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A relevant investigation was made to evaluate the methods used in a high school of the Tijuana city, located in the northwest of the Mexican Republic and is a border city, having a commercial and educative treatments with the California State of the United States of America (USA), sending and receiving students to increase the scholar yielding. This is important because can have more specialized knowledge and skills to when finish his professional studies of the university and go to works in industrial, commercial, health and other type of jobs, can solve fast and efficient complicated situations that sometimes persons with a lot experience can’t solve because need this specialized knowledge. In this scientific study made in 2022, was analyzed some tools of industry 4.0 as internet of things (IOT) to capacitate professors of some topics of mathematics topic using this innovation and entrepreneurship system to increase the capacity of teachers and with this the skills of students of a public university in this important city of Mexico

In this scientific study was made an evaluation to analyze the process to make the setup change in the agricultural industries and improve the times of this change to have a better flow process. This investigation was made in an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley, which is part of the Mexicali city that is located in the northwest of the Mexican Republic and is a border zone between Mexico and Unites States of America (USA) and is a commercial region with the California State of the USA. In this scientific study was evaluated the three principal types of variety of asparagus of agricultural machines as cutter, count and of package of agricultural products as asparagus in an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley, which is necessary change the type of structures of each activity (cutter, count and of package), being the setup change, and make as soon as possible this action. Each structure to each type of asparagus evaluated in this investigation, have size and a time to installed, and to know if was installed the correct structure to each asparagus is necessary control by a computer system to avoid any damage to asparagus products and the agricultural machinery. The method used to evaluate the crop yielding of asparagus and with this the productivity and quality indices, was the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) as an industrial engineering method in the agricultural industry. Also, in this scientific study was made an analysis of the occurrence of corrective, preventive and predictive maintenance and obtain data of the size of asparagus, time of cut and package and the weight and quantity of asparagus cropped, cut off and packaged. This data was obtained by electronic sensors, which are coupled to a computer systems and stored the data obtained to be evaluated with statistical methods with graphs and tables. This scientific study was made in 2022. This investigation was made in the Mexicali Valley, which is located in the northwest of the Mexican Republic.

This article presents the development of an algorithm capable of detecting and classifying electric faults in photovoltaic array systems by measuring the voltage-power curve. The algorithm was build based on a characterization method in which multiple photovoltaic arrays were evaluated under different fault conditions, by measuring and analyzing the voltage-power curves at the output of each array. The algorithm was evaluated experimentally in a controlled environment inside a laboratory under 59 different fault conditions obtaining an effectiveness of 100%. Then, the algorithm was evaluated experimentally outdoors under 124 different fault conditions, temperature and solar radiations, and was able to detect and classify electric faults in different photovoltaic arrays with an effectiveness of 94.4%. The proposed algorithm can be implemented with standard power-inverters as a low-cost solution and users can receive information on up-to date performance of their photovoltaic array systems through a mobile App. The design of a mobile app for the algorithm is proposed as well.

It is proposed a forensic method for the capture device identification from digital images, which requires two elements: i) a digital image subject to controversy named disputed image and ii) a set of eligible capture devices with which the disputed image could have been shot. In order to define a device statistical fingerprint, a set of reference digital images is produced for each eligible capture device. The device statistical fingerprint is estimated averaging the statistical distribution of the photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) signal extracted from each set of reference digital images. Then, a comparison based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) is performed between the statistical fingerprint for each capture device and the statistical distribution of the PRNU signal extracted from the disputed image. Considering that KLD is a non-symmetric measure, the capture device, for which the smallest KLD has been estimated, will be chosen such as the one that shot the disputed image. The effectiveness of the proposed method was estimated by using a case study, which includes eight eligible capture devices, each of which shot thirty reference images and twenty disputed images. Then, the performance of the proposed method was like the performance of the methods that use peak-to-correlation energy as the discrimination criterion when they were applied to the case study. Finally, the proposed method offers two advantages; it reduces the processing time when the PRNU signal is extracted from digital image and it avoids the aberration produced by the lens into the PRNU signal.

In this report, we show that hyperspectral high-resolution photoluminescence mapping is a powerful tool for the selection and optimization of the laser ablation processes used for the patterning interconnections of subcells on Cu(Inx,Ga1−x)Se2 (CIGS) modules. In this way, we show that in-depth monitoring of material degradation in the vicinity of the ablation region and the identification of the underlying mechanisms can be accomplished. Specifically, by analyzing the standard P1 patterning line ablated before the CIGS deposition, we reveal an anomalous emission-quenching effect that follows the edge of the molybdenum groove underneath. We further rationalize the origins of this effect by comparing the topography of the P1 edge through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) cross-section, where a reduction of the photoemission cannot be explained by a thickness variation. We also investigate the laser-induced damage on P1 patterning lines performed after the deposition of CIGS. We then document, for the first time, the existence of a short-range damaged area, which is independent of the application of an optical aperture on the laser path. Our findings pave the way for a better understanding of P1-induced power losses and introduce new insights into the improvement of current strategies for industry-relevant module interconnection schemes.

SummaryMany methods allow us to extract biological activities from omics data using information from prior knowledge resources, reducing the dimensionality for increased statistical power and better interpretability. Here, we present decoupleR, a Bioconductor package containing computational methods to extract these activities within a unified framework. decoupleR allows us to flexibly run any method with a given resource, including methods that leverage mode of regulation and weights of interactions. Using decoupleR, we evaluated the performance of methods on transcriptomic and phospho-proteomic perturbation experiments. Our findings suggest that simple linear models and the consensus score across methods perform better than other methods at predicting perturbed regulators.Availability and ImplementationdecoupleR is open source available in Bioconductor (https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/decoupleR.html). The code to reproduce the results is in Github (https://github.com/saezlab/decoupleR_manuscript) and the data in Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/5645208).ContactJulio Saez-Rodriguez at pub.saez@uni-heidelberg.de.

Additional file 2.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Figures S1 to S9 and supplementary Tables S1 and S2.

The advancement of highly multiplexed spatial technologies requires scalable methods that can leverage spatial information. We present MISTy, a flexible, scalable, and explainable machine learning framework for extracting relationships from any spatial omics data, from dozens to thousands of measured markers. MISTy builds multiple views focusing on different spatial or functional contexts to dissect different effects. We evaluated MISTy on in silico and breast cancer datasets measured by imaging mass cytometry and spatial transcriptomics. We estimated structural and functional interactions coming from different spatial contexts in breast cancer and demonstrated how to relate MISTy’s results to clinical features.

Plenty of chalcogenide families with tremendous potential for functional applications remain unexplored due to the limitations of conventional synthesis methods. However, cation exchange reactions in colloidal synthesis offer an alternative way to overcome these limitations and provide a route to synthesize pure phases and morphologies that otherwise are challenging to achieve. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of Sb3+ to undergo cation exchange reactions with Cu+ in Cu2–xSe nanoparticles and study an uncommon morphology transformation from Cu2–xSe nanoparticles to Cu3SbSe3 nanoplates. The morphology transformation is dictated by a growth process of assembly and merging of primary nanoparticles triggered by the incorporation of Sb cations into the Cu2–xSe lattice and the rearrangement of the anion framework. By studying this unprecedented phenomenon in cation exchange reactions and adding Sb to the list of available elements for exchange, this work provides insight into the unexplored potential...

Membrane contact sites between virtually any known organelle have been documented and, in the last decades, their study received momentum due to their importance for fundamental activities of the cell and for the subtle comprehension of many human diseases. The lack of tools to finely image inter-organelle proximity hindered our understanding on how these subcellular communication hubs mediate and regulate cell homeostasis. We develop an improved and expanded palette of split-GFP-based contact site sensors (SPLICS) for the detection of single and multiple organelle contact sites within a scalable distance range. We demonstrate their flexibility under physiological conditions and in living organisms., The authors have previously reported split-GFP-based contact site sensors (SPLICS) to document endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria contact sites. Here they extend this work and develop a range of improved SPLICS sensors to detect single and multiple organelle contact sites at different distances.

The advancement of technologies to measure highly multiplexed spatial data requires the development of scalable methods that can leverage the spatial information. We present MISTy, a flexible, scalable and explainable machine learning framework for extracting interactions from any spatial omics data. MISTy builds multiple views focusing on different spatial or functional contexts to dissect different effects, such as those from direct neighbours versus those from distant cells. MISTy can be applied to different spatially resolved omics data with dozens to thousands of markers, without the need to perform cell-type annotation. We evaluate the performance of MISTy on an in silico dataset and demonstrate its applicability on three breast cancer datasets, two measured by imaging mass cytometry and one by Visium spatial transcriptomics. We show how we can estimate interactions coming from different spatial contexts that we can relate to tumor progression and clinical features. Our analysis also reveals that the estimated interactions in triple negative breast cancer are associated with clinical outcomes which could improve patient stratification. Finally, we demonstrate the flexibility of MISTy to integrate different kinds of views by modeling activities of pathways estimated from gene expression in a spatial context to analyse intercellular signaling.

Alkali post-deposition treatments (PDTs) of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe) absorbers are known to improve the power conversion efficiency of the thin-film solar cell devices. The PDTs are usually carried out via evaporation of alkali fluorides in a selenium atmosphere onto a hot substrate. In this work, an alkali metal dispenser was used to evaporate pure metallic potassium onto epitaxial CIGSe absorbers. Subsequently, the absorber layers were heated in-situ to monitor chemical reactions and diffusion into the bulk. Due to the absence of grain boundaries, fluorine, and selenium, the effect of K on CIGSe absorber properties can be directly monitored. We find that potassium effectively diffuses into the bulk of epitaxial CIGSe absorber layers. The diffusion depends on the Cu-content of the CIGSe absorbers, in which Cu-depleted films present higher diffusion rate of K. Photoluminescence (PL) imaging corroborates that K in the bulk of the CIGSe absorber increases the PL yield, suggesting a passivation of defects or an increase in doping. This work highlights that alkali PDTs are not limited by interface and grain boundary modifications but also changes the absorber bulk properties, which needs to be taken into account.

The Cluster of Excellence funded this work through “Engineering of Advanced Materials” (EAM). The authors acknowledge financial support from the DFG research-training group GRK 1896 at Erlangen University and from the Joint Project Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen Nurnberg (HI-ERN) under project number DBF01253, respectively. The authors would like to acknowledge the company rent a scientist (RAS) for material support. C.J.B. acknowledges the financial support through the “Aufbruch Bayern” initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and Solar Factory of the Future) and the “Solar Factory of the Future” with the Energy Campus Nurnberg (EnCN). C.O.R.Q would like to acknowledge Dr. Ning Li, Yi Hou, K. Ding, A. Richter, W. Duan and Andrej Classen for their support during the early stages of this project. Similarly C.O.R.Q would like to acknowledge Sara Mashhoun and Helena Waldau for her helpful advice and graphic design, respectively. A.H-B would like to thank C. Yi for his contributions in checking the electrical characteristics of the silicon solar cell. C.O.R.Q would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from The Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). This work was partly supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA).

The efficiency of solar cells depends on the photocurrent, on the open circuit voltage and on the fill factor, which in turn depends on the diode factor. We review how photoluminescence measurements on the absorber, without finishing the solar cell, reveal the maximum open circuit voltage and the best diode factor, that can be reached in the finished device. We discuss two different ways to extract the quasi Fermi level splitting from absolute calibrated photoluminescence spectra, measured at a one-sun excitation. The absorption spectrum of the solar cell absorber can be extracted from the photoluminescence spectra and allows the reliable determination of tail states. Tail states are responsible for radiative and non-radiative losses in the quasi Fermi level splitting. In the ideal case the open circuit voltage is given by the quasi Fermi level splitting. However, recombination at the interface can reduce the open circuit voltage severely. We discuss various electronic structures at the interface that lead to a reduction of the open circuit voltage. The excitation dependence of the photoluminescence allows to determine the diode factor of the absorber alone, which would be 1 in the ideal case. Metastable defects can increase the diode factor, even for recombination in the neutral zone and for low excitation. This effect decreases the fill factor of the solar cell.

An in-depth understanding of the electronic properties of grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline semiconductor absorbers is of high importance since their charge carrier recombination rates may be very high and hence limit the solar cell device performance. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) is the method of choice to investigate GB band bending on the nanometer scale and thereby helps to develop passivation strategies. Here, it is shown that the workfunction, measured with amplitude modulation (AM)-KPFM, which is by far the most common KPFM measurement mode, is prone to exhibit measurement artifacts at grain boundaries on typical solar cell absorbers such as Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 . This is a direct consequence of a change in the cantilever–sample distance that varies on rough samples. Furthermore, we critically discuss the impact of different environments (air versus vacuum) and show that air exposure alters the GB and facet contrast, which leads to erroneous interpretations of the GB physics. Frequency modulation (FM)-KPFM measurements on non-air-exposed CIGSe and perovskite absorbers show that the amount of band bending measured at the GB is negligible and that the electronic landscape of the semiconductor surface is dominated by facet-related contrast due to the polycrystalline nature of the absorbers.

Synthesis of cadmium (Cd)-free quantum dots (QDs) with tunable emission and high color purity has been a big challenge for the academic and industrial research community. Among various Cd-free QDs, indium phosphide (InP) QDs exhibit reasonably good color purity with emission full width at half-maximum (fwhm) values between 45 and 50 nm for green and over 50 nm for red emission, which is not good enough, as values less than 35 nm are favorable in commercial display products. In this work, we present the synthesis of highly luminescent In(Zn)P/ZnSe/ZnS QDs with tunable emission from 488 to 641 nm and high color purity. We found that the addition of zinc during the conventional SILAR growth of shell (ZnSe or ZnS) deteriorated the absorption features of core InP QDs and resulted in broader emission line widths. We solved this issue by synthesizing Zn carboxylate covered In(Zn)P QDs in a single step and dramatically decreased the emission fwhm to as low as 36 nm with quantum yields (QYs) up to 67% for the gree...

We investigated the electrical properties of epitaxial Cu-rich CuInSe 2 by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under ambient and ultra-high vacuum conditions. We first measured the sample under ambient conditions before and after potassium cyanide (KCN) etching. In both cases, we do not see any substantial contrast in the surface potential data; furthermore, after the KCN etching we observed outgrowths with a height around 2nm over the sample surface. On the other hand, the KPFM measurements under ultra-high vacuum conditions show a work function dependence according to the surface orientation of the Cu-rich CuInSe 2 crystal. Our results show the possibility to increase the efficiency of epitaxial Cu-rich CuInSe 2 by growing the materials in the appropriated surface orientation where the variations in work function are reduced.

The Cluster of Excellence funded this work through “Engineering of Advanced Materials” (EAM). The authors acknowledge financial support from the DFG research-training group GRK 1896 at Erlangen University and from the Joint Project Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen Nurnberg (HI-ERN) under Project No. DBF01253, respectively. C.J.B. acknowledges the financial support through the “Aufbruch Bayern” initiative of the state of Bavaria (EnCN and Solar Factory of the Future) and the “Solar Factory of the Future” with the Energy Campus Nurnberg (EnCN). S.L. acknowledges the Real Colegio Complutense in Harvard for a research grant, and to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion for a fellowship through the Salvador de Madariaga Program. L.M.R. and A.A.-G. acknowledge support from Tata Sons Limited – Alliance Agreement (A32391). The computations in this paper were done on the Odyssey cluster supported by the FAS Division of Science, Research Computing Group at Harvard University, and on the Arran cluster supported by the Health Sciences Platform (HSP) at Tianjin University. C.O.R.Q. would like to acknowledge M. Mohrensen for his assistance in graphic design. Similarly, C.O.R.Q. would like to acknowledge Gebhard Matt and Ievgen Levchuk for helpful discussion. G.A. thanks support by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant 804110), the Spanish MINECO through the Excellence Unit Maria de Maeztu (MDM-2015-0538), the Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/001), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; FLAG-ERA AB694/2-1). G.A. would like to acknowledge Vicent Lloret for his assistance with the experimental work. B. R., L.K., S.A., and G.C. acknowledge support from BMWi through the “PersiST” project (Grant No. 0324037C). S.A. acknowledges funding by the BMBF within the project “Materialforschung fur die Energiewende” for his Young Investigator Group (Grant No. 03SF0540). T.A. gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Solar Technologies go Hybrid (SolTech) and Bavarian Equal Opportunities Sponsorship – Forderung von Frauen in Forschung und Lehre (FFL). T.U. and M.B. gratefully acknowledge the funding of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Project No. 05K16WEB). C.O.R.Q. would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from The Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). C.O.R.Q. wrote the manuscript with comments from all coauthors and highlighted contributions from M.S. C.O.R.Q. coordinated and performed photovoltaic device fabrication. C.O.R.Q. coordinated all experiments, measurements, and simulations. G.D.S. assisted with the tandem lamination process. C.O.R.Q. and K.F. performed optical simulations. M.S., G.D.S., N.L., T.A., and A.A.-G. assisted with data interpretation, story layout design, and contributed ideas. C.O.R.Q., N.S., and E.S. contributed with the electron microscopy analysis. C.O.R.Q., M.B., and T.B. contributed with X-ray studies. C.O.R.Q., G.A., F.H., and A.H. contributed with Raman studies. L.-I.D.-B., and N.G. assisted with PL measurements. N.G. and A.C. assisted with FTPS and PL data analysis and interpretation. M.M., G.C., L.K., B.R., and S.A. provided silicon cells. QM/DFT calculations and analysis were performed by L.M.R. MD parametrization was done by S.L., and MD simulations were performed and analyzed by S.L. and J.D.P. C.J.B. supervised the project.

While perovskite-based semitransparent solar cells for window applications show competitive levels of transparency and efficiency compared to organic photovoltaics, the color perception of the perovskite films is highly restricted because band gap engineering results in losses in power conversion efficiencies. To overcome the limitation in visual aesthetics, we combined semitransparent perovskite solar cells with dielectric mirrors. This approach enables one to tailor the device appearance to almost any desired color and simultaneously offers additional light harvesting for the solar cell. In the present work, opto-electrical effects are investigated through quantum efficiency and UV-to-visible spectroscopic measurements. Likewise, a detailed chromaticity analysis, featuring the transmissive and reflective color perception of the device including the mirror, from both sides and in different illumination conditions, is presented and analyzed. Photocurrent density enhancement of up to 21% along with overall device transparency values of up to 31% (4.2% efficiency) is demonstrated for cells showing a colored aesthetic appeal. Finally, a series of simulations emulating the device chromaticity, transparency, and increased photocurrent density as a function of the photoactive layer thickness and the design wavelength of the dielectric mirror are presented. Our simulations and their experimental validation enabled us to establish the design rules that consider the color efficiency/transparency interplay for real applications.

We demonstrate an innovative solution-processing fabrication route for organic and perovskite solar modules via depth-selective laser patterning of an adhesive top electrode. This yields unprecedented power conversion efficiencies of up to 5.3% and 9.8%, respectively. We employ a PEDOT:PSS–Ag nanowire composite electrode and depth-resolved post-patterning through beforehand laminated devices using ultra-fast laser scribing. This process affords low-loss interconnects of consecutive solar cells while overcoming typical alignment constraints. Our strategy informs a highly simplified and universal approach for solar module fabrication that could be extended to other thin-film photovoltaic technologies.

Solution-processed oxo-functionalized graphene (oxo-G(1)) is employed to substitute hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS as an anode interfacial layer for perovskite solar cells. The resulting devices exhibit a reasonably high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2% in the planar inverted architecture with oxo-G(1) as a hole transporting material (HTM), and most importantly, deploy the full open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of up to 1.1 V. Moreover, oxo-G(1) effectively slows down the ingress of water vapor into the device stack resulting in significantly enhanced environmental stability of unpackaged cells under illumination with 80% of the initial PCE being reached after 500 h. Without encapsulation, similar to 60% of the initial PCE is retained after similar to 1000 h of light soaking under 0.5 sun and ambient conditions maintaining the temperature beneath 30 degrees C. Moreover, the unsealed perovskite device retains 92% of its initial PCE after about 1900 h under ambient conditions and in the dark. Our results underpin that controlling water diffusion into perovskite cells through advanced interface engineering is a crucial step towards prolonged environmental stability.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication occurs in tight association with remodeled host cell membranes, presenting as cytoplasmic accumulations of single-, double-, and multimembrane vesicles in infected cells. Formation of these so-called replication organelles is mediated by a complex interplay of host cell factors and viral replicase proteins. Of these, nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B), an integral transmembrane protein, appears to play a key role, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of how this protein contributes to organelle biogenesis. Using forward and reverse genetics, we identified glycine zipper motifs within transmembrane helices 2 and 3 of NS4B that are critically involved in viral RNA replication. Foerster resonance energy transfer analysis revealed the importance of the glycine zippers in NS4B homo- and heterotypic self-interactions. Additionally, ultrastructural analysis using electron microscopy unraveled a prominent role of glycine zipper residues for the subcellular distribution and the morphology of HCV-induced double-membrane vesicles. Notably, loss-of-function NS4B glycine zipper mutants prominently induced single-membrane vesicles with secondary invaginations that might represent an arrested intermediate state in double-membrane vesicle formation. These findings highlight a so-far-unknown role of glycine residues within the membrane integral core domain for NS4B self-interaction and functional as well as structural integrity of HCV replication organelles. IMPORTANCE Remodeling of the cellular endomembrane system leading to the establishment of replication organelles is a hallmark of positive-strand RNA viruses. In the case of HCV, expression of the nonstructural proteins induces the accumulation of double-membrane vesicles that likely arise from a concerted action of viral and coopted cellular factors. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we identify glycine zipper motifs within HCV NS4B transmembrane segments 2 and 3 that are crucial for the protein's self-interaction. Moreover, glycine residues within NS4B transmembrane helices critically contribute to the biogenesis of functional replication organelles and, thus, efficient viral RNA replication. These results reveal how glycine zipper motifs in NS4B contribute to structural and functional integrity of the HCV replication organelles and, thus, viral RNA replication.

Correction for ‘Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si-perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes’ by César Omar Ramírez Quiroz et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 3583–3592.

The efficiency of perovskite-based tandem solar cells and the respective efficiency gain over the single-junction operation of the bottom cell strongly depend on the performance of the component cells. Thus, a fair comparison of reported top cells is difficult. We therefore compute the tandem cell efficiency for the combination of several semitransparent perovskite top solar cells and crystalline silicon or chalcopyrite bottom cells from the literature. We focus on four-terminal configurations but also estimate and discuss the differences between four- and two-terminal configurations. For each top cell, we thereby determine the tandem cell performance as a function of the bottom cell efficiency, which results in a linear relationship. From these data, we extract two parameters to quantify the suitability of the top cell: (i) the slope of the tandem vs. bottom cell efficiency, which is the effective transparency of the top cell, and (ii) the tandem cell efficiency for a targeted bottom cell. These two figu...

While perovskite-based semitransparent solar cells deliver competitive levels of transparency and efficiency to be envisioned for urban infrastructures, the complexity and sensitivity of their processing conditions remain challenging. Here, we introduce two robust protocols for the processing of sub-100 nm perovskite films, allowing fine-tuning of the active layer without compromising the crystallinity and quality of the semiconductor. Specifically, we demonstrate that a method based on solvent-induced crystallization with a rapid drying step affords perovskite solar cells with 37% average visible transmittance (AVT) and 7.8% PCE. This process enhances crystallization with a preferential phase orientation presumably at the interface, yielding a high fill factor of 72.3%. The second method is based on a solvent–solvent extraction protocol, enabling active layer films as thin as 40 nm and featuring room-temperature crystallization in an ambient environment on a few second time span. As a result, we demonstrate a maximum AVT of 46% with an efficiency of 3.6%, which is the highest combination of efficiency and transparency for a full device stack to date. By combining the two methods presented here we cover a broad range of thicknesses vs. transparency values and confirm that solvent-induced crystallization represents a powerful processing strategy toward high-efficiency semitransparent solar cells. Optical simulations support our experimental findings and provide a global perspective of the opportunities and limitations of semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic devices.

Perovskite hybrid solar cells (pero-HSCs) were demonstrated to be among the most promising candidates within the emerging photovoltaic materials with respect to their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and inexpensive fabrication. Further PCE enhancement mainly relies on minimizing the interface losses via interface engineering and the quality of the perovskite film. Here, we demonstrate that the PCEs of pero-HSCs are significantly increased to 14.0% by incorporation of a solution-processed perylene–diimide (PDINO) as cathode interface layer between the [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer and the top Ag electrode. Notably, for PDINO-based devices, prominent PCEs over 13% are achieved within a wide range of the PDINO thicknesses (5–24 nm). Without the PDINO layer, the best PCE of the reference PCBM/Ag device was only 10.0%. The PCBM/PDINO/Ag devices also outperformed the PCBM/ZnO/Ag devices (11.3%) with the well-established zinc oxide (ZnO) cathode interface layer. This enhanced performa...

The supratentorial hemorrhage after posterior fossa surgery is an unusual but delicate complication that carries high mortality and morbidity. A 50 year old woman presented vertigo 6 months of evolution, which worsened in the last 2 months accompanied by ataxia. She showed left cerebellar signs, had no focal motor or sensory deficits. A brain MRI identified cerebellopontine angle lesion with mass effect. The patient was treated on suboccipital craniectomy and resection of right posterior fossa tumor, the histopathological diagnosis was consistent with typical meningioma. (WHO Class I). The postoperative period was satisfactory. A month later, presented clinical symptoms of right-sided hemiparesis, brain CT revealed left frontal supratentorial hematoma, receiving conservative management. Patient was discharged after 10 days. Reports in the literature on this rare complication, detailed cases where the hematoma was presented in hours to days. To our knowledge this is the first report in the literature of supratentorial hemorrhage and posterior fossa surgery one month after the surgical procedure has been performed.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability in developed countries. It is a major cause of mortality in young patients worldwide. Intracranial hypertension is the cause of death in more than 80% of patients with TBI. When secondary lesions occur, start a number of mechanisms that increase the metabolic injury to brain tissue. Induction of hypothermia has been shown to alter the natural course of the disease process. The biological foundations suggest that hypothermia may have a potential benefit, although some publications have shown no improvement, it is clear that in a group of mostly young patients, early hypothermia may be beneficial. We present a practical review of the literature on this subject.