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The closed architecture and stand-alone operation model of traditional industrial control systems limit their ability to leverage ubiquitous infrastructure resources for more flexible and intelligent development. This restriction hinders their ability to rapidly, economically, and sustainably respond to mass customization demands. Existing proposals for open and networked architectures have failed to break the vicious cycle of closed architectures and stand-alone operation models because they do not address the core issue: the tight coupling among the control, infrastructure, and actuator domains. This paper proposes a reconfigurable architecture that decouples these domains, structuring the control system across three planes: control, infrastructure, and actuator. The computer numerical control (CNC) system serves as a primary example to illustrate this reconfigurable architecture. After reviewing open and networked architectures and discussing the characteristics of this reconfigurable architecture, this paper identifies three key challenges: deterministic control functionality, the decoupling of control modules from infrastructures, and the management of control modules, infrastructures, and actuators. Each challenge is examined in detail, and potential solutions are proposed based on emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closed architecture and stand-alone operation model of traditional industrial control systems limit their ability to leverage ubiquitous infrastructure resources for more flexible and intelligent development. This restriction hinders their ability to rapidly, economically, and sustainably respond to mass customization demands. Existing proposals for open and networked architectures have failed to break the vicious cycle of closed architectures and stand-alone operation models because they do not address the core issue: the tight coupling among the control, infrastructure, and actuator domains. This paper proposes a reconfigurable architecture that decouples these domains, structuring the control system across three planes: control, infrastructure, and actuator. The computer numerical control (CNC) system serves as a primary example to illustrate this reconfigurable architecture. After reviewing open and networked architectures and discussing the characteristics of this reconfigurable architecture, this paper identifies three key challenges: deterministic control functionality, the decoupling of control modules from infrastructures, and the management of control modules, infrastructures, and actuators. Each challenge is examined in detail, and potential solutions are proposed based on emerging technologies.

A retrospective analysis of the existing operation models of complex technical systems is conducted. The paper describes the failure and degradation models of complex technical systems assuming monotonic and non-monotonic diffusion distributions, as well as a failure and degradation model of these systems assuming a three-parameter diffusion distribution. Failure and degradation models are proposed to be used together with the classical model of E. Sychev and more complex models created on its basis. In addition, a set of models representing the operation of complex technical systems was developed. The first model is designed for systems whose service life is fully recovered during repair and is described by a system of 21st-order linear algebraic equations, with four degrees (groups) of system degradation taken into account. A functional dependence of steady-state availability on the verification intervals of measuring instruments is plotted for complex technical systems from different degradation groups. Described by a system of 24th-order linear algebraic equations, the second operation model of complex technical systems, whose service life cannot be fully recovered during repair, enables the representation of the main stages in the lifecycle of a pool of complex technical systems, which includes pool upgrade through the procurement of new and modernization of existing systems. The developed operation models provide a means to calculate the optimal intervals between verifications and tolerances for the monitored parameters in different degradation groups of complex technical systems, thus ensuring maximum steady-state availability. These models can be used to classify complex technical systems in order to establish requirements for their metrological support, as well as to calculate technical and economic development indicators for a pool of such systems. The proposed models also provide the basis for a set of applied programs designed to model and optimize stages in its lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology and the increasingly obvious trend of economic globalization, cross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly against the background of the rapid development of e-commerce worldwide and with the support from all parties. Tmall Global under Alibaba Group is the most representative case currently. The operation model of cross-border e-commerce in China is still in the exploratory stage. This paper takes Tmall Global under Alibaba Group as an example to study the operation model and optimization strategies of cross-border e-commerce in China. Firstly, it outlines the relevant research and theories on operation models, as well as the operation models and innovative elements of cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Secondly, based on the discussion of China's cross-border e-commerce operation model and innovation, it analyzes the constituent elements of the cross-border e-commerce operation model. Then, through comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of Tmall Global's and Amazon's, JD's and other typical domestic and foreign cross-border e-commerce operation models, it explores the optimized development enlightenment of cross-border e-commerce operation models. Finally, it studies the development optimization strategies of China's cross-border e-commerce operation model, and elaborates from aspects such as customs clearance efficiency, policy system, cross-border logistics and credit system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of operation models for complex technical systems is considered. It is shown that the issues of optimizing systems with metrological support are not fully covered in the literature. We propose a model for managing the processes of operation and updating the fleet of measuring equipment related to several degradation groups. A functional dependence of the stationary readiness coefficient on the metrological parameters of measuring equipment is built — the intervals between certifications, relative operating tolerances for monitored parameters and relative measurement errors, as well as on organizational, technical and engineering parameters. The developed model makes it possible to calculate the optimal (rational) parameters of operation and renewal of the measuring equipment fleet. The model can be used in the classification of complex technical systems in order to set requirements for their metrological support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business incubators performance is usually examined in econometric terms rather than process functional operation, efficiency and effectiveness. The research being conducted focuses on the identification of a model describing BI operation, the points of need/provision of information as necessary to support decision-making for the management and monitoring of the system efficiency and effectiveness. One of the by-products of the conducted research has been the opportunity to suggest some metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) specifically designed to measure process operation effectiveness and efficiency (including the impact of residents' failure before or after graduation). The defined metrics and KPI address mostly the internal operation and management of a Business Incubators with the aim to maximise efficiency and effectiveness of the process while catering for residents' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business incubators (BI), accelerators (BA) and science parks (SP) are widely recognized as ways of fostering innovation and help economy growth. This paper presents a functional model describing their operation (although with a focus on BI), identifying the points of need/provision of information as necessary to support decision-making for the management and monitoring of the system efficiency and effectiveness. The proposed model may also help planning the functioning and structure of BI / BA specific Information Management System (IMS) focused on data provision for strategy and decision support. The proposed approach is aligned with the intent to maximise process efficiency and effectiveness in supporting residents as well as granting them all the functionalities of a large corporate IMS while attending the program, additionally, it offers the possibility to generate extra income by providing alumni with IMS services at cost (thus creating a new model of BI / BA which operates also as a service provider). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of power electronics can introduce flexibility into power systems, but it can also cause harmonic problems. As a typical application of power electronics, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission exhibits very prominent harmonic problems. In recent years, many HVDC protection maloperation events caused by harmonic problems have occurred in the field. The phenomena of harmonic transfer and amplification in HVDC transmission have an undeniable impact on the overall operation of a power system. Previous studies of these phenomena have relied mainly on detailed electromagnetic transient simulations. However, these simulations normally suffer from a large computational burden and low efficiency due to the complexity of the models and the small simulation time steps used. Therefore, an efficient analysis model of harmonics for various HVDC operating modes is presented in this paper. This model is based on port theory; every part of the HVDC transmission system is represented by an equivalent two-port component to construct a unified equivalent circuit. The proposed model is simple to calculate, and only the connections of the two-port components need to be changed to model different operation modes. The proposed two-port model is applied for the harmonic analysis of an HVDC transmission system, and the validity and accuracy of the model are confirmed by detailed electromagnetic simulations. Moreover, the model can be easily applied to HVDC systems for harmonic transfer and amplification, and the effects of the HVDC transmission power and smoothing reactor on harmonic transfer and amplification are analyzed.

Business incubators (BI), accelerators (BA) and science parks (SP) are widely recognized as ways of fostering innovation and help economy growth. This paper presents a review of business incubator model related literature and evolution as part of a research aiming at the development of a functional model describing BI operation, identifying the points of need/provision of information as necessary to support decision-making for the management and monitoring of the system efficiency and effectiveness. The various definitions have already been discussed in a previous paper in the context of the same research while the proposed model and the derived metrics will be discussed in separate future papers based on the results of the current experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the ways to localize foods, community supported agriculture can strengthen food safety and should be reasonably guided and developed. Based on the analysis of the spatial layout of the community supported agriculture organizations in Beijing, this paper described the development framework and course of community supported agriculture in Beijing. Combining 3 differentiated cases with the consumer's participation in community supported agriculture and the trust mechanism, it was found that the drive type has a very significant impact on the characteristics of these organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In traditional integrated electricity and district heating systems, the inflexible operation of combined heat and power units leads to a large amount of wind power curtailments during winter. The thermal inertia of aggregated buildings can provide additional operational flexibility to promote wind power accommodation. In this study, a day‐ahead scheduling model for integrated electricity and district heating system considering the thermal inertia of buildings is proposed. In this work, the operation model of the district heating network under constant mass flow and variable temperature operation strategy is presented, and the aggregated model of buildings based on the detailed thermal model of buildings is established. Then, the scheduling framework is analysed and the day‐ahead scheduling model is formulated as quadratic programming problem to minimise the operation cost of integrated electricity and district heating system. The validity of the proposed model is verified by the case studies performed on a 6‐bus power system with a 6‐node heating system and IEEE 39‐bus electricity system with a 16‐node heating system. The results demonstrate that the thermal inertia of buildings can provide additional operational flexibility and effectively help reduce wind power curtailment and operation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers, was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of COD cr , ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of COD cr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of COD cr , ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD cr , ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry (GB 18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crisis-proof programs can be considered as one of the most important ways of increasing the effectiveness of crisis prevention, control and minimization ofits negative effects on the economy. Developed by the Government of the Russian Federation, they take into account the peculiarities of the crisis and are always aimed to eliminate or at least to reduce the impact of downturns in economic developmentas soon as possible. Some objects and development directions are always in priority, while other varies depending on numerous crisis factors.Taking into account that the Government pins high hopes on crisis-proof programs and plans, their role in the stabilization of the economic environment seems to be an important and pertinent question.

The net demand of distribution systems of renewable energy shows strong daily and seasonal patterns that may cause a loss of operation and constriction. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) allow peak load shaving and are used to enhance the reliability of distribution systems. In addition to the problem of an unbalanced net demand, there can be significant net demand fluctuation for different times and locations. To address this, mobile BESS (MBESS) can offer advantages over static BESS (SBESS) in operation flexibility, though may require higher engineering costs. In this study, an operation model was proposed to coordinate static and MBESS to improve overall system economic efficiency and reliability. On the basis of this model, a framework was proposed to optimally allocate MBESS/SBESS in a distribution system based on cost–benefit analysis. Using this approach, the optimal operation schedules for MBESS and SBESS can be simultaneously obtained. The proposed optimisation problem uses a new evolution algorithm, a natural aggregation algorithm. A case study on the IEEE test system successfully verified the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the optimal allocation of MBESS/SBESS in distribution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing dynamical fermentation models only reveal approximate macroscopic properties involving no internal mechanism, while dynamic metabolic flux analysis (DMFA) provides internal microscopic dynamic features, but without regulation from external operation conditions. This is the first attempt to bridge the mapping between macro operation variables and micro metabolic fluxes. Based on the macro-micro mapping relationship, a new operation model was constructed, which can use macro operation variables to regulate micro metabolic fluxes. Firstly, metabolic network was analyzed based on DMFA to derive flux distribution. Next, the fluxes defined as outputs were related to macro operation variables to establish the operation model. The complexity of cellular growth and diversity of flux distribution led to nonlinear and multi-stage characteristics of the mapping relationship, and thus a multi-model modeling method was employed as key algorithm. Finally, a simulation and a lab-scale experiment were conducted to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal combustion engine vehicles, although conventionally playing essential roles in seaport logistic operation, are major sources of carbon emissions. To guarantee the "green and sustainable future" for seaports, extensive electrification and zero-carbon fuel integration (such as hydrogen) are irreversible trends bringing the co-existence of electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) within seaport areas. The corresponding energy charging/refueling requirements tightly couple the conventional vehicle scheduling with the energy management of seaport areas and make the seaport area a complex energy-transport nexus. Based on this emerging operational characteristic of seaport areas, a comprehensive review of the energy-transport scheduling for green vehicles is summarized to show the current state of the art. The logistic phenomenon of an internal area of a seaport is mathematically modeled by coupling the energy and transport sub-models. Then, the formulated model is analytically reviewed according to different possible solution approaches, i.e., exact, heuristic, and machine learning approaches. The machine learning method is highly recommended for seaport energy-transport problems due to superior performance in simulation accuracy, convergence behavior, and computational efficiency. Future research directions are discussed regarding the seaport energy-transport scheduling models. [Display omitted] • The unique operational characteristics of seaport areas are analyzed. • A general model for seaport energy-transport scheduling is formulated. • State-of-the-art on models and solving approaches are summarized. • The machine learning method with superior performance is recommended. • The discussed model provides a vital basis for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to establish a method to calibrate a large-scale laboratory rainfall simulator through developing and implementing an automated rainfall collection system to assess the reliability and accuracy of a rainfall simulator. The automated rainfall collection system was designed to overcome the limitations caused by the traditional manual measurement for obtaining the rainfall intensity and the spatial rainfall distribution in a large experimental area. The developed automated rainfall collection system was implemented to calibrate a large-scale laboratory rainfall simulator. The adequacy of average rainfall intensities automatically collected from the miniature tipping bucket rain gauges was assessed by comparison with those based on the volumetric method using the flowmeter. The functional relationships between the system variables of the rainfall simulator and the simulated intensity and uniformity distribution of rainfall (i.e., operation models) were derived based on a multiple regression approach incorporating correlation analysis on linear and logarithm scales, with consideration of a significance level. The operation models exhibited high accuracy with respect to both the rainfall intensity and the uniformity coefficients.