. Oligotoma rochai Navas 1917: 28; Krauss 1917: 316. Oligotoma inaequalis Banks 1924: 421; Davis 1939: 184. Oligotoma saundersi (Westwood): Burmeister 1839: 770; Davis 1939: 181. Davis 1942: 119; Ross 1940: 668; Ross 1944: 495; Bradoo 1971: 264; Ross 1984: 48; Ross 2006: 344; Poolprasert 2012: 411; Chandra and Dawn 2014: 1565. Material examined. 3 males, 3 females, Philippines: Luzon, Los Baños, Laguna, on Pterocarpus indicus Willd., 27-vi-2014 (C. C. Lucañas UPLBMNH EMB-00011 ♂); on Cassia fistula L., 25- vi-2014 (C. C. Lucañas UPLBMNH EMB-00012 ♂ - 13♀); on Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, 25-vi-2014 (C. C. Lucañas UPLBMNH EMB-00014 ♀); on Vitex parviflora Juss., 25-vi-2014 (C. C. Lucañas UPLBMNH EMB-00015 ♂ - 16♀) Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Diagnosis. Distinguished from males of other species by the sickle-shaped LPPT. Description. Size (mm): ♂: BL: 7.7 ± 0.26; HL× HW: 1.2 ± 0.12 × 0.9 ± 0.06; OR: 0.40 ± 0.01; FW: 5.6 ± 0.46; HW: 4.3 ± 0.23. ♀: BL: 8.9 ± 0.5; HL × HW: 1.3 ± 0.06 × 1.1 ± 0.17. Alate male (Fig. 4A) generally dark brown-black. Head dark brown. Eyes medium-sized, slightly protruding beyond head capsule. Antennae filiform, covered with setae. Submentum trapezoidal, anterior margin convex, edges slightly rounded (Fig. 4C). Terminalia (Figure 4 E-F): LCB projecting as a narrow rounded lobe and surrounding base of LC. 10LP tapering, basally constricted, medially broad. 10RP narrow, elongate, distally truncate. H broad basally, narrowing to a slightly recurved HP. LPPT sickle-shaped. Female (Fig. 4B) generally black. Hind basitarsus with single papilla. Sternite 8 with two oblique caudally converging lines (Fig. 4G). Sternite 9 with small unpigmented inverted triangle (Fig. 4G). Remarks: Like O. humbertiana, O. saundersii has been anthropogenically introduced to numerous countries (Ross 1955). Ross (1984) stated that O. saundersii is the most widespread webspinner and may be found in all warm regions, especially near urban areas., Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on pages 179-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1837) Characters of Embia, a genus of insects allied to the white ant (termites), with a description of the species of which it is composed. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, 369 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00029. x","Rambur, J. P. (1842) Histoire naturelle des Insectes: Neuropteres. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Fain et Thunot, Paris, xviii + 534 pp.","Enderlein, G. (1910) Embiidina and Neuroptea (Coniopterygidae und Hemerobiidae). Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology), 2 (14), 55 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1910. tb 00523. x","Mukerji, S. (1935) On two undescribed forms of the genus Oligotoma with a description of the external genitalia of Oligotoma michaeli, and distributional records of some Indian forms. Records of the Indian Museum, 37, 1 - 9.","Menon, R. & George, C. G. (1936) Notes on Oligotoma collected from Bombay and Cochin, together with the description of a new species. Journal of Bombay University, 4 (5), 87 - 95.","Davis, C. (1939) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. I. The genotype of Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 64, 181 - 190.","Hagen, H. A. (1885) Monograph of the Embiidina. The Canadian Entomologist, 17, 141 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 17141 - 8","Saussure, H. (1896) Note sur la tribu des Embiens. Mitteilungen der Schweizeruschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 339 - 355.","Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 23, 1 - 78.","Navas, L. (1917) Neue Neuropteren. Entomologische Mitteilungen, 6 (7 - 9), 274 - 282.","Krauss, H. A. (1917) Ueber Embia rochai Navas (Embiodea). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 6, 316 - 317.","Banks, N. (1924) Descriptions of new Neuropteroid Insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 65 (12), 421 - 455.","Burmeister, H. (1839) Emdidae. Ina; Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 2. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 768 - 770.","Davis, C. (1942) Studies in Australian Embioptera. Part V. Records of the genus Metoligotoma from Victoria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 68, 65 - 66.","Ross, E. S. (1940) A revision of Embioptera of North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 33, 629 - 676. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 33.4.629","Ross, E. S. (1944) A revision of the Embioptera of the New World. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 94 (3175), 401 - 504.","Bradoo, B. L. (1971) Two new species of Embioptera with records of others from South India. Oriental Insects, 5 (2), 264 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1971.10434013","Ross, E. S. (1984) A synopsis of the Embiidina of the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 86 (1), 82 - 93.","Ross, E. S. (2006) The insect order Embiidina of Northern Africa and the Red Sea region. Fauna of Arabia, 22, 287 - 344.","Poolprasert, P. (2012) The embiopteran genus Oligotoma Westwood, 1837 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae), with three new recorded species from Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science, 46, 408 - 417.","Chandra, K. & Dawn, P. (2014) First record of four species of webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) from Chhattisgarh, India. Check List, 10 (6), 1565 - 1569. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.6.1565","Ross, E. S. (1955) Embioptera. Insects of Micronesia, 8 (1), 1 - 8."]}

Species Aposthonia borneensis (Hagen 1885) Fig. 1 Oligotoma borneënsis Hagen 1885: 146 (as “ O. saundersii Westwood ”) (Lectotype male: Telang Borneo, Museum of Comparative Zoology, designated by Davis 1940: 371); Krauss 1911: 39 (= “ O. saundersii Westwood ”); Davis 1940: 371; Ross 1943: 102; Ross 1948: 100. Aposthonia vosseleri Krauss 1911: 48; Friederichs 1934: 409. Oligotoma vosseleri (Krauss): Enderlein 1912: 101; Silvestri 1912: 334. Aposthonia vosseleri vosseleri Friederichs 1934: 410. Aposthonia vosseleri intermedia Friederichs 1934: 410; Davis 1940: 374. Aposthonia vosseleri obscura Friederichs 1934: 412; Davis 1940: 375. Oligotoma jacobsoni Silvestri 1912: 334; Davis 1940: 373. Oligotoma maerens Roepke 1919: 5; Davis 1940: 374. Oligotoma nana Roepke 1919: 5; Davis 1940: 374. Aposthonia vosseleri nana (Roepke): Friederichs 1934: 412. Oligotoma masi Navás 1923: 39 (Type: Vigan, Luzon, Philippines, Paris Museum); Navás 1932: 923; Davis 1940: 374. Aposthonia vosseleri jacobsoni (Silvestri): Friederichs 1934: 411. Aposthonia borneensis: Ross 1978: 5; Yang 1999: 66; Ross 2000: 30; Ross 2007: 592; Poolprasert et al. 2011: 40. Material examined. 3 males, 3 females, Philippines: Luzon, Los Baños, Laguna; on Casuarina equisetifolia L., 10-ii-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00005 ♂); on Mangifera indica L., 18-ii-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00010 ♂); on Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr., 27-ix-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00024 ♂ -00025 ♀); on Cassia fistula L., 20-x-2014 (C.C. Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00026 ♀) on Samanea saman F. Muell., 20-x-2014 (C.C.Lucañas, UPLBMNH EMB-00027 ♀). Distribution. China, South East Asia and Papua New Guinea (Poolprasert et al. 2011) Diagnosis. Aposthonia borneensis is distinguished from other Aposthonia spp. by the distally rounded 10LP and a narrow LPPT with a small apical hook. Description. Size (mm): ♂ BL: 8.3 ± 0.79; HL × HW: 1.4 ± 0.15 × 1.2 ±0.06; OR: 0.50 ± 0.01; Fw: 6.3 ± 0.1; Hw: 5.2 ± 0.17. ♀ BL: 9.7 ± 0.84; HL × HW: 1.4 ± 0.1 x 1.2 ± 0.06 Male alate (Fig. 1A). Body generally black except for orange pronotum. Head brown anteriorly fading to light brown/orange posteriorly. Antenna filiform. Antennal segments covered with long setae. Submentum retuse, deeply convex antero-medially (Fig. 1C). Pronotum light brown-orange. Hind basitarsomere with conspicuous single papilla (Figure 1D). Abdomen generally dark grey, terminalia darker. Terminalia (Figs. 1E, F): LC1 distally dilated and lobed; LCB encircling LC as narrow sclerotized plate. 10LP elongate, slender, distally rounded (Fig. 1G). 10RP with minute subapical tooth. H proximally broad, narrow distally to rounded simple HP. LPPT deeply sclerotized, ending with inward pointing hook (Fig. 1H). Female (Fig. 1B) similar to nymphs but body distinctly black with red-orange prothorax. Eighth sternite with two oblique, unpigmented lines (Fig. 1I). Ninth sternite unpigmented medially (Fig. 1I). Remarks. A. borneensis is a widely distributed species (primarily due to anthropogenic causes) and was first reported in the country by Navas (1923). He described it as Oligotoma masi which was later synonymized with A. borneensis (Ross 1943). Poolprasert et al. (2011) suggested that it was anthropogenically introduced to the many south and Southeast Asian countries., Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on pages 175-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Hagen, H. A. (1885) Monograph of the Embiidina. The Canadian Entomologist, 17, 141 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 17141 - 8","Davis, C. (1940) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. XVIII. The genus Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 45, 362 - 387.","Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 23, 1 - 78.","Ross, E. S. (1943) Two new Indian Embioptera and the lectotype of Oligotoma borneensis Hagen. Psyche, 50, 100 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1943 / 27010","Ross, E. S. (1948) The Embioptera of New Guinea. Pan-Pacific Entomology, 24, 97 - 116.","Friederichs, K. (1934) Das Gemeinschaftsleben der Embiiden und Naheres zur Kenntnis der Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 3, 405 - 444.","Enderlein, G. (1912) Embiidinen Monographische Bearbeitet. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edmond. de Selys Longchamps, 3, 1 - 121.","Silvestri, F. (1912) Embiidae from Java and Krakatau. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 55, 333 - 335.","Roepke, W. (1919) Zwei neue javanische Embiiden. Oligotoma maerens und O. nana m.; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Embiiden. Treubia, 1, 1 - 18.","Navas, L. (1923) Insecta orientalia. I Series. Memorie dell'Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, Rome, 6 (2), 29 - 41.","Navas, L. (1932) Insecta orientalia. Memorie dell'Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, Rome, 16 (2), 921 - 949.","Ross, E. S. (1978) The Embiidina of China. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, 13, 1 - 8.","Yang, C. (1999) Embioptera: Oligotomidae. Fauna of insects in Fujian Province of China, 3, 65 - 67.","Ross, E. S. (2000) Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 1: Origin, relationships and integumental anatomy of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 149, 1 - 36.","Ross, E. S. (2007) The Embiidina of Eastern Asia, Part 1. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58 (29), 575 - 600.","Poolprasert, P., Sitthicharoenchai, D., Butcher, B. A. & Lekprayoon, C. (2011) Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 2937, 37 - 48."]}

The diversity of webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) in Mt. Makiling, Los Baños was studied. Four species were recorded: Aposthonia borneensis (Hagen), A. merdelynae Lucañas & Lit n. sp., Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure) and O. saundersii (Westwood). Each was illustrated and described. The new species differs from its congeners by relatively smaller size, subcylindrical left basal cercus with an inner lobe, and enlarged membranous area of the 10RP. A dichotomous key was devised to aid in identification of each species.

Key to Oligotomidae species from Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Laguna 1 Left cercus basipodite (LCB) simple. Left paraproct process (LPPT) simple … Aposthonia Krauss 1911................. 2 - LCB projects mesad as a lobe. LPPT complex … Oligotoma Westwood 1837...................................... 3 2 Medium sized, 7.5 mm or larger. Pronotum orange. Hind basitarsomere with conspicuous papilla. LCB encircles LC as a narrow plate. LC distally expanded and lobed. 10LP slender, narrowly rounded distally; 10RP elongated, narrow, membranous inner margin with small outer hook at apex........................................... A. borneensis (Hagen 1885) - Small, 6.0 mm or smaller. Pronotum chocolate-brown. Papilla on hind basitarsomere inconspicuous. LCB not as above. LC1 subcylindrical not abruptly lobed. 10LP slender, slightly constricted medially and rounded distally; 10RP with membranous margin expanded, sub-apical tooth more sclerotized.............................. A. merdelynae Lucañas & Lit n. sp. 3 Male: 10RP with distinct subapical process. 10LP bifurcated. Female: Sternite 8 with two oblique opposite lines. Sternite 9 with small inverted triangular macula............................................ O. humbertiana (Saussure 1896) - Male: 10RP long, without subapical process. 10LP not bifurcated. LPPT sickle shaped. Female: Sternite 8 with elliptical line and small central macula. Sternite 9 with no distinct pattern........................... O. saundersii (Westwood 1837), Published as part of Lucañas, Cristian C. & Lit, Ireneo L., 2018, Oligotomidae (Insecta: Embioptera) of Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Philippines, with description of a new species, pp. 173-182 in Zootaxa 4415 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1241833, {"references":["Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 23, 1 - 78.","Westwood, J. O. (1837) Characters of Embia, a genus of insects allied to the white ant (termites), with a description of the species of which it is composed. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 17, 369 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1834. tb 00029. x","Hagen, H. A. (1885) Monograph of the Embiidina. The Canadian Entomologist, 17, 141 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 17141 - 8","Saussure, H. (1896) Note sur la tribu des Embiens. Mitteilungen der Schweizeruschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 9, 339 - 355."]}

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

3.184 Genus Litoclostes Engel & Huang, 2016 Litoclostes Engel & Huang, 2016d: 122. Type species: Litoclostes delicatus Engel & Huang, 2016., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 293, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

A new species of webspinner, Eosembia apterosa Poolprasert and Edgerly, n. sp., from Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished from previously described Eosembia by the occurrence of winglessness in the males. Beyond just winglessness, other morphological characters of the unidentified specimens when compared to E. auripecta Ross and E. aequicercata Ross suggest that they represent a new species. We present the description of the new species, along with a distribution map and key to the currently known species of SE Asian Eosembia.

All available genusand family-group names in the Embioptera (Embiidina, Embiodea) are listed along with the original citation, original and current status, and the type taxon and method of designation. The early literature is reviewed, and the following taxonomic acts are established: 1) Embia brasiliensis Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1832 is fixed as the type species of Olyntha Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1832 (junior homonym, replaced by Embolyntha Davis) using the First Revisor Principle, 2) Embia savignii Westwood 1837 is fixed as type species of Euembia Verhoeff 1904, and 3) Saussurembia davisi Ross 1992 is synonomized with Saussurembia ruficollis Davis 1939. Numerous other taxonomic problems are examined and clarified and the various ordinal names briefly summarized.

The present paper deals with the first taxonomic account on webspinners (Embioptera) of Chhattisgarh, India. Out of 32 species or subspecies known from India, four species, namely Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure, 1896), Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood, 1837) and Oligotoma annandalei Kapur & Kripalani, 1957 (family Oligotomidae) and Pseudembia setosa Ross, 1950 (family Embiidae) are reported for the first time from Chhattisgarh.

hova Saussure, 1896b: 354-355, fig. 14 [Embia]. Madagascar. Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀. A slide-mounted ♂ syntype with labels: “ Madagascar, Mr de Saussure” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ Embia spec. ” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ O. hova Sauss. ♂ ” [handwritten on white paper]; “ EMBIA HOVA SAUSS: ♂ LECTOTYPE” [handwritten on red card]. The first three labels have holes indicating that they were originally placed on an insect pin. The slide has two cover slips: the first covers the right fore and hind wings; the second covers the cleared body, which is coming apart between the second and third thoracic segments. Both middle legs are detached and the left forewing is absent, although this might be the detached wing glued to a clear mount on a separate pin with the label: “ O. hova Sauss. ♂ Flügel ” [handwritten on white paper] in the insect box. The lectotype does not seem to have been formally designated. A ♂ syntype pinned through the thorax with labels: “Madagascar, Mr de Saussure” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ O. hova Sauss. ♂ ” [handwritten on white paper]; “ OLIGOTOMA SAUNDERSII (WESTW.) DT ROSS ” [handwritten on white card]; “Syntypus” [printed on red paper]. The specimen is set with wings folded; part of the left antenna is missing. A ♂ syntype pinned through the thorax with labels: “ Madagascar, Mr de Saussure” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ Embia hova Sauss. Cotype, Madagascar” [handwritten by Ross on white paper]; “ OLIGOTOMA SAUNDERSII (WESTW.) DT ROSS ” [handwritten on white card]; “Syntypus” [printed on red paper]. Specimen set with wings roughly folded; the left hind wing is detached but adheres to the left forewing. A ♂ syntype pinned through the thorax with labels: “Madagascar, Mr de Saussure” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ OLIGOTOMA SAUNDERSII (WESTW.) DT ROSS ” [handwritten on white card]; “Syntypus” [printed on red paper]. Specimen set with wings roughly folded; the right forewing and right middle leg are missing. A ♂ [?] syntype pinned through the thorax with labels: “ Madagascar, Mr de Saussure” [handwritten on pink paper]; “ OLIGOTOMA SAUNDERSII (WESTW.) DT ROSS ” [handwritten on white card]; “Syntypus” [printed on red paper].Specimen set with wings folded; most of the left antenna, the right middle leg, both hind legs and the abdomen are missing. This specimen is probably a ♂, being of the same size as the other pinned specimens. No ♀ syntypes are present, although the ♀ characters are mentioned in the original description. Ross (2009) considers this name to be a junior synonym of Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood, 1837). Oligotomidae: Oligotoma hova (Saussure, 1896)., Published as part of Hollier, John, 2013, The Embioptera (Insecta) described by Henri de Saussure, pp. 221-227 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2) on pages 222-223, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5822946, {"references":["SAUSSURE, H. de 1896 b. Note sur la Tribu des Embiens. Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologische Gesellschaft 9: 339 - 355.","ROSS, E. 2009. World List of Extant and Fossil Embiidina. Available online at http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / entomology / Entomology _ Resources / embiilist / index. htm [consulted 19 / 8 / 2012].","SAUSSURE, H. de 1896 a. Two Embidae from Trinidad. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalist Club 2: 293 - 294."]}

bramina Saussure, 1896b: 352 [Embia]. India orientalis: Bombay [sic]. Unspecified number of ♂. One slide-mounted ♂ syntype with the labels: “1 5 Bombay, Indes Or., Hi de Saussure” [handwritten on white card]; “ Embia brahmina [sic] Sss.” [handwritten on yellow paper]; “ EMBIA BRAMINA SAUSS: TYPE” [handwritten on red card]. The first two labels have holes indicating that they were originally placed on an insect pin. The slide has two cover slips: the first covers two forewings and one hind wing; the second covers the cleared but intact body of the specimen. The left front and right middle legs are lost, as is one of the wings, and part of the base of the abdomen is missing. The right front, left middle and left hind legs are detached from the specimen. Ross (2009) considers this name to be a junior synonym of Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood, 1837). Oligotomidae: Oligotoma bramina (Saussure, 1896)., Published as part of Hollier, John, 2013, The Embioptera (Insecta) described by Henri de Saussure, pp. 221-227 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2) on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5822946, {"references":["SAUSSURE, H. de 1896 b. Note sur la Tribu des Embiens. Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologische Gesellschaft 9: 339 - 355.","ROSS, E. 2009. World List of Extant and Fossil Embiidina. Available online at http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / entomology / Entomology _ Resources / embiilist / index. htm [consulted 19 / 8 / 2012].","SAUSSURE, H. de 1896 a. Two Embidae from Trinidad. Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalist Club 2: 293 - 294."]}

Key to females of Thai Aposthonia 1. Head light brown. Prothorax brown, meso- and metathorax dark brown. Forelegs concolorous with pronotum, middle and hind legs entirely dark brown. Abdomen brownish with terga of segments 3–6 somewhat reddish brown. Cerci entirely medium brown (Fig. 3 B)..................................................................... A.ceylonica (Enderlein) - Head dark brown or black............................................................................... 2 2. Head blackish brown. Prothorax light brown orange, cream-white intersegmental banding anterior and posterior to mesoscutum. All legs brown, except middle and hind coxae and trochanters whitish. Abdomen chestnut-brown throughout. Cerci entirely medium brown (Fig. 3 A)........................................................ A. borneensis (Hagen) - Head dark. Thorax entirely dark. All legs concolorous with thorax. Abdomen very glossy, dark. Cerci pale (Fig. 3 C)............................................................................................... A. problita sp. n.

Key to adult males of Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 1. LC 1 with two inner lobes; 10 LP long, truncate, with a longitudinal groove, one side of distally curved to the left; 10 RP curved outward slightly terminally, truncate with two terminal teeth. (Fig. 4 A)........................ A. minuscula (Enderlein) - LC 1 without two inner lobes (Figs. 4 B���Y).................................................................. 2 2. LC 1 distally expanded and lobed (Figs. 4 B���K)............................................................... 3 - LC 1 not abruptly lobed (Figs. 4 L���Y)..................................................................... 12 3. LC 1 slender basally, then broadly expanded dorso-mesad as angulate lobe; 10 LP long, gradually arced leftward, evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP long, apex with outer hook and membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 B)................... A. centralis (Davis) - LC 1 slightly incurved basally, then expanded at inner apex as lobe (Figs. 4 C���K).................................... 4 4. LPPT sclerotized, apex with outer hook (Figs. 4 C���H)......................................................... 5 - LPPT without outer hook or without LPPT (Figs. 4 I ���K)...................................................... 10 5. LPPT with inconspicuous outer hook; 10 LP broad, tapered and arcuate caudally; 10 RP long, broad and gradually tapered to apex with outer hook (Fig. 4 C)............................................................... A. davisi (Ross) - LPPT with distinct outer hook (Figs. 4 D���H)................................................................ 6 6. Eye very large; 10 LP slender, broad rounded distally; 10 RP somewhat straight, very broad rounded apex with small spine on right side and mostly membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 D).................................... A. mandibulata (Ross) - Eyes small........................................................................................... 7 7. 10 LP slender, bearing distally small hook directed forwards and downwards; 10 RP long, slightly tapered to tip with small outer hook and membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 E)......................................... A. subclavata (Davis) - 10 LP without distal small hook (Figs. 4 F���H)................................................................ 8 8. 10 LP broad, tapered and arcuate caudally; 10 RP long, membranous inner margin long with distinct subapical tooth on outer side (Fig. 4 F)........................................................................... A. brunnea (Ross) - 10 LP narrow (Figs. 4 G, H).............................................................................. 9 9. 10 LP slender, narrowly rounded distally; 10 RP elongated, narrow, membranous inner margin with small outer hook at apex (Fig. 4 G)........................................................................... A. borneensis (Hagen) - 10 LP gradually and evenly narrowed and rounded terminally; 10 RP somewhat straight, apex with small outer hook and lengthy membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 H).................................................. A. maritima (Ross) 10. 10 LP long, broad, gradually arced leftwards, evenly tapered and rounded terminally; 10 RP somewhat straight, rounded apex with outer spine and membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 I)........................................... A. aurea (Ross) - 10 LP narrow (Figs. 4 J, K).............................................................................. 11 11. 10 LP long, narrow gradually arced leftwards, evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP long, lengthy membranous inner margin, apex with two small component teeth (Fig. 4 J)........................................................ A. albertisi (Nav��s) - 10 LP distinctive, basally rather irregular, distally sharply narrowed and curved downwards and bearing distally acute hook directed upwards; 10 RP long, broad, gradually narrowed caudally with small outer hook and mostly membranous inner margin, without LPPT (Fig. 4 K)................................................................ A. remota (Davis) 12. LC 1 subcylindrical (Figs. 4 L���N)......................................................................... 13 - LC 1 gradually expanded but not lobed (Figs. 4 O���Y)......................................................... 15 13. LPPT sclerotized, apex with outer hook; 10 LP long and abruptly tapered caudally; 10 RP long, gradually tapered to narrowly rounded apex, subterminally with very small but distinct outer process (Fig. 4 L)....... A. himalayensi s (Kapur & Kripalanti) - LPPT without outer hook (Figs. 4 M, N)................................................................... 14 14. 10 LP long, curved and slightly tapered leftward, apex with turned up outer hook; 10 RP long, broad, rather straight, side caudally convergent to obtuse apex and a small membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 M)...................... A. oculata (Ross) - 10 LP long, not curved, narrow and evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP elongated, narrow, membranous inner side with small outer hook at tip (Fig. 4 N)...................................................................... A. problita sp. n. 15. 10 LP with terminal hook (Figs. 4 O���Q)................................................................... 16 - 10 LP without terminal hook (Figs. 4 R���Y)................................................................. 18 16. 10 LP broad, apex tapered with anchor-like hook; 10 RP slender with hooked apex; LC 1 strongly produced inwards into a transverse lobe reaching almost to the middle line (Fig. 4 O)......................................... A. glauerti (Tillyard) - 10 LP narrow (Figs. 4 P, Q).............................................................................. 17 17. LC 1 distally curved inwards to tapered obtuse beak; 10 LP slender, curving slightly to the left and bearing distally small hook directed forwards and downwards; 10 RP elongated, tapering distally but ending smoothly, and with lengthy membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 P)...................................................................... A. gurneyi (Froggatt) - LC 1 with blunt subterminal inward projection, inner margin basal to projection slightly and smoothly concave; 10 LP long, slightly tapered leftward, apex with slender acute terminally spine directed forward and to the left; 10 RP long, lengthy membranous inner margin, apex with outer hook (Fig. 4 Q)......................................... A. spinulosa (Davis) 18. Under 10 LP, hooked LPPT present (Figs. 4 R���T)........................................................... 19 - Under 10 LP, hooked LPPT absent (Figs. 4 U���Y)............................................................ 21 19. LPPT sclerotized, apex with inconspicuous outer hook, 10 LP long, gradually... arced leftward, evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP elongated, rounded apex with small spine on right side and slightly membranous inner side. (Fig. 4 R)��� A. hollandia..(Ross) - LPPT sclerotized, apex with outer hook (Figs. 4 S���T)........................................................ 20 20. LC 1 very broad, slightly expanded at basal third, then apically attenuated and curved caudally; 10 LP broad, round distally, apex truncate with a single serration at outer angle; 10 RP long, broad and gradually tapered to apex and lengthy membranous inner margin (Fig. 4 S)..................................................................... A. micronesiae (Ross). - LC 1 inwardly lobed distally, 10 LP broad, tapered and arcuate caudally; 10 RP long, lengthy membranous inner margin, apex with small outer hook (Fig. 4 T)............................................................. A. oceania (Ross) 21. 10 LP with lateral lobe (Figs. 4 U���V)...................................................................... 22 - 10 LP without lateral lobe (Figs. 4 W���Y)................................................................... 23 22. 10 LP forcipate, right-hand lobe heavily sclerotized, curved to the left and acute terminally, left-hand lobe more dorsal in position, flat, less heavily clavate on the concave inner side. 10 RP elongated, gradually narrowed caudally with small outer hook; LC 1 terminally incurved to form spatulate process (Fig. 4 U)...................................... A. tillyardi (Davis) - 10 LP terminally tapering to point, slight incurved with subterminal flat, acute projection directed to the left; 10 RP slender, terminally tapered to obtuse apex and lengthy membranous inner margin; LC 1 clavate, produced inwards subterminally (Fig. 4 V).................................................................................. A. approximans (Davis) 23. LC 1 strongly excavated on inner side in basal half (Figs. 4 X ���Y)................................................ 24 - LC 1 not strongly excavated on inner side in basal half; 10 LP long, gradually arced leftward, evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP long, membranous inner margin long, apex with outer hook (Fig. 4 W)............................... A. japonica (Okajima) 24. LC 1 produced inwards into strong beak; 10 LP slender, evenly narrowed to simple round tip; 10 RP greatly elongated, membranous inner margin with outer hook (Fig. 4 X)................................................... A. indica (Davis) - LC 1 not produced inward into strong beak; LP slender, evenly narrowed to simple round tip; 10 RP greatly elongated, membranous inner margin with hooked apex (Fig. 4 Y)............................................ A. ceylonica (Enderlein), Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Butcher, Buntika Areekul & Lekprayoon, Chariya, 2011, Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 2937 on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201295, {"references":["Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 23, 1 - 78."]}

Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein, 1912) (Figs. 2 D���F & 3 B) Oligotoma ceylonica Enderlein, 1912: 83, fig. 56. Oligotoma ceylonica ceylonica Enderlein. Davis, 1940: 378, figs. 51���56; Kapur & Kripalani, 1957: 126; Bradoo, 1967: 447, figs. 1���11. Oligotoma ceylonica var. variegata Mukerji, 1935: 4, fig. 2 a���k; Menon & George, 1936: 91, pl. ii, Figs. 1 a���b, 2 a���b. Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein). Ross, 2000 b: 30. Diagnosis. The male of A. ceylonica is distinguished from its relatives by the basal segment of the left cercus being less excavate in the basal three quarters and by the absence of an outcurved spine on the left cercus-basipodite. The female is brownish with light brown head, brown prothorax and forelegs, and dark brown middle and hind legs, except that the femoral-tibial joints are pale. Holotype. Male. Stettiner Zoologisches Museum (SZM), Germany. Type locality. Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Material examined. The studied material consisted of 25 males and 26 females, all collected by P. Poolprasert from the following eight sites (collection accession numbers in parentheses): Site 1, 3 males and 1 female (CUMZ- EMB-Oli. 2010.94 - 97); Site 9, 2 males and 1 female (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.52 - 54); Site 15, 8 males and 7 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.55 - 69); Site 17, 1 male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.93); Site 19, 4 males (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.47 - 50); Site 20, 1 male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.51); Site 22, 1 male and 2 females (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.70 - 72); Site 23, 2 males and 2 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.73 - 76); Site 24, 3 males and 13 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.77 - 92). Distribution. India, Laos, Madagascar, Malaya, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Description. Alate male (n = 25, mean (range) �� SD): head width �� length 1.1 (0.9���1.4) �� 0.15 �� 1.3 (1.0��� 1.5) �� 0.10 mm; body length 6.6 (5.7���7.5) �� 0.51 mm, width 1.2 (1.1���1.4) �� 0.07 mm, forewing 5.6 (4.8���6.1) �� 0.42 mm, hindwing 4.5 (3.7���5.4) �� 0.52 mm. Head capsule pale brown, longer than broad, sides convergent behind eyes. Eyes dark, moderately large. Labrum light brown, mandibles brownish, slender. Submentum trapezoidal with medial concave anterior margin (Fig. 2 D), brownish. Antennae dark chocolate-brown, 17 -segmented. Thorax medium brown throughout, pleurites darker. Wings grayish brown, anterior medial vein (MA) not forked. All legs medium brown throughout except for pale joints. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen similar in color to thorax. Terminalia with left hemitergite of segment 10 (10 L) same width as right hemitergite (10 R). Process of 10 L (10 LP) slender, evenly narrowed to simple round tip, process of 10 R (10 RP) greatly elongated, membranous inner margin with a hooked apex. Hypandrium (H) produced back anteriorly to an obtuse process (HP), reaching as far as 10 LP. Left paraproct (LPPT) weakly developed but distinct. Basal segment of left cercus (LC 1) strongly excavate in the basal three-quarters. Apterous female (n = 26, mean (range) �� SD): head width �� length 1.2 (1.0��� 1.4) �� 0.13 �� 1.3 (1.2���1.6) �� 0.10 mm; body length 6.7 (5.8���7.5) �� 0.51 mm, width 1.3 (1.2���1.5) �� 0.09 mm. Head capsule light brown, weakly convex, longer than broad. Eyes dark, smaller than in male. Antennae 15 -segmented with basal 3 segments medium brown, other segments dark brown. Prothorax mostly brown except the anterior becoming light brown. Meso- and metathoracic sclerites dark brown. Forelegs concolorous with pronotum, middle and hind legs entirely dark brown except for pale femoral-tibial joints. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen brownish with tergum of segments 3���6 more reddish brown, tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates. Cerci entirely medium brown. Remarks. Examples of this species have been reported by various authors under the name Oligotoma ceylonica (Bradoo 1967; Davis 1940; Enderlein 1912; Kapur & Kripalani 1957; Menon & George 1936; Mukerji 1935). Ross (2000 b) transferred this species from Oligotoma to Aposthonia without description, so we have added to the details of the male characters as well as providing female characters. We found the habitats of A. ceylonic a to be on the bark of trees in orchards, public parks, plantations, beach forests, dry evergreen forests and mixed deciduous forests in every subregion of Thailand., Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Butcher, Buntika Areekul & Lekprayoon, Chariya, 2011, Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 2937 on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201295, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1912) Embiidinen Monographische Bearbeitet. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edmond. de Selys Longchamps, 3, 1 - 121.","Davis, C. (1940) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. XVIII. The genus Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 65, 362 - 387.","Kapur, A. & Kripalani, M. B. (1957) Studies in Indian Embioptera. Part I. The Oligotomidae of India. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 190 (3), 111 - 134.","Bradoo, B. L. (1967) Observations on the life history of Oligotoma ceylonica ceylonica Enderlein (Oligotomidae, Embioptera), commensal in the nest of social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 64, 447 - 454.","Mukerji, S. (1935) On two undescribed forms of the genus Oligotoma, with a description of the external genitalia of Oligotoma michaeli, and distributional records of some Indian forms. Records of the Indian Museum, 37, 1 - 10.","Menon, R. & George, C. G. (1936) Notes on Oligotoma collected from Bombay and Cochin, together with the description of a new species. Journal of Bombay University, 4, 89 - 95.","Ross, E. S. (2000 b) Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 2, A review of the biology of Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 149, 1 - 36."]}

Key to males of Eosembia (adult males) The identification key is modified from Poolprasert and Edgerly (2011). 1. LC 1 slender, distally expanded and lobed (Figs. 5 A��� 5 G)....................................................... 2 - LC 1 not abruptly lobed (Figs. 5 H��� 5 O)..................................................................... 8 2. 10 LP broad (Figs. 5 A��� 5 D).............................................................................. 3 - 10LP narrow (Figs. 5 E��� 5 G)............................................................................. 6 3. 10 LP parallel-sided, apex asymmetrically rounded, outer margin thin; 10 RP elongated, extensively membranous inner margin, apex with small outer hook; LC 1 elongated, slightly constricted medially then expanded mesally at distal tip (Fig. 5 A).................................................................................................. E. thoracica - 10 LP not parallel sided; 10 RP slender with hooked apex (Figs. 5 B���D)............................................ 4 4. 10 LP spoon-shaped, abruptly constricted basally, right margin arcuate, left margin sinuous; 10 RP slender, evenly tapered to apex; LC 1 slender, slightly lobed (Fig. 5 B)....................................................... E. hainanensis - 10 LP spatulate with strongly obtuse outer-apical angle (Figs. 5 C, D)............................................. 5 5. 10 LP rather broad but narrower than E. auripecta, 10 RP long, with long membranous inner margin, apex with small outer hook; LC 1 more slender than in E. auripecta, slightly lobed (Fig. 5 C)........................................... E. laotica - 10 LP broader than in E. laotica, 10 RP long, broadly membranous inner margin, apex with small outer hook; LC 1 long, slightly lobed (Fig. 5 D).............................................................................. E. auripecta 6. 10 LP long, very slender, equally tapered to apex; 10 RP broad, sclerotized halfway up inner side; LC 1 very long, slightly lobed (Fig. 5 E).................................................................................... E. nepalica - 10 LP and 10 RP both slender and narrow (Figs. 5 F, G)........................................................ 7 7. 10 LP with small hook at apex; 10 RP elongated, narrow with small outer hook at tip; LC 1 with enlarged lobe (Fig. 5 F)................................................................................................... E. apterosa - 10 LP gradually and evenly narrow and rounded terminally; 10 RP long, gradually and equally narrowing caudally, apex with small outer hook; LC 1 slightly dilated on inner side apically (Fig. 5 G).................................... E. montana 8. LC 1 subcylindrical (Figs. 5 H���K).......................................................................... 9 - LC 1 gradually expanded but not lobed (Figs. 5 L���O)......................................................... 12 9. 10 LP broad, tapered and arcuate caudally, apex truncate with single serration at outer angle; 10 RP long, broad, gradually narrowing caudally with small membranous inner margin; LC 1 constricted, gradually expanded toward apex (Fig. 5 H)...................................................................................................... E. varians - 10 LP narrow (Figs. 5 I ���K).............................................................................. 10 10. 10 LP long, arched leftward, evenly tapered to apex; 10 RP parallel-sided except for abruptly tapered apex; LC 1 constricted, gradually expanded distally (Fig. 5 I).......................................................... E. aequicercata - 10 LP slender, curved with outer spine or hook at tip (Figs. 5 J, K)............................................... 11 11. LP long, slightly constricted, rounded apex with a small spine on its left side; 10 RP long, broad and gradually tapered to apex; LC 1 broad, slightly constricted at base (Fig. 5 J)...................................................... E. garvelyi - 10 LP long, curved and slightly tapered leftward, apex with blunt outer hook; 10 RP long, expanded basally then parallel-sided with obtuse apex and membranous inner margin; LC 1 elongated, constricted terminally (Fig. 5 K)............... E. malaya 12. LC 1 gradually incurved basally (Figs. 5 L, M)............................................................... 13 - LC 1 slightly dilated distally but not lobed (Figs. 5 N, O)....................................................... 14 13. 10 LP long, broad, spatulate, with sharp-edged obtuse outer-apical angle; 10 RP very slender, narrow with small hook at apex, inner margin mostly membranous (Fig. 5 L).................................................. E. paradorni sp. n. - 10 LP very broad, scoop-like, inner side evenly arcuate, outer side straight with small, acute basal projection; 10 RP long, broad, gradually narrowing caudally, inner margin mostly membranous (Fig. 5 M)........................... E. spatha 14. 10 LP broad, spatulate with a sharp outer-apical angle; 10 RP long with long membranous inner margin, gradually arched rightward with small outer hook at apex; LC 1 long, club-like (Fig. 5 N).................................. E. lamunae sp. n. - 10 LP medium broad, inflexed, caudal margin constricted, then enlarged, outwardly slanted; 10 RP nearly straight, apex rounded with small spine on right side and mostly membranous inner margin; LC 1 gradually expanded but not lobed (Fig. 5 O).......................................................................................... E. myanmara, Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Lekprayoon, Chariya & Butcher, Buntika Areekul, 2011, Two remarkable new species of webspinners in the genus Eosembia Ross, 2007 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, pp. 1-11 in Zootaxa 2967 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206569, {"references":["Poolprasert, P. & Edgerly, J. S. (2011) A new species of Eosembia (Embiodea: Oligotomidae) from northern Thailand. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 84 (1), 12 - 21."]}

Eosembia lamunae sp. n. (Figs. 1, 2) Diagnosis. The male of E. lamunae can be readily distinguished from congeners by the left paraproct (LPPT), which caudally is a sharp hook directed leftwards, and by the basal segment of the left cercus, which is club-like, slightly dilated distally but not lobed. The females can be easily recognized by the cervical sclerite, prothorax and all legs being bright orange throughout. Material examined. Holotype male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.115), 2 male paratypes, 2 female paratypes (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.116 - 119), Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thap Sakae District, dry evergreen forest, 11 ° 37.564 ’N 099° 36.867 ’E, 61 m, 17.III. 2009, collected by P. Poolprasert. Distribution. This species is known only from Thap Sakae District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. Etymology. This species is named after the late Lamun Poolprasert, mother of the senior author. Description. Alate male (Fig. 1 A) (n = 3, mean (range)): Head width × length 1.2 (1.1–1.2) × 1.6 (1.5–1.6) mm, body length 13.5 (13.2–14.1) mm, width 1.9 (1.8–1.9) mm, forewing 9.2 (9.1–9.2) mm, hindwing 8.3 (8.2– 8.3) mm. Head capsule darkish brown, longer than broad, sides caudally convergent. Eyes entirely dark. Anterior margin of labrum blackish brown and equally rounded. Submentum trapezoidal with shallow medial concave anterior margin (Fig. 2 A), blackish. Mandible dark and slender. Antennae long, dark throughout, 29 -segmented. Prothorax bright orange. Meso- and metathorax dorsally darkish brown and slightly paler ventrally. All legs bright orange throughout from coxae to femurs, except for a darker color on tibiae and tarsi. Wings dark brown. Hind basitarsus with two papillae (Fig. 2 D). Abdomen dark brown throughout with darker terminalia. Terminalia with 10 L broader than 10 R. Process 10 LP becoming yellowish distally, broad, spatulate with a sharp outer-apical angle; 10 RP long, lengthy membranous inner margin, gradually arced rightward with a small outer hook at the apex. Hypandrium (H) broad basally, gradually narrowing caudally, forming a broad process of H (HP) directed slightly towards left cercus and beneath 10 LP. LPPT produced caudally as a sharp hook directed leftwards. Basal segment of LC 1 long, slightly dilated distally but not lobed. Apterous female (Fig. 1 B) (n = 2, mean (range)): Head width × length 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) × 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) mm, body length 17.9 (17.5, 18.3) mm, width 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) mm. Head capsule blackish brown, convex, longer than broad. Eyes dark. Antennae 25 -segmented with white tips. Prothorax bright orange, cream-white intersegmental banding anterior and posterior to mesoscutum. Meso- and metathoracic sclerites dark brown. Forelegs concolorous with pronotum except for bright brown basitarsi. Middle and hind legs entirely bright orange throughout. Hind basitarsus with two papillae. Abdomen dark throughout with cream-white striped lateral plates. Ninth sternum medially inset in the body with three inner lobes at the base (Fig. 2 E). Tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates. Cerci entirely brown. Remarks. The new species was collected during the dry season (March) in a dry evergreen forest. Colonies occur on the surface of lichen-covered rocks. The silk gallery is large and conspicuous (Fig. 1 C). FIGURE 2. Important characters of Eosembia lamunae sp. n. (A) Head of male, (B) Terminalia (dorsal) of male, (C) Terminalia (ventral) of male, (D) Hind tarsus of male and (E) Sternites of female. Abbreviations: 8 = eighth abdominal sternite; 9 = ninth abdominal sternite; 10 L and 10 R = left and right hemitergites of the tenth segment; 10 LP and 10 RP = left and right tergal processes; EP = epiproct (segment 11); H = hypandrium (sternite 9); HP = hypandrium process; LPPT = left paraproct; LC 1 and LC 2 = first and second segments of the left cercus; RC 1 and RC 2 = first and second segments of the right cercus. FIGURE 4. Important characters of Eosembia paradorni sp. n. (A) Head of male, (B) Terminalia (dorsal) of male, (C) Terminalia (ventral) of male, (D) Hind tarsus of male and (E) Sternites of female. Abbreviations: 8 = eighth abdominal sternite; 9 = ninth abdominal sternite; 10 L and 10 R = left and right hemitergites of the tenth segment; 10 LP and 10 RP = left and right tergal processes; EP = epiproct (segment 11); H = hypandrium (sternite 9); HP = hypandrium process; LPPT = left paraproct; LC 1 and LC 2 = first and second segments of the left cercus; RC 1 and RC 2 = first and second segments of the right cercus. FIGURE 5. Left cercus (LC 1) and left and right tergal processes (10 LP and 10 RP) of the webspinner genus Eosembia (A–O). Abbreviations: LC 1 = first segment of the left cercus; 10 LP and 10 RP = left and right tergal processes; LPPT = left paraproct. Figures are drawn based on figures by Kapur & Kripalani (1957), Lu (1990), Poolprasert & Edgerly (2011) and Ross (1978, 2007).

Aposthonia problita sp. n. (Figs. 2 G���I, 3 C) Diagnosis. The male of A. problita is distinguished from congeners by the basal segment of the left cercus being gradually distally expanded but not abruptly lobed, and the absence of an outcurved hook on the left cercus-basipodite. The female body is very dark and shiny except for pale femoral-tibial joints. Holotype. Male. (CUMNH), Thailand, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thung Song District, tropical rain forest, 08�� 10.340 'N 99 �� 44.505 'E, 103 m, 26.VII. 2008 (Site 6). Material examined. Holotype male, 2 paratype males and 14 paratype females, all collected by P. Poolprasert from the following four sites (collection accession numbers in parentheses): Site 6, holotype male (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.98), 1 male, 6 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.99 - 105); Site 21, 1 male, 2 females (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.106 - 108); Site 25, 4 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.109 - 112); Site 26, 2 females (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.113 - 114). Distribution. This species was collected from four provinces in Thailand: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Ranong, Prachuap Khiri Khan and Sa Kaeo. Etymology. The species is named Aposthonia problita (Greek problita = jet) referring to the rich, deep black color, particularly in females. Description. Alate male (n = 3, mean (range)): head width �� length 0.5 (0.5���0.6) �� 0.7 (0.7���0.8) mm; body length 5.2 (5.13���5.33) mm, width 0.5 (0.52���0.55) mm; forewing 4.0 (3.9���4.2) mm, hind wing 3.7 (3.6���3.9) mm. Head capsule blackish, longer than broad, sides caudally convergent. Eyes dark, rather small. Labrum brown. Mandibles brown with apical teeth and inner margins brownish. Submentum trapezoidal with medial concave anterior margin (Fig. 2 G), blackish. Antennae with basal 3 segments brownish, remaining segments becoming increasingly lighter brown distally, 16 -segmented. Thorax same color as head. All legs blackish throughout except for pale color of joints. Wing light brown with anterior medial vein (MA) not forked. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen blackish brown throughout with cerci paler. Terminalia with left hemitergite of segment 10 (10 L) broader than right hemitergite (10 R). Process of 10 L (10 LP) slender, narrow, evenly tapered to apex; process of 10 R (10 RP) greatly elongated, narrow, membranous inner side with small outer hook at tip. Hypandrium (H) broad basally, slightly narrowed caudally, forming a broad process of H (HP) directed gradually toward left cercus and beneath 10 LP. Right cercus with two subcylindrical segments (RC 1 and RC 2). Left cercus with segments (LC 1 and LC 2) subequal to corresponding segments of right cercus; LC 1 gradually expanded distally but not abruptly lobed. Apterous female (n = 14, mean (range) �� SD): head width �� length 0.6 (0.5���0.6) �� 0.04 �� 0.7 (0.6���0.8) �� 0.04 mm, body length 6.1 (5.6���6.6) �� 0.35 mm, width 0.6 (0.5���0.6) �� 0.03 mm. Head capsule dark, convex, longer than broad. Eyes dark, smaller and less reniform than in male. Antennae blackish throughout, 15 -segmented. Thorax entirely dark, somewhat shining. All legs concolorous with thorax except for pale femoral-tibial joints. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen very glossy, dark. Tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates. Cerci entirely pale. Remarks. Aposthonia problita sp. n. is the 25 th species described in this genus. This species may well be widespread across much of Thailand, as it is commonly found in tropical rain forests and in rubber plantations in southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat and Ranong Provinces), western Thailand (Prachuap Khiri Khan Province) and eastern Thailand (Sa Kaeo Province)., Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Butcher, Buntika Areekul & Lekprayoon, Chariya, 2011, Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 2937 on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201295

Two new species of webspinners (Embioptera) in the genus Eosembia Ross from Thailand, E. lamunae sp. n. and E. paradorni sp. n., are described and illustrated. These species bring the total number of species known from eastern, southeastern and southern Asia to 15 species. An identification key to the currently recognized species in the genus Eosembia, based on adult males, is included.

Three embiid species of the genus Aposthonia Krauss (Oligotomidae) are recognized from Thailand (Aposthonia borneensis, A. ceylonica, A. problita sp. n.) and the new species is described. The distribution of the three species in Thailand is shown and keys to the males of 25 species of this genus and to females found in Thailand are provided.

Aposthonia borneensis (Hagen, 1885) (Figs. 2 A���C, 3 A) Oligotoma borne��nsis Hagen, 1885: 146 (as ��� O. saundersii Westwood ���); Krauss, 1911: 39 (= ��� O. saundersii Westwood ���); Davis, 1940: 371, figs. 23���27; Ross, 1943: 102, figs. 6���8; Davis, 1948: 100, fig. 1 Aposthonia vosseleri Krauss, 1911: 48, pl. II, fig. 14; Friederichs, 1934: 409, 410 (v. vosseleri), 427 (female); Davis, 1948: 373 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Oligotoma vosseleri (Krauss). Enderlein, 1912: 101, fig. 65; Silvestri, 1912: 334, fig. 6 Aposthonia vosseleri intermedia Friederichs, 1934: 410 (as a form); Davis, 1940: 374 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Aposthonia vosseleri obscura Friederichs, 1934: 412; Davis, 1940: 375 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Oligotoma jacobsoni Silvestri, 1912: 334; Davis, 1940: 373 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Aposthonia vosseleri jacobsoni (Silvestri). Friederichs, 1934: 411 Oligotoma maerens Roepke, 1919: 5, figs. 1���12; Davis, 1940: 374 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Oligotoma nana Roepke, 1919: 20, figs. 13���15; Davis, 1940: 374 (= borne��nsis Hagen) Aposthonia vosseleri nana (Roepke). Friederichs, 1934: 412. Oligotoma masi Nav��s, 1923: 39; Nav��s, 1932: 923; Davis, 1940: 374, fig. 32 (= borne��nsis, Hagen, see reference to masi type) Aposthonia borneensis (Hagen). Ross, 1978: 5, fig. 2; Ross, 2000 b: 30; Ross, 2007: 592, fig. 14; Yang, 1999: 66, fig. 18 - 1 c Diagnosis. Males of A. borneensis can be distinguished from congeners by the basal region of the left cercus being distally expanded and lobed, and by the presence of an outcurved hook on the left cercus-basipodite. The female is chestnut brown with blackish brown cranium, golden prothorax and brown legs except for the pale femoral-tibial joints. Lectotype. Male. Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), U.S.A. Type locality. Malaysia (Borneo). Material examined. The studied material consisted of 17 males and 26 females, all collected by P. Poolprasert from the following 14 sites (collection accession numbers in parentheses): Site 1, 1 male and 1 female (CUMZ- EMB-Oli. 2010.01 -02); Site 2, 1 male and 3 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.03 -06); Site 3, 1 male, (CUMZ-EMB- Oli. 2010.07); Site 4, 2 males and 4 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.08 - 13); Site 5, 2 males and 8 females (CUMZ- EMB-Oli. 2010.14 - 23); Site 7, 1 male and 3 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.24 - 27); Site 8, 2 males and 3 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.28 - 32); Site 10, 1 male and 1 female (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.33 - 34); Site 11, 1 male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.35); Site 12, 1 male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.36); Site 13, 1 male and 2 females (CUMZ- EMB-Oli. 2010.37 - 39); Site 14, 1 male and 1 female (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.40 - 41); Site 16, 1 male and 3 females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.42 - 45); Site 18, 1 male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.46). Distribution. China (Canton, Hainan), Hong Kong, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Borneo), Papua New Guinea, Vietnam and Thailand. Description. Alate male (n = 17, mean (range) �� SD): Head width �� length 1.1 (0.9���1.2) �� 0.11 �� 1.5 (1.3���1.6) �� 0.10 mm; body length 8.2 (7.6���8.6) �� 0.23 mm, width 1.5 (1.3���1.6) �� 0.12 mm; forewing 6.5 (5.9���6.8) �� 0.26 mm, hindwing 5.7 (5.3���6.2) �� 0.22 mm. Head capsule brownish, slightly longer than broad with large, prominent, kidney-shaped eyes, sides behind eyes rounded, converging posteriorly. Clypeus pale, labrum pale, with large brown middle spot, maxillary palpi brown, labial palpi similar in color. Submentum trapezoidal with medial concave anterior margin (Outline as fig. 2 A), blackish. Mandible dark. Antennae brownish throughout, 19 -segmented. Prothorax yellowish, much narrower than head, longer than broad, meso- and metathorax generally dark fuscous, with paler articulations. Wings medium brown throughout; anterior medial vein (MA) not forked. All legs fuscous except the articulations, tarsi of the front legs pale. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen grayish brown throughout with terminalia darker. Terminalia with left (10 L) and right (10 R) hemitergites of segment 10 of equal width. Process of 10 L (10 LP) elongate, slender, narrowly rounded distally, process of 10 R (10 RP) greatly elongated, narrow, membranous inner side, with small outer hook at the apex. Process of H (HP) simple, rounded. Left paraproct (LPPT) narrow, sclerotized, hooked outward and upward terminally and acutely pointed. Left cercus-basipodite (LCB) represented by a blackish plate at base of left cercus. Basal segment of left cercus (LC 1) dilated distally and lobed without echinulation. Apterous female (n = 26, mean (range) �� SD): head width �� length 1.2 (1.0��� 1.3) �� 0.09 �� 1.8 (1.3���1.9) �� 0.13 mm; body length 9.9 (9.3���10.3) �� 0.29 mm, width 1.5 (1.3���1.6) �� 0.05 mm. Head capsule blackish brown, convex, longer than broad. Eyes dark, smaller and less kidney-shaped than in male. Antennae brown throughout without white tips, 16 -segmented. Prothorax golden, cream-white intersegmental banding anterior and posterior to mesoscutum. All legs brown except for whitish mid and hind coxae and trochanters. Hind leg with only one basitarsal papilla. Abdomen chestnut-brown throughout; tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates. Cerci entirely medium brown. FIGURE 2. Important characters of male Aposthonia borneensis (A���C), A. ceylonica (D���F) and Aposthonia problita sp. n. (G���I). A, D, G) Head. B, E, H) Dorsal views of terminalia. C, F, I) Ventral views of terminalia. Abbreviations: 10 L and 10 R = left and right hemitergites of the tenth segment; 10 LP and 10 RP = left and right tergal processes; EP = epiproct (segment 11); H = hypandrium (sternite 9); HP = hypandrium process; LPPT = left paraproct; LC 1 and LC 2 = first and second segments of the left cercus; RC 1 and RC 2 = first and second segments of the right cercus; SMT = submentum. Remarks. Ross (1943, 1978) provided a thorough description of this species. However, we have added more detail regarding some important morphological characteristics of Thai specimens, including the head, papilla and genitalia of the male. Thai female specimens differ from previously described specimens in color pattern (Fig. 3 A). In the current survey the habitat of this species was always on the bark of shade trees and near residential or developed areas, such as orchards, botanic gardens (ornamental plants) and plantations, but never in forest habitats. This species is an anthropogenic ���weed��� species with a wide distribution in the commercial areas of many localities in southern Asia, Indonesia, Laos and Malaysia, and has previously been recorded from Nan Province in Thailand (Ross 1978). These records suggest that this species is now relatively common and widespread throughout Thailand., Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Butcher, Buntika Areekul & Lekprayoon, Chariya, 2011, Aposthonia Krauss, 1911 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, with description of a new species, pp. 37-48 in Zootaxa 2937 on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201295, {"references":["Hagen, H. A. (1885) Monograph of the Embidina. The Canadian Entomologist, 17, 141 - 230.","Krauss, H. A. (1911) Monographie der Embien. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 23, 1 - 78.","Davis, C. (1940) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. XVIII. The genus Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 65, 362 - 387.","Ross, E. S. (1943) Two new Indian Embioptera and the lectotype of Oligotoma borneensis Hagen. Psyche, 50, 100 - 108.","Friederichs, K. (1934) Das Gemeinschaftsleben der Embiiden und Naheres zur Kenntnis der Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 3, 405 - 444.","Enderlein, G. (1912) Embiidinen Monographische Bearbeitet. Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edmond. de Selys Longchamps, 3, 1 - 121.","Silvestri, F. (1912) Embiidae from Java and Krakatau. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 55, 333 - 335.","Roepke, W. (1919) Zwei neue javanische Embiiden. Oligotoma maerens und O. nana m.; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Embiiden. Treubia, 1, 1 - 18.","Navas, L. (1923) Insecta orientalia. I Series. Memorie dell'Accademia Pontifica dei Nuovi Lincei, Rome, (2) 6, 29 - 41.","Navas, L. (1932) Insecta orientalia. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze Nuovi Lincei, Rome, (2) 16, 921 - 949.","Ross, E. S. (1978) The Embiidina of China. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, 13, 1 - 8.","Ross, E. S. (2000 b) Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 2, A review of the biology of Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 149, 1 - 36.","Ross, E. S. (2007) The Embiidina of Eastern Asia, Part I. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58, 575 - 600.","Yang, C. (1999) Embioptera: Oligotomidae. Fauna of insects in Fujian Province of China, 3, 65 - 67."]}

Eosembia paradorni sp. n. (Figs. 3, 4) Diagnosis. The male of E. paradorni can be readily distinguished from congeners by the very long H, which is basally extensively broadened caudally, and by the elongated basal segment of the left cercus, which is scoop-like and at the inner side evenly arcuate. The females are very similar to those of E. auripecta but differ in having a yellowish prothorax. Material examined. Holotype male (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.120), 3 paratype males, 10 paratype females (CUMZ-EMB-Oli. 2010.121 - 133), Thailand, Kanchanaburi Province, Bo Phloi District, dry evergreen forest, 14 �� 39.334 ���N 099�� 18.181 ���E, 223 m., 31.III. 2008. same data as holotype, collected by P. Poolprasert. Distribution. This species is known only from Bo Phloi District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Etymology. This species is named after Paradorn Dokchan, companion, friend, and colleague, in honour of his considerable contribution to collecting. Description. Alate male (Fig. 3 A) (n = 4, mean (range) �� SD): Head width �� length 1.2 (1.1���1.2) �� 0.04 �� 1.6 (1.6���1.8) �� 0.08 mm, body length 14.4 (14.0 ��� 15.1) �� 0.47 mm, width 1.8 (1.9 ��� 1.8) �� 0.11 mm, forewing 9.3 (9.2��� 9.4) �� 0.09 mm, hindwing 8.3 (8.2���8.4) �� 0.07 mm. Head capsule blackish brown, longer than broad, sides caudally convergent. Eye dark and well developed. Anterior margin of labrum blackish brown. Submentum trapezoidal with medial concave anterior margin (Fig. 4 A), blackish. Mandible dark and slender. Antennae long, dark throughout with white tips, 30 -segmented. Prothorax yellowish throughout, slightly paler ventrally. Meso- and metathorax darkish brown. All legs entirely blackish. Hind basitarsus with two papillae (Fig. 4 D). Wings dark brown with anterior medial vein (MA) not forked. Abdomen blackish throughout with pale lateral stripe. Terminalia darker with 10 L broader than 10 R. 10 LP long, broad, spatulate, with a sharp-edged obtuse outer-apical angle; 10 RP very slender, narrow with a small hook at the apex, inner margin mostly membranous. Hypandrium (H) very long, extensively basally broadened caudally, forming a broad HP directed towards left cercus and beneath 10 LP. Basal segment of LC 1 elongated and incurved but not lobed. Apterous female (Fig. 3 B) (n = 10, mean (range) �� SD): Head width �� length 1.7 (1.6���1.8) �� 0.1 �� 2.1 (2.0��� 2.3) �� 0.18 mm, Body length 18.6 (17.9���19.2) �� 0.53 mm, width 2.3 (2.1���2.5) �� 0.14 mm. Head capsule blackish brown, convex, longer than broad. Eyes almost concolorous with cranium, smaller and less reniform than in male. Antennae dark chocolate brown with white apex, 28 -segmented. Prothorax yellowish. Meso- and metathoracic sclerites darkish brown. Forelegs concolorous with pronotum except for chestnut brown basitasi, mid-yellowish. Hind legs entirely dark brown except femoral-tibial joint pale. Hind basitarsus with two papillae. Abdomen blackish brown, dorsally and slightly paler ventrally. Sternites brownish throughout, membranous areas and posterior margins of tergites rufous brown. Ninth sternum deeply medially inset into segment with two inner lobes at the base (Fig. 4 E). Tenth sternum symmetrically divided longitudinally into two lateral plates. Cerci entirely medium brown. Remarks. This species is very common on tree trunks with a large and conspicuous white silk gallery (Fig. 3 C) in dry evergreen forests or secondary growth. At the time of encounter (late March), adult females were found with their egg masses and early instar nymphs., Published as part of Poolprasert, Pisit, Sitthicharoenchai, Duangkhae, Lekprayoon, Chariya & Butcher, Buntika Areekul, 2011, Two remarkable new species of webspinners in the genus Eosembia Ross, 2007 (Embioptera: Oligotomidae) from Thailand, pp. 1-11 in Zootaxa 2967 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206569

Oligotoma valida attributed to Hagen (1885) by Davis (1939 d) and the type species of Parembia Davis 1939 a. In Hagen���s (1885) monograph of the Embioptera (���Embidina���) he mentions the name ��� Oligotoma valida ��� in reference to a large female Embioptera specimen. However, he makes it clear that although he had considered naming a new species, he instead regarded the specimen as a member of O. michaeli McLachlan writing, ���The female, of which I possess a specimen, seems rather gigantic compared with the described male, so that I had provisionally described is as O. valida. But as McLachlan [1883: 259] by the words in brackets, ���apparently O. Michaeli [sic] McLachl.,��� accepts this determination, I have followed him not to encumber synonymy��� (Hagen 1885: 150). Hagen���s statement clearly indicates his intention to regard the specimen as O. michaeli and not a new species, O. valida. Later in the document he states that ������the supposition that the large wingless female belongs to O. Michaeli [sic] needs the support of further careful observation,��� (Hagen 1885: 224) clarifying, again, that he regarded the specimen to be O. michaeli and not the basis of a new species, O. valida. This is further reinforced by Hagen���s (1885) own summary of his work when he states that he recognizes 17 species and that ������I have been purposely as careful as possible in making new species. I could have enumerated six species more, against which with our actual knowledge little objection could have been made.��� Since O. valida is not one of the 17 he recognizes, it is clear that it is among the six he did not enumerate. According to Article 11.5, a name must be used as valid when proposed unless it was first published as a junior synonym and subsequently made available. Under this scenario, O. valida is a nomen nudum and is (ironically) invalid. Davis (1939 d) regarded Oligotoma valida Hagen 1885 as a valid name (with the synonym Embia major Imms 1913) and used it as the type species of a new genus Parembia Davis 1939 a. Ross (1950) regarded O. valida Hagen as a valid name and believed it was proposed ���inadvertently.��� As Hagen (1885) made it clear that he did not intend the name to be valid, each of these interpretations is incorrect. Davis (1939 d) believed Hagen (1885) proposed the name O. valida, but simultaneously used it as a synonym of O. michaeli. According to Article 11.6. 1 a name proposed as a junior synonym but treated before 1961 as an available name and adopted as the name of a taxon is thereby made available and dates from the first publication as a synonym (i.e. Hagen (1885)). Under this scenario, O. valida Hagen 1885 may have been made available by the actions of Davis (1939 d). However, this still requires the original name to be explicitly proposed as the name of a taxon, whereas Hagen (1885) explicitly stated just the opposite, that his name did not apply to a taxon. Under this scenario, in my opinion, O. valida Hagen 1885 remains a nomen nudum. It is also possible that one could regard O. valida as a name published conditionally. According to Article 15.1, a new name proposed conditionally before 1961 may be available. There is little reason to believe, however, that Hagen (1885) even proposed his name conditionally or with doubt or reservation. Instead, it seems clear that he had no intention of publishing the name as applied to any taxon at all. Under each of these scenarios it seems clear that Oligotoma valida Hagen 1885 is a nomen nudum. This still leaves the problem of what the type species is of Parembia Davis 1939 a and the status and authorship of Parembia valida. Given that Davis (1939 d) recognized the combination Parembia valida and referred to descriptions by Imms (1913) (for Embia major Imms) and Hagen (1885), this name in this combination is an available name for the species attributable to Davis (1939 d). However, it is also a synonym of Embia major Imms according to Davis (1939 d) and Ross (1950). Therefore, the valid name of the species is Parembia major (Imms 1913) with the invalid subjective synonym Parembia valida Davis 1939 a. The type species of Parembia is P. valida Davis 1939 a (= Parembia major Imms 1913)., Published as part of Miller, Kelly B., 2009, Genus- and family-group names in the order Embioptera (Insecta), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 2055 on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.186678, {"references":["Hagen, H. A. (1885) A monograph of the Embidina. Canadian Entomologist, 17, 141 - 155, 171 - 178, 190 - 199, 206 - 229.","Davis, C. (1939 d) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. VI-X. Part VI. Three new Asiatic genera related to Embia Latreille. Part VII. The genus Dictyoploca Krauss. Part VIII. The genus Dihybocercus Enderlein, and a new African genus related to it. Part IX. The genus Enveja Navas. Part X. The genus Leptembia Krauss. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 64, 474 - 495.","Davis, C. (1939 a) Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera. I. The genotype of Oligotoma Westwood. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 64, 181 - 190.","Imms, A. D. (1913) Contributions to a knowledge of the structure and biology of some Indian insects. - II. On Embia major, sp. nov., from the Himalayas. Transactions of the Linnaean Society, London, 2, 167 - 195.","Ross, E. S. (1950) The Embiidae of India. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 8, 133 - 153."]}