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The aim of the study was to evaluate sustained attention performance of children with ADHD and effect of distractors on sustained attention through an eye-tracking during a class-flow video task.Data were collected using an eye-tracking during a class-flow task conducted with 60 children (ADHD and control groups). Two areas of interest were determined in the task, these are relevant (teacher and whiteboard) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas. The task also included distractors in relevant and irrelevant areas, comprising a brief conversation and dropping of a pencil, respectively. Proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) was used to assess sustained attention.Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI in the relevant area during the whole class than children in the control group. After the relevant area distractor, PFDAOI increased in relevant area in ADHD group, indicating these children may have better attention after the distractor. However, children with ADHD also showed increased PFDAOI in the irrelevant area following the irrelevant area distractor, indicating that it negatively affected them. There was no significant change in the control group following the distractors.These findings indicate that children with ADHD have poor sustained attention performance during the whole class. Moreover, distractors in distinct areas could affect children with ADHD differently. Thus, students with ADHD could benefit from increased stimuli in the relevant area and this can be a guide for classroom arrangements to improve the academic functionality of these children.

Background: This article presents the results of a comprehensive national model developed for managing maladaptive behaviors (MBs) in children with mental special needs (CMSNs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that combines telehealth-based Applied Behavioral Analyses, psychiatric interventions, and support from local psychosocial teams. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a system that combined telehealth applications with local psychosocial support teams, allowing services from video calls to emergency interventions. Materials and Methods: The system combines the telehealth applications with the services from local psychosocial intervention teams. In addition to system records covering sociodemographic variables and initial complaints, a telephone survey questioning the effectiveness and satisfaction of the system was used as the main outcome. Results: In total, 347 individuals used the system with mothers constituting the majority of applicants (88.7%, n = 332). The overall satisfaction of the system was 8.8/10. In terms of effectiveness, 63.3% (n = 237) of caregivers reported an improvement in the reason of application. Counselors decided on a need for follow-up visits for 36.6% (n = 137) of applications. A referral to a psychiatrist was asked for 40 patients (10.6%). Discussion: To our best knowledge, this is the first study presenting a model for managing MBs of CMSNs during the COVID-19 outbreak. In general, therefore, it seems that there is a need for unique systems to handle behavioral problems of CMSNs. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that it is possible to establish an integrative multistep multidisciplinary telehealth-based approach in a short while.

This study aims to determine the effects of the Parents Plus Children's Programme (PPCP) on children's symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and on family functionality and parenting stress. The children in the study were aged 6–11 years, and they had been diagnosed with ADHD and had residual symptoms despite effective dosage and timing of their medication. Forty-six couples, who with their children met the eligibility criteria, were enrolled and randomly allocated to the PPCP or the control group. The intervention involved a 9-week, 2 h a week, parenting group exercise. Those in the PPCP group improved significantly more over time on Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Family Assessment Device, and Parent Stress Index than those in the control condition. The trial is the first clinical study involving the parents of children with ADHD that addresses residual symptoms and functional impairments that remain despite the administration of the maximum effective dose of pharmacological treatment.

Although hoarding symptoms are reported to begin in childhood and adolescence, the true prevalence of the disorder in this age group is unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of hoarding disorder (HD) in children and adolescents. The present study was planned as a two-stage epidemiological research. In the first stage, the Children's Saving Inventory (CSI) and informed consent forms were delivered to a group of students' parents. In the second stage, one-on-one psychiatric interviews with a physician were planned with the families and children who had hoarding behavior (HB), as described by their parents. The DSM-5-based HD interview and the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) diagnostic tool were used to detect prevalence of HD and comorbid psychiatric disorders. A total of 3249 children were included in the study, and 318 children and their parents were evaluated in the second stage. As a result of the second assessment, 32 out of 318 children met the HD diagnostic criteria. The estimated prevalence of HD was 0.98% (95% CI 0.7-1.4). Hoarding disorder was found more frequently in females (F/M = 3/1). After a logistic regression analysis, variables such as female sex and the presence of any psychopathology were identified as independent correlates of HD. More than half (56.2%) of the children diagnosed as having HD also had a comorbid psychiatric disorder. In the present study, the two-stage evaluation method was used in a large pediatric sample to determine the estimated prevalence of HD, as well as the factors associated with the disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Amaç: Duyu bütünleme terapisi, davranışsal ve gelişimsel bozukluklar için umut verici olan önleyici terapi seçeneklerinden biridir. Bu çalışma, Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunun dikkatsizlik baskın görünümünde (DEHB-D) olan okul çağındaki çocuklar için duyu bütünleme terapisinin etkinliğine dair bir fikir vermektedir.Yöntem: Tek kollu bir klinik çalışma olan bu çalışmaya, ağırlıklı olarak dikkatsizlik baskın görünümde olan 7-10 yaş arası 20 eşik altı DEHB-D tanısı olan çocuk dahil edildi. Duyu bütünleme terapisi, duyusal modülasyon ilkeleri ve müdahale stratejilerine uygun olarak hazırlanmış ve haftada iki seans olacak şekilde 12 hafta devam etmiştir. Etkinlik, Conners Öğretmen / Ebeveyn ölçekleri, Klinik Global İzlenim ölçeği, Kanada Duyusal Bütünleştirme Performans Ölçümü ve Duyusal Profil kullanılarak değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Duyu bütünleme terapisi sonrasında, duyusal profilin işitsel işlemleme alanında “tipik” veya “daha iyi” performansa sahip hastaların oranı, önemli ölçüde artmıştır; terapi öncesinde 9 hasta (% 45); terapi sonrasında 15 hasta (% 75) (p = 0,031). Duyusal Profilin dikkatsizlik-dikkat dağınıklığı faktör puanında “tipik” veya “daha iyi” performans gösteren katılımcıların oranları, duyu bütünleme terapisinden sonra anlamlı olarak artmıştır; öncesi 6 (% 30) ve sonrası 16 (% 80) (p = 0,006).Sonuç: Duyu bütünleme terapisi, özel gereksinime sahip olan kişilerin önemli ve amaçlı buldukları günlük yaşam aktivitelerine katılmalarını desteklemeye odaklanır. Bu çalışmada eşik altı dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan bireylerin yaşadıkları zorluklar ele alınmış ve farklı duyusal modaliteler ile ilişkili olabilecek günlük yaşamın yönleri araştırılmıştır. Bu çocuklarda özellikle Duyu bütünleme terapisi yoluyla iyileştirilebilen bozulmuş işitsel işlemleme süreçleri gözlenmiştir., Objective: Sensory integration therapy is one of the promising preventive therapy options for behavioral and developmental disorders. Hypothesizing a degree of parallelism, this study provides an insight into the effectiveness of the sensory integration therapy potencies for school-aged children with subthreshold ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype.Method: The study was a single-arm clinical trial and 20 patients aged 7–10 years with subthreshold ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype, were included. The sensory integration intervention was prepared in accordance with sensory modulation principles and intervention strategies and lasted 12 weeks with two sessions per week. The effectiveness was assessed using the Conner’s teacher/parent scales, the Clinical Global Impression scale, the Canadian Sensory integration Performance Measure and the Sensory Profile. Results: The rate of patients with typical or better performance in auditory processing domain of the Sensory Profile was found significantly increased after sensory integration therapy; 9 patients (45%) before and 15 patients after (75%) (p=0.031). The rates of participants with typical or better performance in inattention–distractibility factor score of the Sensory Profile were found significantly increased after sensory integration therapy; 6 before (30%) and 16 after (80%) (p=0.006). Conclusion: Sensory integration therapy focuses on supporting persons with varied disability terms to engage in daily life activities that they find significant and purposeful. Difficulties experienced by individuals with subthreshold attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are addressed in this study and aspects of daily life are explored while swiping through different sensory modalities. Impaired auditory processing improvable through sensory integration therapy was observed in these children.

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB) tanısı alan çocukların ebeveynlerinin günlük yaşamlarında ve sosyal alanlarda karşılaştıkları sorunları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktayız. Çalışmaya, DSM-5'e göre OSB tanısı konulan, çocuk psikiyatri kliniğinde takip edilen ve çalışmaya katılım için yazılı onam veren 109 ebeveyn dâhil edilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili kapsamlı bir literatür taramasından sonra çalışmada kullanılmak üzere geliştirilen anket; OSB hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri, tanı ve tedavi sürecinde karşılaştıkları güçlükleri değerlendirmeye yönelik 83 soruyu kapsamaktadır. Katılımcıların % 56'sı OSB'yi daha önce hiç duymadığını, %61'inin OSB'de zekâ düzeyinin değişebileceğini bilmediğini ve % 74'ünün OSB'yi sadece çocuklarda görülen bir bozukluk olarak düşündüğünü belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların % 52'si 0-2 yaş arası çocuklarının gelişimini düzenli bir sağlık merkezinde izlendiğini, % 88'i çocuklarının gelişimi konusunda kaygılanan ilk kişilerin kendileri ve geniş aileleri olduğunu ve % 52,3'ü çocuklarının gelişimiyle ilgili kaygılarının 1-2 yaşlarında olduğunu bildirmiştir. Otizmli çocukları sosyal yaşama dâhil etmeyi engelleyen faktörler arasında sayılan OSB farkındalığı, yoğun olarak çalışılan alanlardan birisidir. Ancak, özellikle ruh sağlığı uzmanları tarafından topluma, sağlık çalışanlarına ve otizm tanısı konulan çocukların ebeveynlerine farkındalık eğitimi verilmesi oldukça önemlidir.

Bu çalışma, çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrlarının Türkiye'de özel gereksinimi değerlendirme sürecinde Entellektüel Yeti Yitimi ve Bilşsel Gelişim Geriliği’ni raporlamada karşılaştıkları zorlukları tespit etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Yüz beş çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrist çalışmaya katılmayı kabul etti. Katılımcılardan, bu çalışma için hazırlanan çevrimiçi bir anketi doldurmaları istendi. Katılımcılar, sürecin kendileri için en büyük zorluğunun gereksinimin ciddi olup olmadığının belirlenmesi olduğunu belirtiler. Öte yandan, katılımcıların bu süreçte en fazla zorluk yaşadığı yaş aralığı okulöncesi idi. Sonuç olarak, çocuk ve ergen psikiyatristleri Entellektüel Yeti Yitimi ve Bilişsel Gelişim Geriliği tanılı çocukları değerlendirirken önemli zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır. Çözüm olarak, gereksinim düzeyini ve gereksinimin şiddetli olup olmadığını belirlemek için tıbbi tanı ve işlevsellik birlikte değerlendirilmesi gereklidir., This study aimed to identify the challenges faced by child and adolescent psychiatrists on reporting Intellectual & Developmental Disability during the disability evaluation process in Turkey, and whether the approach to this process differs among academics and specialists of child and adolescent psychiatrists. One hundred five child and adolescent psychiatrists agreed to participate in the study. We asked them to complete an online questionnaire that was prepared for this study. The major challenge of the process was determining whether the disability is severe or not. On the other hand, the age range that the participants had the most difficulty in the process was preschool. Child and adolescent psychiatrist had essential difficulties while evaluating children with Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities. As a solution, medical diagnosis and functionality should be evaluated together in order to determine the disability level and whether disability severe or not.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating a large-scale nation-wide sample of children. Method: The inclusion criterion was being enrolled as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th-grade student. A semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL), DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and assessment of impairment (by both parents and teachers) were applied to 5,842 participants. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment. Both ADHD with and without impairment groups had similar psychiatric comorbidity rates except for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses. Impairment in the ADHD group resulted in significantly higher ODD and CD diagnoses. Conclusion: Even when impairment is not described, other psychiatric disorders accompany the diagnosis of ADHD and may cause impairment in the future. Impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD significantly increases the likelihood of ODD and CD.

Objective It has been shown that maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy have adverse developmental outcomes in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental outcomes of maternal epilepsy and prenatal antiepileptic exposure. We also looked for the associations between serum levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) and developmental outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective, nonrandomized, case-controlled study. Fifty-three children aged two to six years old with maternal epilepsy were included in the case group. Fifty-three age- and gender-matched children without maternal epilepsy were included in the control group. Developmental assessment was conducted using the Denver II Developmental Screening Test (DDST-II). Serum levels of NGF and GDNF were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results Multiple regression analysis revealed that prenatal antiepileptic exposure was significantly associated with lower global developmental scores (B = − 7.5, confidence interval (CI): − 13.1; − 1.9, p = 0.009) while periconceptional folate use was associated with a reduced risk for adverse developmental outcomes (B = 6.6, CI: 0.91; 12.3, p = 0.024). Children with prenatal antiepileptic exposure are at increased risk for global developmental delay (GDD) particularly for language domain (p = 0.018). We found a statistically significant positive correlation between NGF levels and global developmental scores (r = 0.302, p = 0.009). Serum levels of GDNF in children with maternal epilepsy were significantly lower than the children without maternal epilepsy (p = 0.025). Conclusions Prenatal antiepileptic exposure was related with the increased risk of GDD while periconceptional folate use was related with lower risk. Clinicians should inform all women in reproductive age with epilepsy about the possible benefits and risks of antiepileptic drug use during a possible pregnancy. Periconceptional folate use has protective effect on child development, and all women on antiepileptic drugs should be encouraged for periconceptional folate use. Serum NGF levels may be a promising biomarker for monitoring global development delay in at-risk population.

Studies on etiopathogenesis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly focussing on mitochondrial dysfunction. Children diagnosed with ADHD who had significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers than healthy children in our first study were re-examined in 1-year follow-up to investigate effects of severity and treatment of ADHD on mtDNA.Twenty-eight patients who participated in previous study were included in this follow-up study. Patients were equally divided into two groups according to whether they had been receiving treatment. Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, and Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) were used. Polymerase chain reaction was performed.Means of the first and second mtDNA copy were similar in all patients. mtDNA copy numbers did not change between two measurements in treated and non-treated groups. There was a correlation between CPRS ADHD index and inattention scores and mtDNA copy number in treated group. mtDNA copy number did not change in patients with ADHD over a period of 1 year regardless of treatment.There may be a relationship between decreased ADHD severity with treatment and positive effects of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in pathophysiology of ADHD.KEY POINTSThis was the first study to follow up ADHD patients in order to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction by measuring mtDNA copy numbers 1 year after the initial measurements.mtDNA copy number, one of the best markers of mitochondrial dysfunction, did not change in ADHD patients over a period of 1 year regardless of treatment.Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD, where it may be involved with or without treatment.In the treated group, there was an association between decreased ADHD severity and reduced mtDNA copy numbers.There may be a relationship between decreased ADHD severity with treatment and the positive effects of mitochondrial functions.

Introduction Childhood obesity is associated with various levels of deterioration in the quality of life and many serious medical conditions such as psychiatric problems. Aim The objectives of this study are to investigate whether a difference in terms of chronotype among obese and non-obese children and adolescents, and restricted sleep duration, is associated with obesity and whether chronotype and sleep duration in children and adolescents with obesity are associated with quality of life and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Material and methods Forty-two participants diagnosed with childhood obesity were included in the study as the study group, and thirty-five participants without childhood obesity were included as the control group. Participants and their parents completed the Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents, the Development and Well-Being Assessment, and the Childhood Chronotype Questionnaire. The duration of sleep of the participants was also provided by the parent's reporting within the scope of the study. Results Sleep duration was an independent risk factor for becoming obese and had a significant effect on the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders independently of the morning-evening scale score. Conclusions Unlike the chronotype, this study provided important evidence that sleep duration was associated with the development of obesity and the quantity of comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Objective The current study aimed to investigate the psychopathology behind gynecomastia and potential associated problems regarding self-esteem and body perception, and the relationships of these variables with sex steroid levels in adolescents with pubertal gynecomastia. Methods The study included 50 normal weight male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with gynecomastia but without any chronic organic pathology, and 50 healthy pubertal male adolescents matched for age. The adolescents underwent psychopathology assessment by Development and Well-Being Assessment interviews; self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; body perception was evaluated using the Body Image Perception Scale, and the relationship between these variables and sex steroid levels were explored. Results The results of the study revealed that the gynecomastia group had significantly greater internalization disorder (X2 = 12.96, p < 0.001), and impairments in self-esteem (z = -1.975, p = 0.024) and body perception (z = -2.286, p = 0.022), and these variables were correlated with the gynecomastia stage. In the study group, cortisol levels were significantly higher (z = -2.330, p = 0.02) in adolescents with internalization disorder compared to those without, and cortisol levels increased in parallel with increased gynecomastia duration (r = 0.386, p = 0.006). Conclusion In our study, we found that gynecomastia, depending on its stage, may lead to internalization disorder and impair self-esteem and body perception. It was found that there was no direct relationship between these parameters and sex steroids in pubertal gynecomastia, except for high cortisol levels in adolescents with internalization disorder.

A remarkable number of children all over the world have psychiatric disorders, which cause severe impairments in functionality. In the development of future mental health planning, not only determining epidemiological data is sufficient, but also follow-up studies are needed. This study aimed to determine the course of subthreshold psychiatric disorders in three-year follow-up process, and whether there is a relationship between sociodemographic factors, parental attitudes and SDQ scores and the escalating escalation from SPD to psychopathology or the disappearance of SPD symptoms. This study included fifty-four children with age of 7–9 years. The Development and Well Being Assessment, structured diagnostic interview, was used to evaluate psychiatric disorders. Besides, parents were asked to fill out a socio-demographic form and the Parent Attitude Research Instrument. The mean age of children was 8.2 ± 0.8 years, and 59.3% of them were girls, and 40.7% of them were boys. At the beginning of the study, most common subthreshold psychiatric disorders were Specific Phobia with a prevalence of 3%, followed by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 2.2%. After three-year of the follow-up period, 37% of subthreshold cases progress into psychiatric disorders. Living in a city centre in a slum and psychiatric disorder history of the family were independent risk factors for developing psychopathology. Living in a village was an effective protective factor in the disappearance of Subthreshold Psychiatric Disorder symptoms. In this study, besides the factors that may be effective in the development of psychiatric disorders, the factors that may be effective in the disappearance of Subthreshold Psychiatric Disorder symptoms were examined.

Objectives: Tic disorders are associated with neurodevelopmental origin, changes in dopaminergic neurons, and the formation of immunoreactivity, it is thought that neurotrophic factors may be crucial in the emergence of tic disorders. In this study, we targeted to explore role of neurotrophic factors in tic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate serum Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) levels in patients with tic disorder and healthy controls. Methods: Thirty-four children, constituted the case group, were diagnosed with tic disorder. The control group included 34 healthy children. Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) (structured interview) and Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSRS) was applied to the patients. NGF and GDNF levels were measured with ELISA kit. Results: In case group, serum NGF and GDNF levels were found to be significantly higher in females than males (p = 0.042, p = 0.031). It was determined that serum NGF and GDNF levels were correlated with each other (r = 0.803, p

Background: Recently, the number of epidemiological studies of child psychiatry has increased, but most of these studies focus on children living in city centres. Unfortunately, one-third of the gl...

INTRODUCTION: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 2–4 year olds (SDQ 2–4) is one of the best of these scales developed to screen children in early childhood for psychosocial problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of SDQ 2–4 in Turkish for the age group of 2–4 years. METHODS: The study was conducted with 159 participants. SDQ 2–4 Parent and BITSEA scales were applied to parents. Patients whose scores were detected to be at risk were referred to the hospital and a clinical interview was performed. RESULTS: Chronbach alpha value for total difficulties scale was 0.80. Total difficulties score of the SDQ was positively correlated with the BITSEA/P score, and negatively correlated with the BITSEA/C score. Prosocial Behaviors score of SDQ was positively correlated with BITSEA/C while it was negatively correlated with BITSEA/P. In all scales of SDQ that identified the problem, the scores of the participants with clinical diagnosis were significantly higher than the scores of the participants not diagnosed. The cut-off value for total difficulties scale was calculated as 10 with 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity. CONCLUSION: The SDQ 2–4 scale is valid and reliable in the Turkish language.

Amac: Triple X sendromu (47, XXX), kadinlarda ekstra bir X kromozomunun varligi ile karakterize, 1/1.000 kiside bir gorulen bir sendromdur. Trizomi X, degisken siddette bilissel ve davranissal ozelliklerle karakterize bir kromozomal hastaliktir. Bu olgu sunumunda; Triple X sendromlu ve direncli sizofreni tanisi alan 16 yasinda bir vaka sunuyoruz. Genetik sendromlarin psikiyatrik problemlerin tedavisinde tedaviye direncle iliskili olabilecegi ve bu nedenle tedaviye direncli olgularda genetik analizlerin mutlaka yapilmasi gerektigi goz onunde bulundurulmalidir.

This study aimed to compare the effects of interactive and non-interactive videos concerning the autism spectrum disorder on medical students’ achievement. It also evaluated the relation between the interactive videos’ interactivity and the students’ decision-making process. It used multiple methods, including quantitative and qualitative methods. The participants were 60 medical students, divided into two groups. One group watched an interactive video while the other watched a non-interactive video. Pre- and post-tests were used to evaluate the students’ relevant achievements in each group. Moreover, a think-aloud protocol was used to evaluate the decision-making process of the group who watched the interactive video. The pre- and post-test results indicated an increase in the achievements of students in the tested groups. Students who watched the interactive video were found to be more successful. Finally, watching interactive videos was shown to positively affect medical students’ decision-maki...

The recent main focus of the researches on Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is on identifying behavioral phenotypes. For this purpose, neuroanatomical factors have recently become a focus. This study aimed to investigate whether the individuals diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder differ from healthy individuals in terms of facial anthropometric measurements. Forty children, diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, were included in the study as the case group, and forty healthy children were included in the study as the control group. Two photographs were taken from the facial region, and anthropometric measurements were performed using the computer program “Image J” in the computer environment. It was found that a strong relationship between Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and nasal width, ear length and upper face debt length. The results obtained from the research support the knowledge that there is a close relationship between the forebrain development process and the facial development process during the embryonic development process.

Introduction Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for 2-4 year olds (SDQ 2-4) is one of the best of these scales developed to screen children in early childhood for psychosocial problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of SDQ 2-4 in Turkish for the age group of 2-4 years. Methods The study was conducted with 159 participants. SDQ 2-4 Parent and BITSEA scales were applied to parents. Patients whose scores were detected to be at risk were referred to the hospital and a clinical interview was performed. Results Chronbach alpha value for total difficulties scale was 0.80. Total difficulties score of the SDQ was positively correlated with the BITSEA/P score, and negatively correlated with the BITSEA/C score. Prosocial Behaviors score of SDQ was positively correlated with BITSEA/C while it was negatively correlated with BITSEA/P. In all scales of SDQ that identified the problem, the scores of the participants with clinical diagnosis were significantly higher than the scores of the participants not diagnosed. The cut-off value for total difficulties scale was calculated as 10 with 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Conclusion The SDQ 2-4 scale is valid and reliable in the Turkish language.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease, which can be triggered by anticholinergic agents. The 6-year-old female patient was admitted to the outpatient clinic. She was had been previously diagnosed with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder and was receiving short-acting methylphenidate and risperidone, as recommended by a child psychiatrist. However, after using the drugs, she stated that she was overly tired during the day and that her eyelids drooped. Hence, the current treatment was stopped. She was hospitalized with a prediagnosis of ocular type MG and pyridostigmine (90 mg/day) treatment was started. The patient recovered and subsequently the treatment was stopped. Since psychiatric symptoms of the patient resurfaced, long-acting methylphenidate treatment was initiated. During this treatment, the symptoms of MG did not return. The Naranjo's scale of adverse drug reaction probability was completed. Consequently, there may be an association between risperidone and MG.

Introduction Dental caries and poor oral hygiene are among the major childhood public health problems. Although dental research frequently refers to the link between these conditions and behavioural issues, little attention has been paid to understanding the reason for oral health problems from a psychiatric point of view. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between poor oral health and hygiene and parental attitudes towards child rearing, parents' and children's oral hygiene behaviours, and childhood psychiatric disorders. Material and methods This study included 323 children aged 3-15 years. Decayed, missing, filled and decayed, extracted, filled indices, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Parent Attitude Research Instrument were used in the study. Results We found that the subjects' hyperactivity/inattention scores were positively correlated with poor oral health (p = 0.001) and heavy cariogenic food consumption (p = 0.040). Tooth brushing frequency was found to be significantly lower in children who have a risk for conduct/oppositional disorders than in their non-problematic peers (p = 0.001). Conclusions Dental health and oral hygiene behaviours have close links with psychiatric disorders and psychosocial issues. Improving cooperation between child psychiatrists and dentists seems to be important in the prevention of paediatric dental problems.

Vitamin D3 has long been known to affect the skeletal system and mineral metabolism. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the effects of vitamin D3 on different systems. The re...

Chronotype refers to the time of the day that a person's physical and cognitive functions are active. Simply this is a circadian phase preference of a person. While some of the people are morning active (so called larks) others are more active at nights (The owls). The study of circadian rhythms, known as chronobiology, is all about the metabolic and psychiatric differences between people who have different chronotypes. A few tests are used to determine chronotypes. The CCTQ (Children's Chronotype Questionnaire) is a parent-report, 27-item mixed format questionnaire measuring chronotype of children in multiple domains : the midsleep point on free days (MSF), a morningness/eveningness scale(M/E) score, and a five-point chronotype (CT) score. The aim of this study is adapting Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ) into Turkish language and validating the instrument in Turkish population.101 children aged nine through eighteen constitude the sample of the study. The sample was composed of clinical (n=51) and community groups (n=50). CCTQ and Morningness Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) questionnaires were applied to children and parents, then the CCTQ and MESC scores were compared to examine the validity of CCTQ.The internal consistency and external validity of the Turkish CCTQ was sufficient to compare MESC-Turkish. As a result of this research carried out in accordance with methodological research principles, correlation between the M/E scores of CCTQ and MESC was significant.The Turkish version of CCTQ has been found to be valid and reliable in Turkish children.Kronotip, kişinin fiziksel ve bilişsel olarak günün aktif olduğu dönemini ifade eder. Basitçe kişinin sirkadiyan döngü seçimidir. Kronobiyoloji olarak bilinen sirkadiyen faz çalışmalarını, kronotipler arasındaki farkları ortaya koyar: Güvercinler (Sabahçılar) ve Baykuşlar (Akşamcılar). Kronotipleri belirlemek için mevcut birkaç test kullanılmaktadır. ÇDKA (Çocukluk Dönemi Kronotip Anketi), aile tarafından doldurulan, karışık formatta 27 sorudan oluşan, bir çok alanı sorgulayan, çocukların kronotipini belirlemeye yardımcı olan bir formdur. Boş günlerdeki ortalama uyku miktarını (MSF), Sabahlık/Akşamlık skorunu (M/E) ve kronotip skorunu (CT) belirler. Bu araştırmanın amacı Çocukluk Dönemi Kronotip Anketini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve Türk popülasyonuna geçerli bir materyal kazandırmaktır.Çalışmanın örneklemini yaşları dokuz ve onsekiz arasında değişen 101 çocuk oluşturdu. Örneklem klinik (n=51) ve toplum grubu (n=50) olmak üzere iki gruptan meydana geldi. ÇDKA ve MESC (Çocuklara Yönelik Günlük Ritim Belirleme Ölçeği) anketleri çocuklara ve ebeveynlerine uygulandı, sonrasında ÇDKA’nın geçerliliğini test etmek için ÇDKA ve MESC skorları karşılaştırıldı.Türkçe ÇDKA’nın iç tutarlılığı ve dış geçerliliği, MESCTürkçe’yle karşılaştırılıdığında yeterli seviyedeydi. Çalışmamızda ÇDKA ve MESC formları sonucu elde edilen M/E skorlarının korelasyonu anlamlı olarak saptandı.Türkçe ÇDKA’nın Türk çocukları için geçerli ve güvenilir bir anket olduğu saptanmıştır.

GOKCEN, CEM/0000-0003-3824-5890; Topal, Zehra/0000-0001-8397-5636; Tural, Umit/0000-0002-1593-2180; Unal, Fatih/0000-0001-8386-9884; Acikel, Burak/0000-0002-8964-9513; Erden, Semih/0000-0002-7723-9584; Kilic, Birim Gunay/0000-0002-4566-2564; Ucar, Halit Necmi/0000-0002-2706-7454; CELIK, GONCA/0000-0001-6101-0796; Gunes, Serkan/0000-0002-8247-2145; Isik, Umit/0000-0001-6006-3247; Coskun, Murat/0000-0002-4808-5870; Tufan, ALI EVREN/0000-0001-5207-6240; Donmez, Yunus Emre/0000-0002-7785-2805; Ceri, Veysi/0000-0001-6152-0227; Uzun, Necati/0000-0003-3381-2331; Hesapcioglu, Selma Tural/0000-0002-4816-0228; Kandemir, Hasan/0000-0002-1138-4973; Gormez, Vahdet/0000-0002-2704-9520 WOS: 000439557000070 PubMed: 29936389 Aim: To determine the prevalence of affective disorders in Turkey among a representative sample of Turkish population. Methods: This study was conducted as a part of the "The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychopathology in Turkey" (EPICPAT-T) Study, which was designed by the Turkish Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The inclusion criterion was being a student between the second and fourth grades in the schools assigned as study centers. The assessment tools used were the K-SADS-PL, and a sociodemographic form that was designed by the authors. Impairment was assessed via a 3 point-Likert type scale independently rated by a parent and a teacher. Results: A total of 5842 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of affective disorders was 2.5 % without considering impairment and 1.6 % when impairment was taken into account. In our sample, the diagnosis of bipolar disorder was lacking, thus depressive disorders constituted all the cases. Among depressive disorders with impairment, major depressive disorder (MDD) (prevalence of 1.06%) was the most common, followed by dysthymia (prevalence of 0.2%), adjustment disorder with depressive features (prevalence of 0.17%), and depressive disorder-NOS (prevalence of 0.14%). There were no statistically significant gender differences for depression. Maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness were predictors of affective disorders with pervasive impairment. Conclusion: MDD was the most common depressive disorder among Turkish children in this nationwide epidemiological study. This highlights the severe nature of depression and the importance of early interventions. Populations with maternal psychopathology and paternal physical illness may be the most appropriate targets for interventions to prevent and treat depression in children and adolescents.

The use of digitalmaterials is very popular in educational areas. Students have also considereddigital materials used in educational areas are useful in terms of supportingeffective learning. Recently, interaction has been added to improve effect ofthese materials. Interaction in digital materials can be defined as an elementthat enables the learners to control the material used and helps to activatethe cognitive processes. It is seen thatinteractive videos are effective about learning and engagement than videos inmany studies. In this study, it is aimed to examine the experiences andcognitive processes of students about interaction types used in digitalmaterials according to interaction types. Case study from qualitative researchmethods was used in this study. The sample of research consists of 36 studentsat Medical Faculty in Ataturk University. Students were asked to useinteractive material during research process. Interaction Types EvaluationQuestionnaire was conducted to evaluate interaction types. The experiencesabout usage and benefits of interaction types were also obtained from thestudents with the help of think-aloud protocol. The data obtained from questionnairewere subjected to descriptive analysis, the data obtained from the think-aloudprotocol were subjected to content analysis. Consequently, it has been foundthat the interaction types in interactive materials are beneficial for decisionmaking and remembrance. It is come out that navigating interaction type isliked by students mostly. Dialoguing interaction type has seemed to bebeneficial for acting mental processes of students., Tüm eğitim alanlarında dijital materyallerinkullanılması oldukça popülerdir. Öğrenciler de bu alanlarda kullanılan dijitalmateryallerin etkili öğrenmeyi destekleme açısından faydalı olduğunudüşünmektedirler. Son zamanlarda bu materyallere, etkiyi artırmak amacıylaetkileşim özelliği eklenmektedir. Dijital materyallerdeki etkileşim, kullanılanmateryal ile ilgili kullanıcıya kontrol şansı veren ve kullanıcıların bilişselsüreçlerini aktifleştirmelerine yardım eden bir bileşen olaraktanımlanmaktadır. Etkileşimli videolar ile ilgili çalışmalara bakıldığında, buvideoların, öğrenme ve ilgi çekme açısından etkileşimiz olanlara nazaran dahaetkili olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise öğrencilerin dijital materyallerdekullanılan etkileşim türlerine yönelik bilişsel süreçlerinin ve deneyimlerinin incelenmesiamaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışmasınayer verilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Atatürk Üniversitesi TıpFakültesi’nde öğrenim gören 36 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sürecindeöğrencilerden, etkileşimli bir materyali kullanmaları istenmiş ve onlara materyaldekietkileşim türleri ile ilgili etkileşim türlerini değerlendirme anketi uygulanmıştır.Ayrıca öğrencilerden bu etkileşim türlerinin kullanım ve faydalarına yönelikgörüşler, sesli düşünme protokolü yardımıyla alınmıştır. Elde edilen anketsonuçları betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Sesli düşünme protokolünden eldeedilen veriler ise içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; etkileşimlivideolarda yer alan etkileşim türlerinin karar verme, akılda kalıcılığı sağlamakonularında fayda sağladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca videolarda en çok yönlendirmeetkileşiminin beğenildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Diyalog kurma etkileşiminin isezihinsel süreçleri harekete geçirdiği için faydalı bulunduğu görülmüştür.

Work in the field of sexual abuse is extremely stressful and may arouse negative personal reactions. Although these secondary trauma effects are well described on a personal level, there is not enough evidence to understand whether these professionals carry these effects to their homes, families, and offspring. This study aims to identify the effects of working with child abuse cases on the anxiety level and parenting styles of childhood trauma workers and on their children's well-being. A total of 43 health and legal system workers who worked with abused children in any step of their process and who had children constituted the study group, and 50 control cases, each working in the same institution and having the same occupation as 1 of the participants from the study group and having children but not working directly with children and child abuse cases, were included in the study. Participants were asked to fill out a sociodemographic form, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and an age-appropriate form of the Child Behavior Checklist for each child they had. Professionals in the study working with child abuse cases demonstrated significantly higher democratic parenting attitudes. Law enforcement workers working with child abuse cases demonstrated stricter and more authoritarian parenting strategies, as well as more democratic attitudes, than their colleagues. There was not a statistically significant relationship between child abuse workers' anxiety level and their children's well-being among control subjects.

Objective: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the effects of Vitamin D on cognitive development and autism. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between autism, cognitive developmental delay and behavioral problems. We also aimed to examine the possible mechanisms of interaction between nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels.Methods: Sixty-four toddlers with developmental delay participated in the study. In the initial assessment, the cases were subjected to a psychiatric examination and developmental tests. Vitamin D, GDNF, and NGF levels were observed. Patients who had low vitamin D levels received replacement treatment. Six months later, the same measures were repeated.Results: Significant progress in autistic symptoms and development scores were determined for the group receiving vitamin D replacement. A negative correlation was found between vitamin D levels and NGF levels. Development scores and GDNF levels were ...

Area of specialty preferences of forensic authorities in forensic psychiatric evaluation requests: a university hospital experience Objective: In this study, we aimed to find the relevant factors of forensic medicine, child and adolescent psychiatry, and psychiatry fields’ preferences in the forensic psychiatric assessment requests of forensic authorities. Method: Case records which are consulted to Erzurum Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry Departments between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2010 were assessed retrospectively. Results: Of the 330 cases who were assessed, 54.2% (n=179) were male, 45.8% (n=151) were female, 54.8% were (n=181) child and adolescent, and 45.2% (n=149) were adult. In the light of our results, forensic authorities noticed the difference of choice between forensic medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry when consulting child and adolescent cases. Besides there was no difference for the choice between forensic medicine and psychiatry in the forensic psychiatric evaluation of adult cases. Discussion: It is thought that interdisciplinary approach which was formed by developing law practices of specialty area choice in the forensic psychiatric evaluation requests of forensic authorities is an important step for achieving accurate results. Conclusion: Evaluations in the area of forensic psychiatry should be made with cooperation of related disciplines.

The research was conducted to determine the posttraumatic stress symptoms seen in children within the 3 month period after the Van earthquake in Turkey. The research was conducted between December 2011 and January 2012 with the earthquake survivor children in the 7-12 age group living in the tent city built in the central area of Van. The research data were collected by the researcher using the Childhood Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI) and a questionnaire prepared by the researchers that contained questions on some information about the earthquake and on sociodemographic characteristics.It was found out that 8.6% (26) of the children had mild symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 19.7% (60) of the children had moderate symptoms of PTSD, 47.7% (145) of the children had severe symptoms of PTSD and 24.0% (73) of the children had very severe symptoms of PTSD. Furthermore, a significant difference (P

The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of victims, parents, and accused or suspected child abusers, and to evaluate the conditions that constitute the risk factors for children falling victim to sexual abuse in Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Personal data files of 63 victims of child sexual abuse were analyzed and compared with 201 individuals in a control group. The children’s age, gender, educational level, number of siblings, and the nature of the event they experienced, were all examined. In addition, parents’ educational and economic levels; and parents’ relationship, were also evaluated. Of the victims 66.7% were female (n=42), while the average age of the victims was 14.2 years. A total of 52.4% (n=33) of the victims were exposed to major crime, and 47.6% (n=30) were exposed to simple sexual activity. Risk factors for children who were exposed to sexual abuse were parental conflict, low educational level of the father, non-working father, low economic level of the family, and crowded family. Domestic violence negatively affects family members, especially children, and is a main risk factor for children becoming victims of abuse. [Med-Science 2014; 3(1.000): 1046-53]

Cocuklukta gorulen ruhsal bozukluklarin bircogu ilk bulgularini okul yillarinda vermektedir. Ulkemizde okulda gorulen sorun davranislar genellikle okul ici disiplin yontemleriyle halledilmeye calisilmakta ve bu davranisa neden olabilecek faktorler gozardi edilebilmektedir. Bu yaklasim disiplinler arasi yardimlasmayi da engellemekte kolaylikla tedavi edilebilecek bozukluklara bagli bulgular cozumlenemeyecek okul sorunlari haline gelebilmektedir. Bu gozden gecirmede okul doneminde gorulebilecek sorun davranislarin norobiyolojik ve psikososyal nedenlerinin irdelenmesi, davranisla ilisikili olabilecek ruhsal bozukluklarin gozden gecirilmesi, sorun davranislara yonelik ulkemizdeki mevcut uygulamalar ve dunyadaki yaklasim modellerinin tartisilmasi amaclanmistir.

A possible cause of secondary traumas for children in justice system of Turkey: attitudes of prosecutors and judges Objective: Inappropriate procedures or settings may cause secondary traumas in children and adolescents who are involved in justice systems. For improving the quality of assessments and preventing court-induced traumas, it is necessary to determine the existing problems. The aim of this study was to examine the problems with forensic assessments of children and adolescents, their causes, and possible solutions from the prosecutors’ and judges’ points of view. We also aimed to determine the collaboration problems from the legal authorities’ perspective. Method: The present study was conducted in the City of Erzurum, which is one of the metropolitan cities of Turkey. Thirty-five prosecutors and 14 judges filled out a questionnaire assessing their problems in child assessments. Results: The results indicate that 87.8% of the prosecutors and judges had difficulties at child assessments but none of the participants had an education on child evaluation in law school while only 18.4% participated a post-graduate education program. 61.2% of the respondents indicated that there were problems in the application of the current law. Conclusion: Court induced trauma is a challenging issue for child and adolescent psychiatry. The skills of legal authorities on child evaluations and their cooperation with mental health professionals may directly influence the quality of legal processes. Vocational training programs, creation of direct channels to reach the mental health specialists, and reorganizing the faculty of law education programs may be useful in terms of prevention.