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This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variability of runoff generation processes, the sources of stream water, and the controls on the contribution of event water to streamflow for a small forested catchment in the Italian pre-Alps. Hydrometric, isotopic, and electrical conductivity data collected between August 2012 and August 2013 revealed a marked seasonal variability in runoff responses. Noticeable differences in runoff coefficients and hydrological dynamics between summer and fall/spring rainfall events were related to antecedent moisture conditions and event size. Two-component and three-component hydrograph separation and end-member mixing analysis showed an increase in event water contributions to streamflow with event size and average rainfall intensity. Event water fractions were larger during dry conditions in the summer, suggesting that stormflow generation in the summer consisted predominantly of direct channel precipitation and some saturated overland flow from the riparian zone. On the contrary, groundwater and hillslope soil water contributions dominated the streamflow response during wet conditions in fall. Seasonal differences were also noted between event water fractions computed based on isotopic and electrical conductivity data, likely because of the dilution effect during the wetter months. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosomal aneuploidy in males (47,XXY karyotype in 80-90% of cases), primarily characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. It encompasses a broad phenotypic spectrum, leading to variability in neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes among affected individuals. Despite the recognized correlation between KS and various neuropsychiatric conditions, studies investigating potential sleep disorders, particularly in pediatric subjects, are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the presence of sleep-related behaviors potentially suggestive of a sleep disorder in a cohort of pediatric patients with KS, in comparison with a group of healthy male age-matched controls. During the period from January to December 2023, a validated sleep questionnaire (Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children: SDSC) was administered to the primary caregivers of 80 children with KS: 40 of preschool age (3-5 years) and 40 of school age (6-16 years). Data were compared with a control group of 180 healthy age-matched male children: 90 of preschool age (3-5 years) and 90 of school age (6-16 years). Among preschoolers, the proportion of subjects with pathological non-restorative sleep T-scores was significantly higher in the KS group compared to controls (p = 0.03). In both KS and control groups, school-aged subjects had higher questionnaire scores compared to preschoolers. The school age KS group had significantly higher mean total T-scores and mean T-scores for disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS), disorders of arousal (DA), and disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES) compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all). The KS group also showed significantly higher percentages of children with clinically relevant T-scores for DIMS, DA, DOES, sleep hyperhidrosis, and total T-scores., Conclusion: Our study indicates that sleep disorders are more prevalent in children with KS than in the general population, especially in the school age group. Screening for sleep issues in the clinical setting using tools like the SDSC is warranted, and should start from age 6 for children with KS. Further research is needed to better understand the origins of these disturbances, the role of comorbidities, and their long-term effects to improve diagnosis and treatment strategies for these patients., What Is Known: • Neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders can be observed in individuals with KS. • Sleep disorders may be associated with various neuropsychiatric conditions; however, they have not been sufficiently explored in individuals with KS, particularly in pediatric populations., What Is New: • Sleep-related problems are more common in children with KS compared to the general population, especially in the school age group with regard to DIMS, DA, and DOES factors. • Starting from 6 years of age, the SDSC might be a promising early diagnostic tool for sleep disorders in children with KS., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Sapienza University of Rome (Ref. 5825). Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents. Consent for publication: There is no identifiable data in the manuscript requiring specific consent for the current publication. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Study Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dopamine agonists (DA) and Clonazepam on Large Muscle Group Movements during sleep (LMM), a distinct motor phenomenon, in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 51 drug-free adult patients with RLS, divided into three groups: 33 received a DA (pramipexole or ropinirole), 15 received clonazepam, and 18 received a placebo. Each patient underwent two consecutive nocturnal polysomnographic (PSG) recordings: one baseline and one following treatment administration. LMM and periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) were scored. Differences between groups were analyzed using ANCOVA, with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group severity scale as a covariate, and within-group changes were assessed using paired t-tests., Results: At baseline, no significant difference in LMM or PLMS was observed between groups. Following treatment, DA significantly reduced PLMS and periodicity indexes but did not significantly alter LMM indexes, except for a small increase in LMM duration. The placebo group exhibited a significant decrease in LMM index during the second night, potentially reflecting a first-night effect (FNE). Clonazepam did not significantly affect either PLMS or LMM., Conclusions: DA effectively reduced PLMS but did not significantly impact LMM, suggesting that LMM may involve different neurophysiological mechanisms. The potential FNE observed in the placebo group underscores the need for careful consideration of adaptation effects in sleep studies. Future research should explore alternative or adjunctive therapies targeting LMM and residual sleep disturbances in RLS., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Sleep is essential for brain development and overall health, particularly in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Sleep disruptions can considerably impact brain structure and function, leading to dysfunction of neurotransmitter systems, metabolism, hormonal balance and inflammatory processes, potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of NDDs. This Review examines the prevalence, types and mechanisms of sleep disturbances in children with NDDs, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and various genetic syndromes. Common sleep disorders in these populations include insomnia, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders and parasomnias, with underlying factors often involving genetic, neurobiological, environmental and neurophysiological influences. Sleep problems such as insomnia, night awakenings and sleep fragmentation are closely linked to both internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and externalizing behaviours such as hyperactivity and aggression. Assessment of sleep in children with NDDs presents unique challenges owing to communication difficulties, comorbid conditions and altered sensory processing. The Review underscores the importance of further research to unravel the complex interactions between sleep and neurodevelopment, advocating for longitudinal studies and the identification of predictive biomarkers. Understanding and addressing sleep disturbances in NDDs is crucial for improving developmental outcomes and the overall quality of life for affected individuals and their families., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no direct conflict of interest related to this article. O.B. acted as a consultant or lecturer for Neurim and Fidia, M.B. received honorarium as a medical writer from Procter & Gamble. V.M., M.P.M. and R.F. have nothing to disclose., (© 2025. Springer Nature Limited.)

Background Aims: In clinical practice, the reduction of porto-caval pressure gradient (PCPG) following trans-jugular intra-hepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) does not always meet the recommendation of current guidance. We evaluated the impact of different degrees of PCPG reduction, measured at the end of an elective TIPS, on ascites control, recurrence of portal hypertension-related bleeding (PHRB) and survival., Approach and Results: Cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS for refractory ascites (RA) or for the secondary prophylaxis of PHRB were consecutively enrolled. Reduction in PCPG was defined inadequate (IHR) in patients not achieving a PCPG <12 mm Hg for both secondary prophylaxis of PHRB and RA, or a reduction of at least 50% only for PHRB. Four-hundred-fifteen patients were analyzed. An adequate hemodynamic response (AHR) was achieved in 66%. Fifty percent of patients received an under-dilated (≤7 mm) endoprosthesis. No significant differences between patients with IHR and AHR were observed in rebleeding rate and ascites control, while overt hepatic encephalopathy was higher in AHR. Regardless of TIPS indication, survival was not significantly different between IHR and AHR, while advanced age and liver function before TIPS were significantly associated with a higher cumulative incidence of liver-related death. Notably, the cumulative incidence of liver-related mortality was higher in RA patients when AHR was defined as a post-TIPS PCPG <12 mm Hg or a reduction ≥50%., Conclusions: AHR measured at the end of an elective TIPS may not be essential to define the eventual outcome, while a marked drop in PCPG could negatively affect the prognosis of patients with RA., (Copyright © 2025 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background & Aims: Current knowledge of the natural history of patients with porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD) is derived from small studies. The aim of the present study was to determine the natural history of PSVD and prognostic factors in a large multicenter cohort of patients., Methods: We performed a retrospective study on patients with PSVD and signs of portal hypertension (PH) prospectively registered in 27 centers., Results: A total of 587 patients were included, median age of 47 years and 38% were women. Four-hundred and one patients had an associated condition, which was graded as severe in 157. Median follow-up was 68 months. At diagnosis, 64% of patients were asymptomatic while 36% had a PH-related complication: PH-related bleeding in 112 patients, ascites in 117, and hepatic encephalopathy in 11. In those not presenting with bleeding, the incidence of first bleeding was 15% at 5 years, with a 5-year rebleeding rate of 18%. The 5-year cumulative incidence of new or worsening ascites was 18% and of developing portal vein thrombosis was 16%. Fifty (8.5%) patients received a liver transplantation and 109 (19%) died, including 55 non-liver-related deaths. Transplant-free survival was 97% and 83% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Variables independently associated with transplant-free survival were age, ascites, serum bilirubin, albumin and creatinine levels at diagnosis and severe associated conditions. This allowed for the creation of a nomogram that accurately predicted prognosis., Conclusions: The prognosis of PSVD is strongly determined by the severity of the associated underlying conditions and parameters of liver and renal function., Impact and Implications: Porto-sinusoidal vascular liver disorder (PSVD) is a rare entity that usually affects young people, frequently causes severe complications of portal hypertension, and may reduce life expectancy. To date, there is scarce information regarding its clinical manifestations, natural history and prognostic factors. The present study, including the largest number of patients with PSVD reported so far, shows that overall, when managed at centers of expertise, the prognosis of patients with PSVD is good, with LT-free survival rates of 83% and 72% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Presence and severity of an underlying associated condition, presence of ascites, age and bilirubin, albumin and creatinine levels were associated with poor prognosis. These results are important to know for hepatologists. A final model combining these parameters enabled development of a nomogram that predicts prognosis with good discrimination and calibration capacity and can be easily applied in clinical practice., (Copyright © 2024 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The collection of Homo sapiens anatomical hallmarks hypothesized to support the 'human condition' did not appear at one specific time and place, but gradually, creating a reticulate evolutionary trajectory. The recent reconstruction of migration patterns and gene flows across different hominin species and populations draws a mosaic that we contend can be illuminated by genomic comparisons and specific experiments. Here, we first review key discoveries that could allow this experimental endeavor by describing recent advances in a variety of fields, stressing the importance of charting the current human neurodiversity as an interpretive substrate for evolutionary changes. Then, we identify key cellular and molecular observables. Finally, given the vast amount of possible variants, we focus the discussion on technologies that could allow their interrogation in a way that is compatible with the staggering amount of contemporary genomic and phenotypic characterization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Numerous studies have explored the relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety), but there is uncertainty about their directional pathways. Here, we investigated the longitudinal associations between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms and tested the potential mediation effect of perceived stress., Methods: A longitudinal survey of Chinese healthcare students (N = 343) was conducted at three time points: Time 1 (baseline), Time 2 (1 week later), and Time 3 (3 weeks after Time 2). Participants completed the Sleep Quality Questionnaire (SQQ), Perceived Stress Questionnaire-30 (PSQ-30), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) at each time point, where each asked about participants' experiences over the past week. A higher SQQ score indicated poorer sleep quality, while higher scores on the PHQ-4 and PSQ-30 indicated more severe internalizing symptoms and perceived stress. Using autoregressive cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM), we examined the bidirectional relationships among sleep quality, internalizing symptoms, and perceived stress., Results: CLPM revealed that baseline sleep quality negatively predicted subsequent changes in internalizing symptoms, and vice versa. While perceived stress mediated the relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms at the 3-week follow-up (β = 0.017, p = .038), it did not mediate the reverse relationship between internalizing symptoms and sleep quality., Conclusions: There was a negative bidirectional relationship between sleep quality and internalizing symptoms. Furthermore, perceived stress mediated the effect of poor sleep quality on internalizing symptoms, suggesting that good-quality sleep may enhance stress resilience and alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, thereby improving overall wellbeing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sources provided financial support for the research activities, including data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. The funders had no role in study design, data interpretation, or decision to publish. The contents do not represent the views of the National Sleep Foundation., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Sleep concerns have become increasingly common over the past few decades. This study outlines the perceived needs and gaps in pediatric sleep education, drawing insights from a diverse international cohort of pediatric sleep health professionals., Methods: International Pediatric Sleep Association (IPSA) members were invited to complete an online survey examining a variety of topics related to pediatric sleep education developed by the education committee., Results: There were 111 survey respondents, largely comprised of medical healthcare providers, representing 39 countries. The majority of respondents worked with children and adolescents aged 0-18 years and endorsed the importance of both comprehensive and developmentally appropriate screening for sleep issues in clinical practice, ranging from bedtime behaviors and daytime dysfunction to sleep-related breathing and movement disorder symptoms. Respondents also stressed the importance of including diverse topics in pediatric sleep education, including behavioral sleep issues and sleep in neurodevelopmental disorders, thus underscoring the need for comprehensive training programs. Participants advocated for improved access to screening tools and intervention protocols. There was an identified notable gap in formal sleep education during professional training. Potential barriers identified included time constraints and a lack of resources. Preferences for training online and through professional organization websites underscored the importance of accessible learning platforms. Integrating online resources into education programs could enhance accessibility and engagement., Conclusion: The demand for enhanced sleep education underscores the complexity and significance of pediatric sleep health and highlights an urgent need for tailored and accessible sleep education programs to address the multifaceted challenges in pediatric sleep. Addressing educational needs helps cultivate a skilled workforce to manage pediatric sleep disorders and promote healthy sleep practices. Teaching activities and collaboration play crucial roles in advancing the pediatric sleep community., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Congenital Tracheal Stenosis (CTS) with complete cartilaginous rings is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition in paediatric patients. Currently, the most common approach is slide tracheoplasty (ST) with sternotomy under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Intending to make the procedure less invasive and consider the variety of associated conditions, we have tailored the approach to our patients, who were treated by a multidisciplinary airway team., Methods: Patients with CTS treated surgically between 2012 and 2022 at Gaslini Institute were enrolled. Preoperative, surgical and postoperative details were collected and analysed retrospectively. All patients had angio-computerized tomography (CT) scan, echocardiography and bronchoscopy with bronchography before surgery. Each patient and each procedure have been discussed at Airway Team meetings., Results: Among 20 patients with CTS, 15 underwent ST and 5 tracheal resection and anastomosis (TRA). 60 % were younger than 12 months. 30 % patients had previous tracheal/cardiac surgery. Combined cardiac surgery was performed in 8 patients. 4 patients were approached with cervicotomy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Mortality within 30 days was 5 %. 8 patients (40 %) needed endoscopic dilatation after the surgery and 1 underwent revision surgery. No patient had tracheostomy after the surgery. We did not find a higher rate of mortality and morbidity in patients who had cervicotomy and ECMO., Conclusion: We propose a multidisciplinary and tailored approach for patients with CTS. After evaluating each patient through detailed preoperative studies, including bronchography, the team can choose alternatives to the traditional ST under CPB, such as TRA, cervical approach, and ECMO., Level of Evidence: Level IV., Type of Study: Original Article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: We explored the interplay between infant temperament, sleep characteristics, and bedtime practices., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving a large sample of infants 9-13 months of age (n = 623). Sleep data were collected through auto-videosomnography, allowing for objective, noninvasive assessment of sleep in an infant's ecological environment. Infant temperament and bedtime practices were assessed with questionnaires completed by parents., Results: Results revealed significant correlations between negative affectivity and disrupted sleep patterns, including shorter sleep duration, more night awakenings, and increased parental interventions. Infants falling asleep while being breast/bottle feeding or while being held/rocked had shorter nocturnal sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency, later bedtime, earlier wake-up time, and more parental interventions. Regression analyses indicated that bedtime practices accounted for a substantial portion of variance in sleep metrics, emphasizing their role in influencing infants' sleep., Conclusions: The study highlights the intricate interconnections between infants' temperament, sleep, and caregiving practices, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of individual differences to tailor effective parenting strategies for promoting healthy sleep in infants., Citation: Breda M, Lucchini M, Barnett N, Bruni O. A cross-sectional study on the relationship between infant sleep, temperament, and bedtime practices. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(12):1965-1974., (© 2024 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

Background: Research has extensively documented inequalities in inpatient psychiatric care provided to people of minoritized ethnic groups. Nonetheless, the role of their previous engagement with community mental health care has been little studied., Aims: We aimed at exploring whether previous clinical care can influence key domains of subsequent psychiatric inpatient care for people of ethnic minorities., Methods: We identified patients with a first hospital admission between 2016 and 2022, from a representative, highly diverse, catchment area of Northern Italy, using electronic health data of the NOMIAC study. We aimed at testing the impact of clinical care prior to admission on indicators of poor inpatient care, as identified by a participatory expert panel, that is, compulsory admission, insufficient length of stay, administration of Long-Acting Antipsychotics (LAI) during the last 7 days before discharge. Multiple regression models, predicted and counterfactual proportions and path analyses from generalized structural equations modeling were used to explore the association between belonging to ethnic minorities and these indicators., Results: Among 1,524 participants, 18% were from minoritized ethnic groups. While these were more likely to experience an involuntary admission, regardless of previous care received, they were offered appropriate length of stay if had previous engagement with community mental health care. Both belonging to ethnic minorities and mental health care prior-to-admission were independently associated with early LAI administration., Conclusions: Several ethnic inequalities in inpatient care continue despite previous community mental health care provided. Future research should examine how these disparities translate into clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, there is the need to actively promote equity, improving the quality of inpatient care of minoritized ethnic groups.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer caused by uncontrolled growth of clonal plasmacells. Bone disease is responsible for the severe complications of MM and is caused by myeloma cells infiltrating the bone marrow and inducing osteoclast activation. To date, no treatment for MM is truly curative since patients relapse and become refractory to all drug classes. Cannabinoids are already used as palliative in cancer patients. Furthermore, their proper anticancer effect was demonstrated in many cancer models in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. Anyway, few information was reported on the effect of cannabinoids on MM and no data has been provided on minor phytocannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidivarin (CBDV). Scientific literature also reported cannabinoids beneficial effect against bone disease. Here, we examined the cytotoxic activity of CBG, CBC, CBN, and CBDV in vitro in MM cell lines, their effect in modulating MM cells invasion toward bone cells and the bone resorption. Subsequently, according to the in vitro results, we selected CBN for in vivo study in a MM xenograft mice model. Results showed that the phytocannabinoids inhibited MM cell growth and induced necrotic cell death. Moreover, the phytocannabinoids reduced the invasion of MM cells toward osteoblast cells and bone resorption in vitro. Lastly, CBN reduced in vivo tumor mass. Together, our results suggest that CBG, CBC, CBN, and CBDV can be promising anticancer agents for MM., (© 2024 The Author(s). BioFactors published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), marked by the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, significantly elevates the risk of all-cause mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular events. Therefore, investigating this pathophysiological phenomenon is crucial for understanding cardiovascular aging and enhancing both health span and lifespan. In the present study, we examined samples of subjects enrolled within the angiographically controlled Verona Heart Study (VHS), which provides a robust model for cardiovascular aging, particularly regarding coronary artery disease (CAD). We analyzed 44 older subjects diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 42 healthy, sex- and age-matched controls (CAD-FREE). Employing deep sequencing and an amplicon-based approach, we focused on 11 key genetic regions in ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2, JAK2, PPM1D, SF3B1, SRSF2, TET2, TP53, and U2AF1 genes to investigate clonal hematopoiesis. Subjects in the CAD group exhibited a significantly higher variant burden than those in the CAD-FREE group, both in terms of the total number of somatic variants and disruptive variants affecting protein function. This increased mutational load was notably influenced by six specific genetic regions: ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH2, JAK2, TET2, and U2AF1, which displayed elevated variant rates in the CAD subjects. Moreover, ASXL1, DNMT3A, IDH2, JAK2, SF3B1, TET2, and TP53 exhibited substantially higher levels of disruptive variants in the CAD group. In summary, our findings highlight a correlation between clonal hematopoiesis and the accumulation of disruptive variants in specific genomic regions in the VHS cohort, thereby shedding light on their potential role in cardiovascular aging., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association.)

Recent advancements in AI-driven computational modeling, especially AlphaFold2, have revolutionized the prediction of biological macromolecule structures. AlphaFold2 enabled accurate predictions of structural domains and complex arrangements. However, computational models lack a clear metric for accuracy. This study explores whether computational models can match the crystallographic resolution of crystal structures. By comparing distances between atoms in models and crystal structures using t tests, it was found that AlphaFold2 models are comparable to high-resolution crystal structures (1.1 to 1.5 Å). While these models exhibit exceptional quality, their accuracy is lower than the crystal structure with resolutions better than 1 Å.

Background and Objectives: We aimed at evaluating the impact of Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score on clinically significant decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with non-metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) undergoing radical nephrectomy (RN)., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a multi-institutional cohort of 140 patients with ccRCC who underwent RN between 2016 and 2018 at three Urological Centers. The CONUT score was calculated with an algorithm including serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and cholesterol. Clinical and pathologic features were analyzed using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and a Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. To define the independent predictors of clinically significant eGFR decline, univariable (UVA) and multivariable (MVA) binomial logistic regression analyses were performed in order to assess the Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)., Results: The optimal cut-off value to discriminate between a low and high CONUT score was assessed by calculating the ROC curve. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.67 (95%CI 0.59-0.78) with the most appropriate cut-off value at 2 points. Overall, 46 patients (32.9%) had a high CONUT score (>2). Statistically significant variables associated with eGFR decline at 24 months were age ≥ 70 (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.17-3.09; p 0.05), stage II-III chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR 6.05; 95%CI 1.79-28.3; p 0.001), and a high CONUT score (OR 3.98; 95%CI 1.58-10.4; p 0.004)., Conclusions: The CONUT score is a low-time-consuming, cost-effective, and promising tool able to preoperatively screen patients at risk of developing CKD after a RN.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) are prevalent sleep disorders with significant implications for health and well-being. While previous research has highlighted sex-related disparities in RLS and PLMS prevalence, comprehensive understanding of these differences across the lifespan remains limited. This study aims to explore sex differences in RLS and PLMS across diverse age groups, spanning ages 2 to over 80 years, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms influenced by sex hormones., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on drug-free patients diagnosed with RLS, including 95 females (age range: 2-83.2 years) and 89 males (age range: 2-79.5 years). Polysomnographic recordings were analyzed to assess leg movement activity, including PLMS index and Periodicity index., Results: A more rapid increase in PLMS index was observed in women starting before age 10, plateauing lower than men until around age 55. An increase in women occurred after 55, lasting over a decade, while in men, PLMS index continued to rise after 75. Conversely, Periodicity index displayed a simpler pattern, increasing progressively from prepuberty to around 35 in males and 45-50 in females. Females maintained a slightly higher Periodicity index than males for over a decade after this age., Conclusion: These findings underscore the complex interplay between sex hormones, age, and sleep disorders, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to diagnosis and management across diverse demographic cohorts. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions to optimize sleep health outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Raffaele Ferri reports financial support was provided by Italian Ministry of Health. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The by-products of green coffee processing are rich in compounds that can be recycled for their possible use in the production of beverages, fertilizers and weed control in production areas. The objective of this work was to identify the organic and inorganic bioactive compounds of green coffee and the coffee by-products related to the production of origin, such as dried cascara (skin-pulp), parchment and silverskin (unroasted), in order to investigate the role their biomolecules may have in reuse through practices and local knowledge, not yet valued. The metabolomic profile by HPLC-ESI-HRMS of the aqueous extract of the dried cascara highlighted 93 non-volatile molecules, the highest number reported for dried cascara. They belong to groups of organic acids (12), alkaloids (5), sugars (5), fatty acids (2), diglycerides (1), amino acids (18), phospholipids (7), vitamins (5), phenolic acids (11), flavonoids (8), chlorogenic acids (17), flavones (1) and terpenes (1). For the first time, we report the use of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the identification of metabolites in aqueous extracts of dried cascara, parchment, silverskin and green coffee. The DART analysis mainly showed the presence of caffeine and chlorogenic acids in all the extracts; additionally, sugar adducts and antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols were detected. The mineral content (K, Ca, P, S, Mg and Cl) by EDS spectrometry in the by-products and green coffee showed a relatively high content of K in the dried cascara and green coffee, while Ca was detected in double quantity in the silverskin. These metabolomic and mineral profile data allow enhancement of the link between the quality of green coffee and its by-products and the traditional local practices in the crop-growing area. This consolidates the community's experience in reusing by-products, thereby minimizing the impact on the environment and generating additional income for coffee growers' work, in accordance with the principles of circular economy and bioeconomy.