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Лапароскопічні хірургічні технології при операціях на черевній порожнині з кожним роком зміцнюють свої позиції, особливо при планових хірургічних втручаннях, зменшують травматизацію пацієнта та термін його перебування у стаціонарі. Але техніка лапароскопічних втручань передбачає не фізіологічне для пацієнта положення на операційному столі (особливо при тривалих операціях), використання пневмоперитонеуму із залученням вуглекислого газу. Пневмоперитонеум створює підвищений тиск на діафрагму, порушує венозне повернення крові та може створити інші неприємні ситуації. Абсолютного протипоказання до лапароскопічної хірургії немає, хоча нам слід передбачати можливі проблеми при таких станах, як ожиріння, вагітність та попередні операції на черевній порожнині. Метою застосування лапароскопічної техніки є зменшення травматизації хірургічного втручання, а неправильна оцінка її можливостей у пацієнтів високого ризику може призвести до серйозних ускладнень. Анестезіологам слід ретельно враховувати всі ризики, що супроводжують лапароскопічну техніку, взаємодіяти з хірургами для зменшення ризику ускладнень, постійно моніторувати стан хворого та обирати сучасні методи анестезії. Мета цієї роботи — узагальнити найкращі наявні докази та усталену практику щодо пері-операційного лікування при лапароскопічних втручаннях на черевній порожнині.

Although surgical procedures have been occurring as early at 6500 BC, the modern sense of the operating room (OR) did not exist until more recently. As aseptic techniques and surgical procedures began to evolve, so too did the OR table. The OR table began to transition from a static, wooden table to a dynamic table with the ability to position patients for a variety of procedures. With the advent of intraoperative imaging for orthopaedic procedures, OR tables have adapted and allow for imaging of bony anatomy by using radiolucent materials. These changes have led to the development of numerous OR tables, each with their own sets of advantages and disadvantages. There is currently no summary of the development, indications, benefits, and disadvantages of the various OR tables available to orthopaedic surgeons in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of orthopaedic operating tables for both the junior orthopaedic resident and experienced attending surgeon.

Cases of blood cysts of the spleen are extremely rare on the operating table (Finkelstein could collect only 28 such cases from the literature), even more rare on the sectional table (only 3 cases in Finkelstein) and exquisite-rare, in the order of correct preliminary recognition.

Direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty (DAA THA) has gained significant popularity in the last decade as it is a muscle-sparing procedure. Modern techniques for DAA THA utilize both a standard operating table and an orthopedic traction table. As the use of an orthopedic traction table shows technical ease and predictability, this article will focus on the use of the orthopedic table or table extension to facilitate DAA THA. Primary or secondary arthritis requiring THA; revision surgery—both acetabular and femoral. Posterior wall hardware requiring removal; posterior mass (tumor) to be removed at surgery: large, overhanging pannus; need for gluteal tendon reconstruction; anterior skin envelope not conducive to DAA. The incision is made over the tensor fascia latae. Capsulotomy is performed exposing the hip joint. After osteotomy of the femoral neck, traction is placed on the leg utilizing the orthopedic table and the head is removed. The acetabular cup is inserted. Traction, flexion, and internal reduction are used simultaneously while directing the femoral head into the acetabulum. In a meta-analysis, operative time (100 vs. 71 min), blood loss (531 vs. 382 ml), and intraoperative fracture rate (1.7 vs. 1.3%) were increased in the traction table cohort. All other complications and outcome measurements were the same. Traction-table related complications such as pudendal nerve palsy and ankle fractures were not found. An assessment of the senior author’s initial 855 DAA THAs (2008–2014) showed a mean operative time of 65 min with a mean blood loss of 238 ml. Operative times decreased to average 56 min. Intraoperative fracture rate was 0.8%. Infection rate was 2.1%. Finally, 1.5% femoral implants did not osseointegrate and required revision after an average of 3.0 years.

Objective To describe our technique of robot-assisted synchronous bilateral nephrectomy (RASBN) for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Methods Given prior abdominal surgery/transplant in most patients, we prefer an open cut-down access to place a 12 mm port 10 cm infraumbilically. Four (8 mm) robotic ports are then placed under vision in a fan distribution along the umbilical level. The operating table is placed in reverse Trendelenburg and tilted opposite to the targeted side. Provided there are no concerns for malignancy, some cysts encountered in large kidneys (>2.5 L) may require puncture, to facilitate access and mobilization. The resected kidney is placed in a large bag and tucked in the pelvis. A similar procedure is carried out on the contralateral side after redocking the robot and tilting the table in the opposite direction. The specimen bags are extracted by elongating the lower midline 12 mm port site. Results Seven cases of RASBN performed for ADPKD were identified (December 2015 to December 2018). Median (interquartile range, IQR) values for patient demographics were: Age = 59 years (47-63), body mass index = 29 (26-32), and American Society of Anaesthesiology grade = 3. Three patients had prior deceased- and 4 had prior living- donor transplants. Indication for nephrectomy were: pain (5), hemorrhage into cysts (3), and renal masses (2). Perioperative outcomes were: operating room time = 388 minutes, estimated blood loss = 200 mL, hemoglobin change = 1.3 g/dL, transfusion = 0, length of hospital stay = 3 days, Grade I Clavien-Dindo complications = 2 cases. All patients were alive at a median follow-up of 3.8 years. Conclusion RASBN is safe and effective in ADPKD even in the context of prior renal transplant patients with attendant comorbidities.

A one year 3 month old child undergoing fronto-orbital advancement surgery for metopic craniosynostosis had severe bleeding when the surgeon attempted to remove bone flap. Head-end elevation was given at the surgeon’s request to reduce bleeding. Immediately there was a drastic fall in end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and arterial saturation (SpO2). Considering air embolism, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was increased to 100% and the surgeon filled the field with saline and covered the area with wet gauze. The operating table was leveled. The child continued to deteriorate with the cardiac rhythm changing to pulseless electrical activity and asystole. Incremental bolus doses of adrenaline, blood products transfusion, fluid bolus and infusion of inotropes were given. Chest compression was not done as the endotracheal tube was fixed to the chest of the patient. Tube dislodgement without access to the head-end of the patient would have been a disaster. The child became hemodynamically stable, the surgery continued and the child was extubated the next day. Other than focal seizures which responded to levetiracetam, the child had no neurological deficits. Keywords: Air embolism, Cardiac arrest, Craniosynostosis, Pulseless electrical activity.

Purpose of Review With the rapid growth and development of robotic technology, its implementation in medical fields has also been significantly increasing, with the transition from the period of mainly using surgical robots to the era with combinations of multiple types of robots. Therefore, this paper introduces the newest robotic systems and technology applied in operating rooms as well as their architectures for integration. Recent Findings Besides surgical robots, other types of robotic devices and machines such as diagnostic and treatment devices with robotic operating tables, robotic microscopes, and assistant robots for surgeons emerge one after another, improving the quality of surgery from different aspects. With the increasing number and type of robots, their integration platforms are also proposed and being spread. Summary This review paper presents state-of-the-art robot-related technology in the operating room. Robotic platforms and robot components which appeared in the last decade are described. In addition, system architectures for the integration of robots as well as other devices in operating rooms are also introduced and compared.

Patient positioning during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures has received minimal attention compared with surgical procedures performed in the surgical setting. However, prolonged endoscopic interventions on patients and the increasing requirement for general anesthesia have changed to need for patient positioning guidelines. The objective of this study was to test whether patient positioning guidelines for surgical procedures in surgical suites are suitable for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures without negatively impacting safety and procedure duration. This was an observational feasibility study with volunteers of different body mass index categories. Volunteers were positioned in supine, lateral, and prone positions on an operating table and thereafter on an endoscopy stretcher and asked for comfort levels. Except for arm and head positioning in lateral and prone positions, it was possible to replicate the patient positioning guidelines. Alternative options were explored for the positioning of arms and head to optimize oral access. Besides minor adjustments, we were able to replicate the positioning guidelines and adhere to pressure and nerve injury prevention guidelines. Concept endoscopic patient positioning guidelines were developed. It is recommended to review the "swimmer's" position. Endoscopic patient positioning guidelines should become part of the National Practice Standards and education curriculum of endoscopy nurses.

At least 1 in 10 patients develop intraoperative pressure ulcers (PUs). The specific rigid (bio)mechanical constraints that apply in the operation room (OR) and which are unique to this clinical environment, including the inability to periodically reposition patients during surgery and the need to use a ‘stable’ support surface with relatively stiff padding materials lead to soft tissue exposure to extreme conditions of sustained tissue deformations and stress concentrations due to bodyweight forces. Accordingly, the risk of intraoperative PUs, which are triggered and driven by a sustained cell and tissue deformation/stress exposure, is especially high on the operating table (OT). Importantly, the basic OT and OT pad designs are simple and have changed very little over at least a century. The available OT pads, in particular, did not evolve despite the well-known and documented risk for PUs among surgical patients. This article reviews the relevant biomechanical studies published by the author and his research group with respect to the extents of tissue deformations expected on the OT at the body regions which are most susceptible to intraoperative PUs, namely the sacral region and the posterior aspects of the heels. These are the body sites which transfer considerable bodyweight forces in a supine position and contain relatively ‘sharp’ bony prominences compressing relatively thin soft tissue structures, as evident by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies conducted by the author and his team, as reviewed here. The results reported in this article further highlight the roles of OT pad and positioner materials in reducing localized tissue deformations and thereby, in lowering the risk of intraoperative PUs.

Alloplastic replacement of temporomandibular joint is the preferred treatment for temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. These patients exhibit neck rigidity due to fixed flexion deformity or fusion of vertebrae that make the intubation and surgical positioning of patients difficult and challenging. Chin on the chest makes tracheostomy almost impossible. Fiberoptic-assisted intubation is recommended. It is mandatory that no neck flexion or rotation is performed during intubation or surgical positioning. The use of an operating table that permits lateral tilt is recommended for surgical positioning. 15-20-degrees tilt of table or a lateral positioning of the patient, can provide sufficient neck support and reduce the chances of lateral neck rotation or neck flexion. Improper positioning may result in readjusting the patient's neck repeatedly during operative procedure. This may cause serious neurological injury. Minimal documentation exists for proper and secure positioning of the patient for bilateral alloplastic joint replacement in AS patients. The authors present a case of bilateral TMJA in AS patient who was managed successfully by awake fiberoptic intubation and lateral positioning for alloplastic total joint replacement (TJR).

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to evaluate orthopedic surgeons’ exposure to occupational radiation doses from scattering using a mobile flat panel C-arm X-ray machine at different standing positions during an intraoperative pedicle screw implantation. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the radiation dose received by medical staff, by applying flat X-ray machine in surgical room during an intraoperative pedicle screw implantation. METHODS: A mobile flat-panel C-arm X-ray machine at a dedicated orthopedic operating room was used to image an anthropomorphic female phantom which was set in a prone position on the operating table. The X-ray was projected horizontally, and 1 minute continuous fluoroscopy was used for lumbar spine and thoracolumbar spine during pedicle screw implantation. Scattering radiation doses to orthopedic surgeons were measured at different standing positions and body heights (50, 100, 150 cm above the ground) with and without limited collimations. RESULTS: The dose area product (DAP) in this experiment is normalized as 343 μGy⋅m2. In the four areas, the lowest scattered radiation measured by DF is 11.2 vs. 0.7 μSv, outside and inside the lead suit, respectively, with or without restricted field, 150 cm above the ground, and the lowest scattered radiation dose inside the lead suit. It is 1.3 vs. 0.5 μSv. Comparing the highest dose of the TF at with the lowest dose of the DF, the average result is 73.7 vs. 11.1 μSv, P< 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Using a mobile flat-panel C-arm X-ray machine during a pedicle screw implantation, the minimum scattering radiation to surgeons was found to be at the terminal DF area based on the analysis of the scattering doses orthopedic surgeons were exposed to.

The spatial considerations of operating rooms (ORs) are evolving frequently to keep pace with the scientific development of surgical procedures. The study utilizes a comparative approach to specify the differences between the dimensional and spatial considerations of equipping standard ORs that introduced significant technological improvements and hybrid ORs that integrate developed imaging equipment within the surgical environment. For example, operating tables offer a wide range of tilting angles and a radiolucent surface to pass-through x-rays in the hybrid OR, while the articulating arms of ceiling-mounted booms need enough space to move freely within the OR and suitable load capacity to hold various medical utilities. On the other hand, devices such as anesthesia and heart-lung machines are placed near the patient to provide the required medical support, while imaging equipment in hybrid ORs such as the C-arm require specific spatial considerations for ergonomic workflows. Ultimately, spatial considerations of hybrid ORs are similar to standard ORs with unique intraoperative imaging technologies.

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine contamination from otolaryngologic procedures involving high speed drilling, specifically mastoid surgery, and to assess the adequacy of PPE in such procedures. Design and setting Mastoid surgery was simulated in a dry laboratory using a plastic temporal bone, microscope and hand held drill with irrigation and suction. Comparisons of distance of droplet and bone dust contamination and surgeon contamination were made under differing conditions. Irrigation speed, use of microscope and drill burr size and type were compared. Main outcome measures Measurement of the distance of field contamination whilst performing simulated mastoidectomy and location of surgeon contamination. Results There was a greater distance field contamination and surgeon contamination without the use of the microscope. Contamination was reduced by using a smaller drill burr and by using a diamond burr when compared to a cutting burr. The use of goggles and a face mask provided good protection for the surgeon however the microscope alone may provide sufficient protection to negate the need for goggles. Conclusions While the risks of performing mastoid surgery during the coronavirus pandemic cannot be completely removed, they can be mitigated. Such factors include using the microscope for all drilling, using smaller size drill burrs and creating a safe zone around the operating table.

Purpose Compartment syndrome that occurs after lengthy surgery in the lithotomy position is known as well-leg compartment syndrome. It has serious consequences for patients, including amyotrophic renal failure, limb loss, and sometimes even death. This study aimed to identify effective preventive measures against well-leg compartment syndrome using a retrospective cohort study of 1,951 patients (985 and 966 in the prevention and control groups, respectively). Material and methods The following preventive interventions were analyzed: (1) changing from the lithotomy position to the open-leg position, (2) removing lower leg pressure caused by the lithotomy position, (3) limiting leg elevation based on the height of the right atrium, (4) horizontally repositioning the operating table every 3 hours, and (5) decompressing the contact area of the lower leg in the lithotomy position during operation. Results Eight cases of well-leg compartment syndrome occurred in the control group, whereas no well-leg compartment syndrome occurred in the prevention group. Conclusion These findings suggest that the five interventions assessed can prevent the development of well-leg compartment syndrome.

The following article deals with the transport of air particles with a size of 0.5 μm in a clean room environment, specifically the operating room. An important factor in determining the degree of cleanliness of the considered space is the concentration of air particles of a certain size in a reserved space called the clean zone. In this article we deal with the transport and concentration of these particles in the clean zone, above the operating table, and their change due to the effect of different volume flow through the drainage distribution elements. The concentration rate and particle motion are simulated using ANSYS software.

Introduction: Most of the hip fractures are managed in supine position on a fracture table with foot attached to foot plates and biplanar fluoroscopy supervision under c-arm. But this procedure has its own difficulties in managing especially comminuted subtrochanteric fractures, where in different fragments and segments are being pulled by strong muscles around hip, and getting good reduction and alignment is difficult due to displaced bony fragments being held in traction on fracture table and cannot be manipulated easily. This leads to prolonged operative time, opening of fracture site, increased bleeding, increased chances of infection and over all increased anaesthesia time adding up to risk factors. The purpose of this study was to report how these difficulties can be overcome by operating on a simple radioluscent top operating table in lateral position without a fracture table. Materials and Methods: 74 cases of subtrochanteric fractures with or without comminution were operated in lateral position on simple ordinary radioluscent top table with lesser attachments and adjustments to operating table during the study duration were included in the study. We used long Proximal Femur Nail (PFN) (length more than 25cms 34, 36, 38, 40cms long) to fix these fractures. Results: In the present study, age group of patients was 25yrs to 74yrs. Male patients (83.7%) were more than female patients (16.3%) An average of less than 150 ml in closed surgery. The average operative time for all cases was 80 minutes. Union time varied from 16 weeks in simple fractures to 26 weeks in comminuted fractures. Clinical function of hip and knee was excellent with full range of movements. Conclusions: Reduction and fixation of proximal femoral fractures in the lateral position with fluoroscopy or portable radiography in the anteroposterior view for small set ups and rural hospitals that lack a fracture table or advanced fluoroscopic devices may be executable and probably safe. Keywords: L

More than a century has passed since the death of the great German surgeon Christian Albert Theodor Billroth. Despite such an impressive time, he is still widely known in the surgical community as the founder of gastric surgery, whose results of many years of work have largely influenced the development of abdominal surgery in the XIX-XX centuries. This person combined the features of a talented surgeon, teacher and organizer in equal measure. Thanks to strict adherence to aseptic rules, Theodor Billroth was the first to begin surgical interventions in anatomical areas, previously considered«forbidden» due to the high frequency of purulent-septic complications. Over the seven years he spent as head of the Zurich surgical clinic, the Billroth contributed to its significant expansion and modernization. He first introduced into the clinical practice statistics of surgical interventions and their results, thereby taking another step from the surgical craft to art and science. Being a versatile person, one of the brightest personality traits of Theodore Billroth was artistry, which was equally manifested both at the operating table and at the piano keyboard, because he, among other things, was a gifted pianist and violinist. In his life and work, he did not oppose science and art. As a scientist-innovator, professor Billroth was the first to perform successful interventions on organs previously considered to be inaccessible to operative effects, thus opening a fundamentally new page in the history of abdominal surgery.

Introduction. After the application of a removable prosthesis, adaptation is one of the most difficult periods for the patient. This period is especially pronounced in the absence of experience in using a removable prosthesis or in the presence of general somatic pathology in parallel. Acquired defects of the maxillofacial area require restoration of anatomical areas of significant volume, and the problem of adaptation to replacement constructions has become significant. The adaptive ability of the patient and oral stereognosy are closely related. Tongue muscles stimulate brain activity to improve the adaptability to removable structures. In this study, a set of special adaptive exercises was developed to increase the synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex and improve adaptability to removable prostheses. Materials and methods. The study involved patients aged 4475 years. All patients were divided into three groups: clinical control (30 people), group with acquired defects of the dentition of the maxilla (25 people), and group with acquired defects of the upper jaw after surgery (25 people). Patients in the clinical comparison group were scheduled for surgical treatment of the teeth and the imposition of immediate prostheses immediately after surgery. Immediate prostheses were made prior to surgery using a standard technique. Results. Patients of the main group with neoplasms of the maxillofacial region were planned to resect the maxilla and apply a resection prosthesis directly on the operating table. Manufacturing of resection shaping prostheses was carried out following the standard procedure. All patients underwent stereognostic testing, and the degree of the patients adaptive ability was determined. Depending on the assigned adaptive support, each group was divided into subgroups. Patients in the first subgroup were prescribed modernized functional training, and patients in the second subgroup received the main treatment without prescribing exercises. Conclusion. On the basis of the results of examination, treatment, and dynamic observation of groups of patients with acquired defects in the dentition, the adaptation support reduced the time of adaptation to new removable dentures. The results were confirmed by objective research through the stereognostic testing and subjective feelings of patients.

Background Positional pain affect the patient’s healing process after the operation. Anti-pressure positioning pads are medical products used to support the patient positioning during surgical procedures. Aims The aim of the study was to examine pain related to positioning when anti-pressure gel pads and current visoelastic sponge support options are used during orthopedic surgical cases. Design The randomized controlled experimental study. Settings The operating room of an educational research hospital. Participants/Subjects The study consisted of 100 patients (50 control group and 50 study group) undergoing surgery in a supine position. Methods Information form, McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire, and Visual Analogue Scale were used for data collection. Routine institutional policy was applied to the control group. Study group patients were additionally supported with antipressure position gel pads on the operating table. Results The rate of pain presence in areas other than the operative area was significantly lower in the patients in the study group (p = .001). The patients in the control group reported that preoperative pain in the waist area increased to unbearable levels during operation. In addition, it was noted that the “addition of the anti-pressure gel pads” resulted in study group patients being mobilized significantly early (p = .001). Conclusions The conclusion of this study demonstrated that postoperative pain related to positioning, not the surgical procedure itself, was decreased when antipressure gel pads and viscoelastic sponge support were used together. An unanticipated benefit discovered during the study was earlier mobilization of the study group compared to the control group.

Treatment of proximal femoral fractures in the supine position poses has certain challenges, especially due to difficulties in lateral imaging of the femoral neck in cases where there is no fracture table, such as prolonging the surgery time and increasing the dose of radiation exposure. The purpose of this study is to present the lateral imaging technique of the femoral neck by fluoroscopy on the conventional operating table in the treatment of proximal femoral fractures. We applied proximal femoral nail by positioning the healthy leg in a semilithotomy position to facilitate lateral imaging of the femoral neck by fluoroscopy while the patients were in the supine position.The study analyzed 22 patients (12 women, 10 men) with femoral pertrochanteric and basicervical fractures with the following types of fractures (9 patients had AO type 31-A1, 9 patients had AO type 31-A2, 4 patients had AO type 31-B2.1), and with a mean age of 62.1 years (33-75 years). The preparation time of the supine-semilithotomy position was about 2 minutes, and the reduction was finished within 9 intraoperative fluoroscopy exposure times. No patient suffered from a postoperative complication. The mean surgery time was 20 minutes (18-22 minutes), the average number of scopy shots was 8 (7-9), and the mean hospital stay duration was 2 days (2-2 days). We believe that the supine-semilithotomy technique is a suitable treatment option for proximal femoral intramedullary nailing and cannulated screw application. Since the lateral view of the femoral neck is obtained quickly and clearly with this technique, fluoroscopy does not need to be performed repeatedly, so fluoroscopy time and the number of shots are reduced, and the time spent by the patient and the surgical team in the surgery is shortened. [Med-Science 2020; 9(4.000): 1061-4]