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In the present case study, the manufacturing technology for glazed pottery was investigated, with particular focus on the great variety of colours and glaze recipes used in Western Anatolia and East Asia and observed in finds from rescue excavation sites in Greece. An assemblage of 40 ceramic fragments dating from the Late Byzantine and Islamic to the Ottoman/Venetian periods was examined for their decoration, surface treatment, and production technology. The peculiarities of the colour recipes applied on the glazed pottery of different assumed origins of production were investigated, focusing on glaze technology and employing colourants. This was achieved by the use of an analytical workflow that considered the compositional details of pigments, slip coatings, and glazes. The chemical evaluation was carried out utilising X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (pXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Raman Spectroscopy provided information about the compositional variation, and the microscopic examination via Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) yielded information about the sample stratigraphy of the examined ceramic sections. Through a wide range of colour and glaze recipes, this study of glazed ceramics was able to define and express the essential elements of each pottery workshop's perception of colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work presents a typical case of using advanced material characterization techniques such as focused ion beam (FIB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the key microstructure in the engineering failure of an additively manufactured (AM) aluminum alloy after very high cycle fatigue (VHCF). The engineering application of additively manufactured (AM) metallic materials is quite limited by their fatigue behaviors, which are very inconsistent with that of conventionally wrought or cast ones. Here, based on advanced material characterization techniques, such as focused ion beam (FIB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the microstructures underneath fracture surfaces were thoroughly investigated in an AM aluminum (AlSi10Mg) alloy with horizontal and vertical building orientation enduring very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) loading under the stress ratios R = −1, 0, and 0.5. Two VHCF failure specimens A and B were representatively selected to further examine SEM and TEM sample preparation via FIB milling. Specimen A was horizontally printed and failed at R = −1; specimen B was vertically printed and failed at R = 0. TEM samples A1 and B1 were lifted from locations near the crack initiation sites on the fracture surfaces of specimens A and B; The locations of TEM samples A2 and B2 kept away from the crack origin sites but still within the "fish-eye" region of crack steady growth. TEM observations show that there was no characteristic microstructure induced by VHCF in different oriented specimens and under various R values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to take aspects of pottery technology into account while concentrating on the blue pigment and glaze recipes of various kinds of glazed pottery types; that is to say, Iznik ware, Kütahya ware, Miletus ware, glazed fritware, porcelain, polychrome glazed ware, and monochrome glazed ware were collected from a rescue excavation site within the Castle of Mytilene in Lesvos Island, Greece. The decoration, surface treatment, and production technology were investigated on the basis of 23 ceramic fragments that can be dated to the Turkish/Venetian period. The present study concerns the manufacture of glazed pottery, and in particular, colour recipes and issues of glaze technology. This study endeavoured to look into the specifics of the medieval colour recipes used on the glazed ceramics from Mytilene. This was accomplished by using an analytical process that took into account the compositional information of blue pigments, glazes, and slip coatings. The chemical analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy provided information about the compositional variation, and the optical examination via optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) yielded information about the sample stratigraphy of the examined ceramic sections. This investigation into glazed ceramics was able to define and reflect the key aspects of each society’s perception of colour through a large variety of colour and glaze recipes.

This study attempts to take aspects of pottery technology into account while concentrating on the blue pigment and glaze recipes of various kinds of glazed pottery types; that is to say, Iznik ware, Kütahya ware, Miletus ware, glazed fritware, porcelain, polychrome glazed ware, and monochrome glazed ware were collected from a rescue excavation site within the Castle of Mytilene in Lesvos Island, Greece. The decoration, surface treatment, and production technology were investigated on the basis of 23 ceramic fragments that can be dated to the Turkish/Venetian period. The present study concerns the manufacture of glazed pottery, and in particular, colour recipes and issues of glaze technology. This study endeavoured to look into the specifics of the medieval colour recipes used on the glazed ceramics from Mytilene. This was accomplished by using an analytical process that took into account the compositional information of blue pigments, glazes, and slip coatings. The chemical analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy provided information about the compositional variation, and the optical examination via optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) yielded information about the sample stratigraphy of the examined ceramic sections. This investigation into glazed ceramics was able to define and reflect the key aspects of each society's perception of colour through a large variety of colour and glaze recipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, electrostatic discharge (ESD) reliability sensing components for use in ultrahigh- to low-voltage environments were fabricated via a Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.5 μm ultrahigh voltage (UHV) bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process. To understand the trend of the capability of different voltage components under ESD stress, we designed ESD sensing components that can be used at different voltages. These ESD sensing components will be implemented using a circular layout. By changing the drift region and Poly2 parameters with a fixed gate terminal, we proposed a new design with eight sets of parameters. As the length of the drain-side drift region (LD) increases, the parasitic resistance of the drift region also increases, which will improve the ability of the device to withstand ESD currents. Eventually, to further analyze the ESD capability of the component, a transmission-line pulse (TLP) test system was used for the DUT. When LD is 28 μm, the device is optimal. The It2 of the device can reach 4.43 A. The FOM is also used to determine the ESD capability of the component, which can reach a maximum of 3.15 × 102 (A·V/μm²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold leaf from one of the most important art works of the Portuguese Baroque period, the main altarpiece of the Church of Jesus in Aveiro, currently part of the city Museum and former Convent of Jesus, was studied. Qualitative analysis of the samples cross-section was performed by optical microscopy. Three different layers – ground layer, bole and gold – were identified, a result consistent with a traditional gilding. The use of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed the use of a ternary Au-Ag-Cu alloy, with approximately 22 carats. Through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) it was possible to identify trace elements such as Cr, Pt, Pd and Sn in the gold, and Pb and Hg in the bole layer. The use of synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence (SR-µXRF) confirmed the presence of Sn and allowed to establish a profile of the main elements in the samples.

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Visualization of surface modifications may be very challenging for coating/substrate systems of either almost identical optical constants, e.g. transparent films on substrates of the same material, or minor film thickness, substance quantity and affected area, e.g. ultra-thin or island films. Methods for visualization are optical microscopy (OM), imaging ellipsometry (IE), and referenced spectroscopic ellipsometry (RSE). Imaging ellipsometry operates at oblique incidence near Brewster angle of the bare, clean or unmodified substrate. In this configuration, reflected intensities are rather weak. However, the contrast to add-on and sub-off features may be superior. Referenced spectroscopic ellipsometry operates in a two-sample configuration but with much higher intensities. In many cases, both ellipsometric techniques reveal and visualize thin films, printed-pattern, laser-induced changes, and impurities better than optical microscopy. In particular for stratified homogeneous modifications, ellipsometric techniques give access to modelling and hence thickness determination. Modifications under investigation are polymer foil residue on silicon, laser-induced changes of ta-C:H coatings on 100Cr6 steel, imperfections of ta-C:H on thermal silicon oxide, degradation of glass, thin film tin oxide pattern on silicon, printed and dried pattern of liquids such as deionized water, cleaning agents, and dissolved silicone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of microstructure, especially grain size, in polycrystalline materials is a vital aspect to understand the structure-property relationships in these materials. In this paper, representative characterization techniques for determining the grain size, including optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy/magnetic force microscopy (AFM/MFM), are thoroughly evaluated in comparison, illustrated by rare-earth sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. Potential applications and additional information achieved by using aforementioned characterization techniques have been discussed and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sanitising effect of low concentration neutralised electrolysed water (LCNEW, pH: 7.0, free available chlorine (FAC): 4 mg/L) combined with ultrasound (37 kHz, 80 W) on food contact surface was evaluated. Stainless steel coupon was chosen as attachment surface for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pichia pastoris GS115 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012, representing bacteria, yeast and mold, respectively. The results showed that although LCNEW itself could effectively reduce survival population of E. coli ATCC 25922, P. pastoris GS115 and low concentration A. pullulans 2012 in planktonic status, LCNEW combined with ultrasound showed more sanitising efficacy for air-dried cells on coupons, with swift drops: 2.2 and 3.1 log CFU/coupon reductions within 0.2 min for E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. pastoris GS115, respectively and 1.0 log CFU/coupon reductions within 0.1 min for A. pullulans 2012. Air-dried cells after treatment were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM)/optical microscopy (OM) and protein leakage analyses further. All three strains showed visible cell damage after LCNEW and LCNEW combined with ultrasound treatment and 1.41 and 1.73 μg/mL of protein leakage were observed for E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. pastoris GS115, respectively after 3 min combination treatment, while 6.22 μg/mL of protein leakage for A. pullulans 2012 after 2 min combination treatment. For biofilms, LCNEW combined with ultrasound also significantly reduced the survival cells both on coupons and in suspension for all three strains. The results suggest that LCNEW combined with ultrasound is a promising approach to sanitise food equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Correlative light-electron microscopy of cells in a natural environment of aqueous liquid facilitates high-throughput observation of protein complex formation. ASEM allows the inverted SEM to observe the wet sample from below, while an optical microscope observes it from above quasi-simultaneously. The disposable ASEM dish with a silicon nitride (SiN) film window can be coated variously to realize the primary-culture of substrate-sensitive cells in a few milliliters of culture medium in a stable incubator environment. Neuron differentiation, neural networking, proplatelet-formation and phagocytosis were captured by optical or fluorescence microscopy, and imaged at high resolution by gold-labeled immuno-ASEM with/without metal staining. Fas expression on the cell surface was visualized, correlated to the spatial distribution of F-actin. Axonal partitioning was studied using primary-culture neurons, and presynaptic induction by GluRδ2-N-terminus-linked fluorescent magnetic beads was correlated to the presynaptic-marker Bassoon. Further, megakaryocytes secreting proplatelets were captured, and P-selectins with adherence activity were localized to some of the granules present by immuno-ASEM. The phagocytosis of lactic acid bacteria by dendritic cells was also imaged. Based on these studies, ASEM correlative microscopy promises to allow the study of various mesoscopic-scale dynamics in the near future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A systematic study on the properties of the single sugarcane fiber bundle was performed. [•] Percentage of cellulose is increased in fibers through chemical treatments. [•] Tensile strength, modulus, and strain were improved by 107%, 21% and 26%, respectively. [•] Decomposition temperature is enhanced by about 50°C due to chemical treatments. [•] Treated fibers exhibited greater energy absorption ability during loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article gives an overview of the recent developments in the preparation, characterisation, properties, crystallisation behaviour, and melt rheology of clay-containing composites of biodegradable synthetic aliphatic polyesters such as poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] (PBSA). In recent years, these composite materials have attracted substantial interest primarily due to their sustainable production and use, with regards to the environment. A summary of the clay type used in the preparation of these nanocomposites is given, with montmorillonite being the most commonly used. Various nanocomposite structures arising from the incorporation of clay, both pristine and organically modified, into the neat PBS and PBSA matrices is highlighted. Good dispersion of the layered silicates, especially the organically modified clays, tends to result in an improvement in a number of properties of the nanocomposites, when compared with the neat polymers. Such improvement includes higher storage modulus, both in solid and molten states, higher tensile modulus, higher gas barrier properties, faster degradability, and better thermal stability. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the findings of various research endeavours in the nano-biocomposites based on PBS and PBSA and clay—from preparation methods to how the structures of the nanocomposites affect their properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since the emergence of large aspect ratio and multifunctional conductive fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplates, etc., conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have attracted increasing attention. Although the morphological control of conductive networks in CPCs has been extensively investigated as an important issue for the preparation of high performance CPCs, recent extensive progress has not been systematically addressed in any review. It has been observed that the morphological control of conductive networks during the preparation of CPCs has crucial influence on the electrical properties of these composites. Several methods have been shown to be able to control the network structure, and thus, tune the electrical properties of CPCs, including the use of shear, polymer blends, thermal annealing, mixed filler, latex particle etc. Moreover, many novel and exciting applications have been extensively investigated for CPCs, such as stretchable conductor, electroactive sensors, shape memory materials and thermoelectric materials, etc. Therefore, the morphological control of conductive network in CPCs is reviewed here. Issues regarding morphology characterization methods, morphological control methods, resulted network morphology and electrical properties are discussed. Furthermore, the use of CPCs as electroactive multifunctional materials is also reviewed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a case study on the panel painting icon "God's Mother Hodigitria", painted in tempera colors on a wood panel made of spruce. The icon is part of a private collection from Slobozia, and on the back of the panel is engraved the year 1840, which on a first look seems to be a forgery. The study is focused on indentifying some archaeometric characteristics of the wooden panel, and of some authentication attributes with the use of two microscopic techniques: Optical Microscopy(OM) and Electron Scanning Microscopy connected with X-Ray Spectometry (SEM-EDX). In a later note, through corroboration with the dendrochronology dating technique, the age of the wood panel and the authenticity of the date engraved on the back, will be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Development of a surface coating with high resistance to hydrogen entry under a high-pressure hydrogen-gas environment is presented. Two aluminum-based coatings were developed on the basis of preliminary tests: two-layer (alumina/Fe–Al) and three-layer (alumina/aluminum/Fe–Al) coatings, deposited onto cylindrical and pipe (Type 304 austenitic stainless steel) surfaces by immersion into a specially blended molten aluminum alloy. The coated specimens were exposed to hydrogen gas at 10–100 MPa at 270 °C for 200 h. Specimen hydrogen content was measured by thermal desorption analysis; hydrogen distributions were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Both coatings showed high hydrogen-entry resistance at 10 MPa. However, resistance of the two-layer coating clearly decreased with an increase in pressure. In contrast, the three-layer coating showed excellent hydrogen-entry resistance at a wide pressure range (10–100 MPa), achieved by the combined effect of alumina, aluminum, and Fe–Al layers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Boletín Científico Centro de Museos de Historia Natural is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study of miscibility, morphology, crystallization, and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene in the presence of a low-molecular-weight compound, hydrogenated dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), is described. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used for this purpose. The blends exhibit composition-dependent melting point depression and reduced degree of crystallinity. Isothermal crystallization measurements show that the crystallization takes place at a lower temperature with an increase in crystallization half time with respect to pristine PP. This indicates retardation in crystallization of PP in the blends. The observed changes in the melting and crystallization behaviors are ascribed to the miscibility of the two components. The interaction parameter estimated using the Flory–Huggins equation shows negative values, suggesting the presence of strong specific interaction between PP and DCPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road pavement is principally made of mineral aggregates and a bitumen binder. Aggregates, due to their mineralogical nature, have complex chemical compositions and physical properties, which are strongly dependent on the minerals that constitute the stones. In pavement technology, bitumen/aggregate affinity is of paramount importance. Moisture damage in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is one of the major concerns in durability of flexible pavements, to improve the adhesion between the bitumen and the stones and increase the life of the road pavements often it is necessary using additives as the antistripping agents. Currently, there are several techniques such as the Boiling Test, the Rolling Bottle Test (RBT), etc., which evaluate the adhesion between the bitumen and the stones, however, most of them are based on a subjective evaluation. In the present paper, several types of mineral aggregates are characterized in detail by optical microscopy (OM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) in order to correlate the Boiling Test and the contact angle method to investigate the level of bitumen/aggregate affinity. For this reason, a single type of modified bitumen and two adhesion promoters were studied. The obtained results show the reliability of the technique used. However, there are still some limitations regarding the use of a contact angle test in assessing bitumen/aggregate affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]