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Woodstars arc a clade of small hummingbirds with poorly known life history. One reason why they are insufficiently characterized is they tend to be little represented in museum collections. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library, an online database of user-uploaded photographs, is a complementary source of phenological information. Here, stimulated by our own field observations, we analyzed up to 200 photos per species from the Macaulay Library to investigate whether adult male Slender-tailed Woodstar (Chaetocercus [Microstilbon] burmeisteri), Amethyst Woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina), Chilean Woodstar (Eulidia yarrellii), Peruvian Sheartail (Thaumastura cord), and Purple-collared Woodstar (Thaumastura [Myrtis] fanny) molt into a drab-throated, nonbreeding plumage distinct from the better known iridescent-throated breeding plumage. We investigated these 5 species because adult males have elongated, dimorphic tails, meaning that we could distinguish adult males from immature males by their tail morphology alone. The photos show that, post-breeding, entire populations of Slendertailed Woodstar and Peruvian Sheartail males replace their iridescent throat feathers with non-iridescent feathers, then molt back into their breeding plumage a few months later. The holotype of Microstilbon insperalus Todd 1913, type species of the genus Microstilbon, is an adult male of Slender-tailed Woodstar in the nonbreeding plumage that we describe here. Our data also suggest that male Amethyst, Chilean, and Purple-collared woodstars have a second distinct nonbreeding plumage. In these 3 species, photos showing the apparent drab-throated male plumage were tare, suggesting these species might have complex breeding phenology with some individuals molting into the nonbreeding plumage at the same time that others were breeding in iridescentthroated plumage. The rapidly growing number of photographs available in the Macaulay Library makes this resource valuable for documenting phenology, including for rare species such as woodstars. Received 11 August 2023. Accepted 17 June 2024. Key words: alternate plumage, citizen science, eclipse plumage, Macaulay Library. (Spanish)--Las estrellitas son un ciado de pequenos colibries con historias de vida poco conocidas. Una de las razones por las que no estan adecuadamente caracterizadas es que tienden a estar poco representadas en colecciones de museo. La Macaulay Library del Laboratorio de Ornitologia de Cornell, una base de datos en linea de fotografias cargadas por usuarios, es una fuente complementaria de informacion fenologica. Aqui, estimulados por nuestras propias observaciones de campo, analizamos hasta 200 fotografias por especie de la Macaulay Library para investigar si los machos adultos de picaflor enano (Chaetocercus [Microstilbon] burmeisteri), picaflor amatista (iCalliphlox amethystina), picaflor de Arica (Eulidia yarrellii), picaflor de cora (Thaumastura cora) y la estrellita de collar purpura (Thaumastura [Myrtis] fanny) mudan a un plumaje no-reproductivo de garganta desvaida, distinto del mas conocido plumaje reproductivo de garganta iridiscente. Investigamos estas 5 especies porque los machos adultos tienen colas elongadas y dimorficas, por lo cual podemos distinguir a los machos adultos de los machos inmaduros por la morfologia de su cola. Las fotografias muestran que, despues de la reproduccion, poblaciones enteras de machos de C. burmeisteri y T. cora reemplazan las plumas iridiscentes de su garganta con plumas no iridiscentes y luego mudan nuevamente a su plumaje nupcial unos meses despues. El holotipo de Microstilbon insperatus Todd 1913, especie tipo del genero Microstilbon, es un macho adulto de C. burmeisteri en el plumaje no-reproductivo que aqui describimos. Nuestros datos tambien sugieren que los machos de C. amethystina, E. yarrellii y T. fanny tambien tienen este segundo plumaje no- reproductivo distintivo. En estas 3 especies, las fotografias mostrando el aparente plumaje masculino de garganta desvaida fueron escasas, lo que sugiere que estas especies podrian tener una fenologia reproductiva compleja, con algunos individuos mudando al plumaje no-reproductivo al mismo tiempo que otros se reproducen en plumaje de garganta iridiscente. El numero cada vez mayor de fotografias disponibles en la Macaulay Library hace que este recurso sea valioso para documentar la fenologia, incluso para especies raras como las estrellitas. Palabras clave: ciencia ciudadana, plumaje alterno, plumaje eclipse, Macaulay Library., The Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library (https://www.macaulaylibrary.org/) is an online repository where users have uploaded millions of images of wild birds. These images potentially reveal information about species with [...]

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) Learning Resources Database provides access to more than 500 educational resources on NLM products and services, including videos, webinars, and tutorials. The database includes resources designed primarily for librarians, health educators, researchers, and clinicians, for finding biomedical literature, research data, chemical, and genetic information. You can search by keyword, subject, language, and audience, and access materials directly or download them for reuse. Resources are reviewed at least annually, and mos.t materials are in the public domain. Features of the site include interactive search options, topic guides, and upcoming training events. NLM also offers API access for integrating resources into other websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Science Clips is an online weekly bibliographical digest showcasing over 46,000 scientific articles and publications from 2009 to present. The digest is curated by the Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library to bring awareness to relevant and quality public health literature. This overview describes how users can access and navigate the database, and evaluates the database usability and relevance in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 376 A. Generative Artificial Intelligence 379 B. The Patent System and AI 382 II. AI-GENERATED PREEMPTIVE PRIOR ART DISCLOSURES 386 A. Motivations and Methods 386 [...], Generative AI makes it possible to create unlimited amounts of text at essentially zero cost. While this technology has many benefits, it can also be used in ways that undermine the goals of the patent system. This Article identifies policy solutions to address the potentially anti-innovative application of generative AI in several patent-related contexts. First, it examines the use of AI to publish massive online databases of preemptive prior art intended to foreclose patentability. This Article argues that computer-generated invention descriptions published without any substantive nexus to human understanding of their contents should not count as "printed publications" under US patent law. In addition, this Article considers the use of AI to automate the process of writing and filing enormous numbers of patent applications. It also explores the associated market incentives as well as the potential role of regulatory measures and market forces to provide a corrective effect.

Broad-billed Hummingbirds (Cynanthus latirostris) are denizens of riparian woodlands that historically nested only in the extreme southwestern United States and Mexico. This species is considered rare and irregular in central Arizona. However, recent observations of summering Broad-billed Hummingbirds from central Arizona have been recorded with regularity on the citizen science database eBird. Using data queried from eBird, I tested whether the Broad-billed Hummingbird had extended its summering (Jun-Aug) range northward in Arizona and compiled the breeding sites and nectar sources used by this species in central Arizona (Gila, Maricopa, and Yavapai counties). A positive correlation between the maximum summering latitude of Broad-billed Hummingbirds in Arizona and the year (1980-2022) indicates that this species has expanded its breeding range northward across the state. From 2009 to 2022 there were a minimum of 7 independent Broad-billed Hummingbird breeding events in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area that could be confirmed from analysis of the eBird database. No confirmed Broad-billed Hummingbird nesting records from Gila or Yavapai counties were documented on eBird, but observations of probable breeding behaviors were recorded in both counties. Collectively, eBird users photographed Broad-billed Hummingbirds foraging on 16 different nectar sources in central Arizona. Each site where Broad-billed Hummingbirds bred in central Arizona contained exotic flowering plants, especially tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), and some also had supplemental feeders. Central Arizona should now be considered a regular part of the Broad-billed Hummingbird's breeding range. Received 19 July 2023. Accepted 29 December 2023. Key words: biogeography, conservation, natural history, nectarivory, pollination, urbanization. Los colibries Cynanthus latirostris son residentes de bosques riparios que historicamente anidaban unicamente en el extremo sudoeste de Estados Unidos y en Mexico. Esta especie es considerada rara e irregular en Arizona central. Sin embargo, observaciones recientes de colibries Cynanthus latirostris en verano de Arizona central han sido registrados con regularidad en la base de datos de ciencia ciudadana eBird. Usando datos obtenidos en eBird, probe si el colibri Cynanthus latirostris ha extendido su rango de verano (junio- agosto) hacia el norte de Arizona y compile los sitios de reproduccion y de fuentes de nectar usadas por esta especie en Arizona central (condados de Gila, Maricopa y Yavapai). Hubo una correlacion positiva entre la latitud de verano maxima de colibri Cynanthus latirostris en Arizona y el ano (1980-2022), lo que indica que la especie ha expandido su rango de reproduccion hacia el norte del estado. Del 2009 al 2022 hubo un minimo de 7 eventos reproductivos independientes de colibri Cynanthus latirostris en el area metro-politana de Phoenix que pudieron ser confirmados por el analisis de la base de datos eBird. No se confirmaron registros de anidacion de colibri Cynanthus latirostris en los condados de Gila o Yavapai en eBird, pero observaciones de posibles comportamientos reproductivos fueron realizadas en ambos condados. Colectivamente, los usuarios de eBird fotografiaron a colibries Cynanthus latirostris forrajeando en 16 fuentes de nectar distintas en Arizona central. Cada sitio en el que el colibri Cynanthus latirostris se reprodujo en Arizona central contenia plantas con flor exoticas, especialmente arbol de tabaco (Nicotiana glauca) y algunos tenian comederos adicionales. Arizona central deberia ser considerada ahora como parte regular del rango reproductive del colibri Cynanthus latirostris. Palabras clave: biogeografia, conservacion, historia natural, nectarivoria, polinizacion, urbanizacion., The Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) is a common breeding species in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and west-central Mexico, where it nests in open woodlands along riparian zones [less than [...]

Simulation-based training is an acceptable method in medical sciences. The available simulators and the conduct of simulation require both simulators and infrastructural requirements. This narrative review highlights the potential of digital tools for team-based simulation exercises in low-resource settings. This review presents a comprehensive list of affordable digital tools for scenario planning, scenario design, and assessment. It covers various applications and platforms, providing detailed insights into their features, types, and accessibility. Different low-cost digital tools are available, from generative artificial intelligence for scenario planning to online repositories of simulation cases, browser-based assessment designers, and simulation games. These digital tools can make simulation accessible, transforming it into an immersive learning experience to enhance understanding and skill acquisition. Keywords: Digital simulation, low-cost simulation, low resource settings, simulation, Author(s): Rajkumar Elanjeran (corresponding author) [1]; Anitha Ramkumar [2]; Lulu Sherif Mahmood [3] INTRODUCTION Since its release in 1999, the 'To Err is Human' report has steered the healthcare landscape [...]

Since 2009, the Korean Society of Plant Pathology has established the Committee on Common Names of Plant Disease to systematically review and determine plant disease names and related terminologies. The committee published the 6th edition of the List of Plant Diseases in Korea (LPDK) in 2022, and the list has been made publicly accessible online. The online database has significantly enhanced user accessibility, expedited update processes, and improved interoperability with other databases. As a result, the 6.1 edition of the list was released by online LPDK in 2023, detailing new disease names added over the preceding year and revisions to existing names. Subsequently, in 2024, the 6.2 edition was published, encompassing 6,765 diseases caused by 2,503 pathogen taxa across 1,432 host species. The public release of the online database has, however, introduced several challenges and tasks. Addressing these issues necessitates the development of modern, standardized nomenclature guidelines and a robust system for the registration of new disease names. Open communication and collaboration among the diverse members of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology are required to ensure the reliability of the LPDK.

Created by the NIH in 2015, the Common Data Elements (CDE) Repository provides free online access to search and use Common Data Elements. This tool helps to ensure consistent data collection, saves time and resources, and ultimately improves the accuracy of and interoperability among datasets. The purpose of this column is to provide an overview of the database, discuss why it is important for researchers and relevant for health sciences librarians, and review the basic layout of the website, including sample searches that will demonstrate how it can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação is the property of Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a type of persistent pain initiated by diseases or injuries of the nervous system. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of NeP are poorly understood, the immune system plays a key role in this condition. M2 macrophages have a key role in tissue healing and the reduction of inflammation. This systematic study aims to provide an overview of the role and importance of M2 macrophages in NeP after spinal cord injury (SCI). A comprehensive systematic review was conducted utilizing Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Science databases. Two independent reviewers conducted the article selection. All publications examine the impact of M2 macrophages on NeP following spinal cord injuries. A quality assessment was conducted on bias entities that had been predetermined. Eleven papers met the criteria. According to the findings, focusing on immune cell polarization presents viable therapeutic options for treating NeP and enhancing recovery after SCI. M2 macrophages are essential for reducing neuropathic pain and promoting recovery after spinal cord injury. The modulation of M2 macrophages by a number of therapeutic approaches, including ivermectin-functionalized MWCNTs, isorhamnetin, Neuregulin-1 administration, TMEM16F inhibition, lentivirus-mediated delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and red-light therapy promotes neuroregeneration, decreases neuroinflammatory cytokines, and reduces NeP. The results of these preclinical investigations must, however, be interpreted with caution, according to the quality assessment and risk of bias analysis of the studies that were included. Targeting M2 macrophages may have therapeutic benefits as they are essential for the management of NeP and recovery following spinal cord damage. Keywords: Neuropathic pain, Spinal cord, Injury, Macrophage, Anti-inflammatory, Allodynia, Author(s): Aidin Shahrezaei[sup.1], Maryam Sohani[sup.1], Mohammadhassan Sohouli[sup.2], Soroush Taherkhani[sup.3] and Farinaz Nasirinezhad[sup.3,4,5] Introduction Neuropathic pain (NeP) is pain that occurs due to structural or functional issues with the nervous system [...]

Local communities use plant resources from the surrounding environment for firewood, food and medicines, and for their livelihood maintenance, security and income generation. The different parts of Pouzolzia mixta Solms are characterized by nutritional, cultural and pharmaceutical properties. Pouzolzia mixta is a small tree or shrub which grows naturally in tropical woodlands and thickets of Africa and Asia. The current study is aimed at providing information on the biological and medicinal properties of P. mixta. Information on the biological and medicinal properties of P. mixta was obtained from online databases such as Scopus, JSTOR, Scimago, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as books, journal articles, dissertations, book chapters, thesis and other scientific articles obtained from the University of Fort Hare library. This study showed that the leaves of P. mixta are used as culinary herb and leafy vegetable in tropical Africa and Asia. In south central Africa, the bark, leaves, roots and stems of P. mixta are used as ritual and protective charm, and traditional medicine to treat and manage 48 human and 13 animal diseases and ailments. The phytochemical evaluations of the species showed that the leaves and roots of the species are characterized by alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, steroids and tannins. The pharmacological assessments showed that the crude extracts of P. mixta leaves, roots and stems are characterized by antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility and antioxidant activities. This review highlighted the food, pharmaceutical and health benefits of P. mixta in different countries in east and southern Africa, and Asia. Based on the results of this review, detailed ethnopharmacological evaluations of P. mixta focusing on phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicological evaluations, in vivo and clinical research are recommended. The data from the current study should contribute to improved management and conservation of P. mixta in tropical Africa and Asia, considering concerns about anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity. Key words: Biological activities, indigenous knowledge, pharmacological properties, Pouzolzia mixta, traditional medicine, Urticaceae, INTRODUCTION Many people throughout the world use a variety of plants in their daily lives as food, shelter, fuel, craftwork, medicine and several other necessities of life [1]. There is [...]

Purpose Sarcoidosis is a complex disease which can affect nearly every organ system with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic imaging findings to sudden cardiac death. As such, diagnosis and prognostication are topics of continued investigation. Recent technological advancements have introduced multiple modalities of artificial intelligence (AI) to the study of sarcoidosis. Machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics have predominantly been used to study sarcoidosis. Methods Articles were collected by searching online databases using keywords such as sarcoid, machine learning, artificial intelligence, radiomics, and deep learning. Article titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevance by a single reviewer. Articles written in languages other than English were excluded. Conclusions Machine learning may be used to help diagnose pulmonary sarcoidosis and prognosticate in cardiac sarcoidosis. Deep learning is most comprehensively studied for diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis and has less frequently been applied to prognostication in cardiac sarcoidosis. Radiomics has primarily been used to differentiate sarcoidosis from malignancy. To date, the use of AI in sarcoidosis is limited by the rarity of this disease, leading to small, suboptimal training sets. Nevertheless, there are applications of AI that have been used to study other systemic diseases, which may be adapted for use in sarcoidosis. These applications include discovery of new disease phenotypes, discovery of biomarkers of disease onset and activity, and treatment optimization., Author(s): Dana Lew [sup.1], Eyal Klang [sup.2], Shelly Soffer [sup.3], Adam S. Morgenthau [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/04a9tmd77, grid.59734.3c, 0000 0001 0670 2351, Division of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of [...]

Despite the significant increase in the empirical research on inclusion of students with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) in Lebanon, no scoping reviews (ScRs) have yet been carried out on this topic. The purpose of this study is to explore research foci and findings in published empirical research literature on inclusion of students with SEND in Lebanon using Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) ScR framework. This ScR examined 59 studies obtained from research databases (ERIC, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, EBSCO Essentials, EBSCO Open Dissertations, and Shamaa), Lebanese institutional databases, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. This study shows that there are 10 research foci in published empirical research literature on inclusion of students with SEND in Lebanon: 'interventions for students with SEND', 'evaluation of inclusive education (IE)', 'attitudes towards IE', 'profile of inclusive teacher', 'barriers to IE', 'facilitators to IE', 'profile of student with SEND', 'inclusive school selection', 'mechanisms for measuring school inclusiveness', and 'mechanisms for sustaining school inclusiveness'. The most represented research focus is 'interventions for supporting students with SEND' with 22 studies, yet the least represented research foci are 'mechanisms for measuring and sustaining school inclusiveness' with one study for each. Limitations of the ScR are presented. Recommendations for policymakers and practitioners are provided, and directions for future research are proposed. Keywords: inclusion, inclusive education, special educational needs, disabilities, scoping review, Lebanon, Introduction Educational inclusion has become the internationally agreed upon approach for educating students with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) almost all around the world since the beginning of the [...]

For more than 25 years, the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence has operated VAWnet, a freely available, online network focused on violence against women and other forms of gender-based violence. This column will provide an overview of the resources available from VAWnet, including a sample search that demonstrates how to access the resources available within as well as a discussion of how to effectively browse the thousands of materials available on VAWnet that provide life-saving information on gender-based violence and related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]