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Orientador: Fernando Roberto Martins Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Um levantamento florístico e um wstudo fitossociológico quantitativo e um cerrado na Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, aliados a uma análise deambiente físico, forneceram os subsídios para uma análise de gradientes. É apresentada uma lista completa de espécies arbustiva e arbóreas para uma área restrita de cerrado no sopé da Chapada dos Guimarães, na região conhecida por Salgadeira. Comparações florísticas com outros levantamentos realizados no Mato Grosso são feitas de forma qualitativa. Um transecto amostral, com área de 1 ha e dimensões de 20 x 500 m, foi estabelecido na área, procurando captar a descrição da estrutura desta subcomunidade. O ambiente físico foi analisado do ponto de vista (a) da fertilidade total em nutrientes minerais e matéria orgânica nos solos, (b) das condições de drenagem e saturação de água nos solos e (c) daprofundidade e carácter litólico dos solos. Com a fertilidade manifestou muito pouca variação ao longo do transecto, os outros dois fatores foram identificados como sendo os mais fortemente associados aos gradientes da vegetação. A análise de gradientes foi realizada em três níveis: (a) análise direta dos gradientes, que analisou a vegetação do ponto de vista fisionômico e fitossociológico ao longo dos gradientes previamente identificados, (b) a ordenação pela análise da estrutura dos dados de espécies por parcelas e (c) a classificação, que identificou os subtipos de cerrado envolvidos nos gradientes...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract: Studied on floristic composition and quantitative phytosociology in cerrado vegetation in the Chapada dos Guimarãoes, Mato Grosso Brazil, were carried out and associated with an eviromental analysis, provided the data for gradient analysis. A full list of the species of shrubs and trees is presented for a restricted area of cerrado at the base of the Chapada dos Guimarães plateau, locally know as Salgadeira. Some floristic comparisons were made with some other cerrados in Mato Grosso. Sampling was carries out using a transect of 20 x 500 m (1 ha) that tried to cover the strongest physiognomic gradient of the local vegetation. To describe the community structure, some phytsociological data was obtained for the species sampled in the area. Three aspescts of the environmental conditions were analysed: a) total soil fertility in mineral nutrients and organic matter; b) drainage conditions and periodic soaking in the soil; and c) soil depth and litholic conditions. As the level of mineral nutrients showed little variation in the whole transet, the other two factors were judged to be the environmental factors most strongly associated with the major vegetations gradient. A gradient analysis was carried out in three levels: a) direct gradient analysis studied physiognomy and phytosociological aspects of the vegetation previously recognized gradients; b) two ordinations, using principal components analysis (PCA) and reciprocal averaging (RA), identified the same gradients by the analysis of the data structure of samples and species...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations Mestrado Ecologia Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

Native tropical forests hold high levels of diversity, challenging forest restoration of large areas in a global change scenario. For a site-specific restoration is required the understanding of the main influences ruling the assemblages. We aimed to answer three questions. 1) how do environmental variables influence taxonomic, phylogenetic diversities, and the phylogenetic structure in the of Rio Doce Basin (TFRD)? 2) How do environmental variables, phylogenetic structure and the main types of seed dispersal relate to each other? 3) Which information of the TFRD assemblages can be used for ecological restoration and conservation? We used 78 sites with their checklists to calculate taxonomic, and phylogenetic diversities, phylogenetic structures, and dispersal proportions. Then, we related the diversities of the sites to their bioclimatic variables and built GLM models. Species richness was influenced negatively by water excess duration, by water deficit duration, and positively by maximum temperature, and temperature seasonality. Water regime drives diversity and phylogenetic community structure in the TFRD more than other variables. Annual precipitation and maximum temperature presented the clearer influences on diversity and phylogenetic structure. Zoochory was positively, and anemochory, autochory were negatively related to sesMPD. By choosing the lineages with high fitness for each site, the functioning and the stability of ecosystems should increase. The addition of species with anemochory and autochory increases functional and phylogenetic diversity in areas with extreme water excess or water deficit, important in a global change scenario. A high proportion of zoochory allows the communities to function conserving dispersers, biodiversity, and services.Implications for practiceThe use of objective methods based on community assembly rules enhances the choice of species, and of phylogenetic lineages better fitted to the bioclimatic profiles of the areas to be restored, improving the functioning and stability of the restored forests.The water purification service should be improved through forest restoration as much as possible because ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation are co-benefits of restored forests.The inclusion of species with anemochory, and autochory in forest restoration practices should become usual, as they increase functional, and phylogenetic diversities, and as a consequence, the ecosystem stability.A large proportion of species with zoochory in restored forests co-benefits taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and ecosystem stability.

Resumo Apresentamos uma revisão das visões controversas acerca da classificação fisionômica da Floresta de Linhares, aqui definida como a floresta sobre tabuleiros costeiros que ocorre entre os rios Doce e Barra Seca, no norte do Espírito Santo. Compilamos informações sobre o clima estacional dessa região e analisamos a inter-relação das variações interanuais e da dinâmica sazonal da precipitação com atributos ecológicos da floresta. Nossas interpretações revelaram que dados mensais médios de precipitação não exprimem a realidade dos períodos biologicamente secos ano a ano e suas consequências sobre a fisionomia da vegetação. Percebemos que a Floresta de Linhares pode se manifestar como semidecídua ou perenifólia, a depender da severidade da seca em um dado período. Então, propomos que a flexibilidade do regime de renovação foliar da Floresta de Linhares deve ser considerada em sua classificação. Sugerimos classificar a floresta duplamente como estacional semidecidual nos períodos anuais ou supra-anuais caracterizados por deficit hídrico pronunciado, e como floresta estacional perenifólia nos períodos anuais ou supra-anuais sem deficit hídrico significativo. Abstract We present a review of the controversial points of view concerning the physiognomic classification of Linhares Forest, which is defined here as the forest over coastal tablelands that is found between the Rio Doce and the Rio Barra Seca, in the north of Espírito Santo. We compiled information about the seasonal climate of such region and analyzed the relationship of both the interannual variation and the seasonality of the rainfall with the ecological attributes of the forest. Our interpretations unveiled that the average monthly rainfall does not express the reality of the biologically dry periods year after year nor does it express the consequences on the vegetation physiognomy. We perceived that Linhares Forest may manifest itself as semideciduous or evergreen, depending on the drought severity within a given period. Thus, we propose that the flexibility of Linhares Forest leaf flush regime must be considered in its classification. We suggest a double classification for the forest: one as a seasonal semideciduous forest during annual or supra-annual periods that are characterized by pronounced water deficit and the other as a seasonal evergreen forest during annual or supra-annual periods with no significant water deficit.

The objectives of this study were: to analyze, to describe and to discriminate the distribution of the floristic compositionin 4 forest fragments in Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais; to estimate the sampling sufficiency, using the method of the linear plateauregression; to know the diversity and similarity of the fragments; to establish the correspondence between similarity and thegeographical distance between fragments. The studied areas corresponded to 4 forest fragments located in the counties of Piranga andDiogo de Vasconcelos in the State of Minas Gerais. Three of the fragments were explored, while for the other, any record ofintervention in the last years was identified. The systematic sampling method was applied. The number and distance of transects, andthe distance between sampling plots varied with the form and size of each fragment. The inventoried individuals were those with acircumference at breast height (CBH) 15.70 cm. In the fragments, 12,709 individuals were found, distributed in 397 species, 190genus and 67 families. The sampling was enough to represent the floristic composition of the fragments. About 11 families possess,together, more than 50% of the total of species. About 48 species (12.09% of the total) presented high plasticity in distribution, reaching100% of occurrence among the fragments. The Shannon s diversity index varied from 3.91 to 4.71. The four fragments are highlysimilar among them with index values above 44%. The geographical distance influenced the similarity indexes.

(Aliens in the room: what to do with exotic species in taxonomic, floristic and phytosociological studies?): The ever- -growing presence of exotic organisms (many of which become invasive) throughout the planet has led to the emergence of biological invasions as a field of study within ecology. To enable communication between scientists in this field, a terminology has developed. However, this terminology has been ignored by many botanists in Brazil where there is confusion regarding definition of exotic, naturalized, invasive, weed and ruderal species, leading to inconsistent use of the concepts. Moreover, different authors have adopted antagonistic positions when dealing with exotic species existing in their study areas, either in the preparation of taxonomic treatments or in floristic and phytosociological surveys. While some authors include in floras cultivated, non reproducing species, others exclude even widespread and common invasives. We present here, in Portuguese, the main concepts related to the theme of bioinvasion and draw the attention of Brazilian authors to the necessity for consistent use of the terminological framework available for biological invasions. We also propose that authors should clearly label exotic plants reported in their work, differentiating exotics from native species. Finally, we suggest criteria to help botanists decide when exotic plants should or should not be included in taxonomic treatments or in floristic surveys. (Alienígenas na sala: o que fazer com espécies exóticas em trabalhos de taxonomia, florística e fitossociologia?): A presença cada vez mais disseminada de organismos exóticos (muitos dos quais se tornam invasores) nas diferentes regiões do planeta levou ao surgimento de uma linha de pesquisa na ecologia voltada às invasões biológicas. E para permitir a comunicação entre autores também foi desenvolvido um arcabouço terminológico. Mas, apesar disso, a terminologia relativa às bioinvasões tem sido ignorada por boa parte dos botânicos no Brasil. Há uma boa dose de confusão entre botânicos sobre o que seja uma espécie exótica, naturalizada, invasora, daninha e ruderal, levando ao uso inconsistente da terminologia. Além disso, diferentes autores têm adotado posturas praticamente opostas ao lidar com espécies exóticas em suas áreas de estudo, seja na preparação de tratamentos taxonômicos, seja na publicação de levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos. Enquanto alguns pesquisadores incluem em floras mesmo espécies cultivadas que não se reproduzem, outros excluem plantas invasoras comuns e conspícuas. Nós apresentamos aqui, em português, os principais conceitos relativos ao tema da bioinvasão e chamamos a atenção dos autores brasileiros para a necessidade de utilizar de modo consistente o arcabouço terminológico já existente na literatura. Também propomos a adoção de rótulos claros para informar quais espécies são exóticas na área estudada, diferenciando-as das nativas, e sugerimos critérios para ajudar botânicos a decidirem quando uma planta exótica deve ou não ser incluída em tratamentos taxonômicos ou levantamentos de florística

The dynamics of the tree community of a fragment of tropical semideciduous forest was investigated in south-eastern Brazil. Surveys were carried out in 2000 and 2005 in 29 20 × 20 m plots. The main purpose was to assess the possibility of detecting spatial patterns of dynamics that could be related to the heterogeneity of both the environment and disturbance history in a small forest area (4.0 ha). Rates of mortality and recruitment of trees and gain and loss of basal area were obtained for the whole sample, four pre-defined soil habitats, diameter classes and twelve tree populations. The tree community was rather unstable in the period, once mortality rates surpassed recruitment rates and loss rates of basal area surpassed gain rates all-over the area denoting the prevalence of a degradation process, possibly triggered by a clear felling in 1985 that reduced the area of the fragment in 26%. The tree community dynamics showed no spatial autocorrelation but was not evenly distributed throughout the fragment. This spatial heterogeneity was chiefly determined by the disturbance history of each site while environmental heterogeneity played a secondary but significant role. The main causes of disturbance heterogeneity were the extension of the adjacent felled area, cattle trampling and selective logging. The environmental variables that most strongly correlated with the variations of the dynamics rates were those related to the availability of light, water and mineral nutrients. In contrast with the overall trends, three understory species expanded in the period, possibly at the expense of the steeply declining density of mid-sized trees. A dinâmica da comunidade arbórea e de doze populações foi investigada em um fragmento de Floresta Semidecídua, com base em inventários conduzidos em 2000 e 2005 em 29 parcelas de 20 × 20 m. O objetivo principal foi verificar se seria possível detectar padrões de dinâmica relacionados à heterogeneidade ambiental de um fragmento florestal de área pequena (4,0 ha). Foram obtidas taxas de mortalidade e recrutamento de árvores e taxas de ganho e perda de área basal para a amostra total, quatro habitats de solo previamente definidos, classes de diâmetro e populações. A comunidade arbórea mostrou-se instável no período, uma vez que as taxas de mortalidade superaram as de recrutamento e as taxas de perda superaram as de ganho em área basal tanto na amostra total como nos habitats de solo. Tais mudanças gerais se relacionaram, possivelmente, a uma fase de degradação do ciclo silvigenético provavelmente desencadeada por um severo episódio de distúrbio ocorrido no passado. A dinâmica da comunidade não foi homogênea em todo o fragmento, diferiu significativamente entre os habitats de solo. As variáveis ambientais que se correlacionaram mais fortemente com a variação das taxas de dinâmica foram aquelas vinculadas à disponibilidade de água, luz e nutrientes minerais. Em contraste com a tendência global, as espécies de subdossel expandiram em densidade no período, provavelmente em resposta ao mesmo evento de distúrbio.