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The Brassica rapa spp. rapa species develops a broad, white root with thin, light green, slightly pubescent leaves. The species is consumed in Asia, Europe and North America for its nutritional benefits with low caloric value due to its low protein and lipid content, and has been used in the preparation of soups and stews. The flavor of root and leaves is slightly bitter and has been related to the degradation of sulfur-containing compounds called glucosinolates (GLS). The isothiocyanates produce a pungent taste and sulfurous aroma when the plant tissue is bruised, playing a significant role in the organoleptic characteristics1. In addition to flavor formation, GLS has been reported to be implicated in anti-nutritional and health-promoting effects. GLS content varies depending on species, cultivar, plant part, climatic conditions, agronomic practices, insect attack and microorganism intrusion2. Brassica napus subsp. napobrassica (synonymous:B. napus subsp. rapifera) grown as an annual vegetable, most are upright with alternate, often glaucous leaves and long taproots, which is well known by the names Swede and Turnip, amongst others. It is a root vegetable commonly consumed. In 2019, a collection of 17 accessions of turnip roots (15 accessions of B. rapa subsp. rapa and 2 of B. napus subsp. napobrassica), locals varieties, conserved at the Portuguese Germplasm Bank (BPGV) that were collected in north and center regions of Portugal, were grown at same environmental conditions in Braga and assessed for GLS content determination. The objectives were to determine the profile of GLS and to evaluate the biological activity for breeding purposes. This work was financially supported by PDR2020-7.8.4-FEADER -784-042736 Conservação e melhoramento de Hortícolas and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

UIDB/50006/2020 UIDP/50006/2020 PTDC/QUI-OUT/29925/2017 Weld (Reseda luteola) was one of the main sources of yellow dyes used for dyeing textiles and to prepare artists’ pigments in Europe until the 19th century. For the first time, this work explores the technology of preparing weld lake pigments in the 19th century byWinsor & Newton (W&N), a renowned supplier of artists’ materials. Five recipes were discovered in the W&N 19th century Archive Database and reconstructed in the laboratory. W&N was extracting weld in neutral and basic media, and preparing the insoluble lake by complexation with Al3+ in the form of alum (KAl(SO4)2•12H2O) or hydrated alumina (Al(OH)3). Five yellow lake pigments were successfully obtained and characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Their chromatographic profiles display as main yellows, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (Lut-7-O-glu) or both Lut-7-O-glu plus luteolin 30,7- O-glucoside (Lut-3',7-O-glu). In two of the processes, the presence of gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) was unequivocally detected by FTIR, being formed as a by-product. This work offers the first identification of weld lake pigments’ characteristic infrared bands. The W&N Database proved again to be a unique source of information on 19th-century artists’ materials and their commercial preparation. The knowledge gain is essential to ensure effective conservation and authentication procedures. publishersversion published

Weld (Reseda luteola) was one of the main sources of yellow dyes used for dyeing textiles and to prepare artists’ pigments in Europe until the 19th century. For the first time, this work explores the technology of preparing weld lake pigments in the 19th century by Winsor &amp, Newton (W&amp, N), a renowned supplier of artists’ materials. Five recipes were discovered in the W&amp, N 19th century Archive Database and reconstructed in the laboratory. W&amp, N was extracting weld in neutral and basic media, and preparing the insoluble lake by complexation with Al3+ in the form of alum (KAl(SO4)2•12H2O) or hydrated alumina (Al(OH)3). Five yellow lake pigments were successfully obtained and characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Their chromatographic profiles display as main yellows, luteolin 7-O-glucoside (Lut-7-O-glu) or both Lut-7-O-glu plus luteolin 3′,7-O-glucoside (Lut-3’,7-O-glu). In two of the processes, the presence of gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O) was unequivocally detected by FTIR, being formed as a by-product. This work offers the first identification of weld lake pigments’ characteristic infrared bands. The W&amp, N Database proved again to be a unique source of information on 19th-century artists’ materials and their commercial preparation. The knowledge gain is essential to ensure effective conservation and authentication procedures.