Search

This book explores the future of mobile communication networks from 3G trials, developments and products, to what will follow in the future. The increasing demand for services and higher quality continue to drive forward the technological capabilities. The implications of increasing mobile consumer numbers on a global scale are investigated, as well as the convergence of mobile and the Internet , which it is envisaged, will provide the next massive growth burst to the mobile market and 3G networks. The book covers the evolution to support multimedia architecture from GSM to UMTS, voice and Internet multimedia in UMTS networks, 3G service control, the open systems access (OSA) application programming interface (API) issue, and mobile standards which are a critical dependency for 3G and future developments. The book also explores the virtual university research initiative on mobility, virtual centre of excellence in mobile and personal communications, and BT Wireless' other mobile venture and alliances in the mobile arena. This book is essential reading for telecommunications engineers and managers, researchers and post graduate students in communications who need to understand the expanding market expectations and the technological solutions available in this dynamic field.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral participation of freshman International Students (ISs) in college content classes. The research questions were: (i) how much do ISs speak in different academic situations; (ii) what discourse moves do ISs make, especially initiation moves; and (iii) what are the exchange patterns into which IS discourse moves are organized. The naturally occurring discourse of eight freshman undergraduate ISs studying in a variety of fields was tape-recorded in four academic situations (lectures, laboratory sessions, freshman composition classes, and student/teacher writing conferences). Analysis of the transcripts showed that the amount of IS talk varied across the four situations, and among the eight students. The frequency of student moves also varied among the students and across situations, with student questions the most frequent move in lectures, student offer moves in labs, offered responses in composition classes, and nominated responses in conferences. The most frequent exchange patterns in lectures, labs and conferences were 2-part exchanges, but the 3-part exchange was the most frequent in composition classes. Longer exchange patterns also varied across the situations. The findings contribute to studies in SLA, Interlanguage variation, discourse and interaction analysis. There are also implications for the teaching of English for Academic and Specific Purposes.

The purpose of this study is to describe characteristics of childbirth pain communicative behaviors among laboring Thai women, determine mode of pain communication, and determine relationships among behaviors and parturients, age, parity, education, and occupation. This study employed an exploratory description design. Direct structural observation was used to collect data. The study was conducted at a general hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, with 32 subjects participating. The "Observation Checklist of Laboring Women's Behavior" was used to record the subjects' behaviors. Descriptive statistics, the t test, and Pearson product moment correlation were used to analyze data. Data analysis indicated that the subjects of this study communicated pain via nonverbal channels and in a quiet manner. The range of nonverbal behaviors ranked from the greatest to the least frequent occurrences and included tactual, facial, lips, body movements, eyes, and respiratory behaviors. The range of verbal reports ranked from the greatest to the lowest frequencies and included reports of sensation, self evaluation of tolerance of pain, asking for information, requesting help and comfort, and asking for permission. Reports of pain were the most predominant of all the verbal reports. There were no statistically significant differences between behaviors and age, parity, education, and occupation. Pain behaviors were more prevalent among primiparae. Subjects who were younger or had fewer years of education ask for more information relating to the childbirth process compared with their counterparts. The younger subjects tended to communicate their pain via verbal mode; the older subjects tended to communicate their pain through nonverbal channels. Information derived from this study contributed to clinical practice, research, and theoretical knowledge of nursing. The information will help nurses understand about pain communication among the Thai women. Findings also will serve as empirical data

The aim of this book is to give a clear and concise exposition of the principles and practice of satellite communications for newcomers to the subject. It should prove useful both to engineers who have worked in other fields of telecommunications and to students. The book describes the development of communications satellite services and explains how satellites and earth stations have evolved to meet changing requirements. It deals in a simple but practical way with the physics and geometry of the geostationary orbit, and the construction and operation of satellites and launch vehicles. It gives a thorough analysis of the essential factors governing the quality of speech, data and television signals received via satellite. Particular attention is paid to growth areas in satellite communications, including analogue television transmission, digital methods of transmission of speech and data, the use of satellites for maritime, aeronautical and land-mobile communications and VSATs (very-small aperture terminals).

This study investigates the question of how the combination of different-age listeners and developmentally delayed individuals affects preadolescents' communication. While being videotaped in a lounge-like setting, two 11-year-old females separately interacted with three different same sex listeners: a younger nonhandicapped child (6 years old); a nonhandicapped peer (11 years old); and a retarded peer (also 11 years old). Measures were taken on the number, duration, and content of their initiated interactions. The results demonstrated that the speaker who addressed the less verbally adept retarded peer made more communicative adjustments than the speaker who talked with the more verbally advanced retarded peer, more than when she talked with the two nonhandicapped listeners. Also, both speakers seemed to talk to the younger child much like they spoke with the normal same-age peer. This finding suggests that the age of the listeners had less influence on the speaker's linguistic behavior than the developmental level of the listener. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

This study investigated the antinuclear musical compositions that occurred between the dropping of the first nuclear detonation device in 1945 and the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear energy facility near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This study utilized a framework provided by Kenneth Burke in that the five areas of the pentad--scene, agents, acts, agencies and purposes--were investigated in relation to one another. Each of these areas was investigated with regard to the unique nature of the medium of popular song operating as a cultural key. The scenic analysis centered upon the cause of the exigency that brought about the antinuclear music. As the uses of nuclear energy changed from military uses to energy generation, the musical and lyrical content also changed. Special consideration of the Musicians United for Safe Energy movement was presented in an historical context, noting antecedent movement activity. Other positive, negative and neutral agents were also considered. The specific acts of the nuclear age are divided into actual physical, historically verifiable actions with regard to nuclear activity and in incipient action as presented through the lyrics of the musical compositions. Consideration of the agencies used by the positive agents centered around the concept of identification as essential to the movement against nuclear energy. This identification was considered as "Identification Of," "Identification With," and a third type of "Corporate Identification," in that conflicting identifications may occur. The purposes of the antinuclear movement were to fight the proliferation of nuclear arms and energy generation facilities through the cohesive force of music to mobilize the youth on behalf of the antinuclear movement, to provide a sense of belonging and participation in peer group activity, and to provide a release for the youth of this era of history. The conclusions of this research indicate that the antinuclear musical activity has provided t

This dissertation measures the levels of trait-like and situational oral communication apprehension in jury bodies and provides some interpretation of these measurements on these bodies. By extending research on oral communication apprehension to juries, a clearer understanding of the impact of this phenomenon on specialized small groups is possible. Juries constitute a specialized small group because of the manner by which jurors are selected, the rules applying to their discussion of trial matters, their isolation from external influences during a trial, and their objective to determine a trial verdict for which they have personal impunity. Results of this study were obtained from analysis of data acquired from actual venire members and jurors in the Pima County Superior Court in Tucson, Arizona. The study uses a data collection instrument that is a modification of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 combined with the Situational Communication Apprehension Measure. This research determined that the overall trait-like oral communication apprehension level of venire members is below that normally found in other groups, whereas, the situational apprehension level of jurors is generally above that level found in nonjury small groups. This situational apprehension level varies considerably depending on the ethnicity of the individual venire member or jurors and the nature of the trial on which the juror is impaneled. The study further determined that certain factors normally associated with leadership role fulfillment appear to be altered inside the jury deliberation room. Jury service appears to serve as a motivational drive that lowers the fears and anxieties that high communication apprehensives associate with interactive speaking in small groups.

According to Diane August (2002), at the Center for Applied Linguistics, Multilingual Learners (MLs) spend less than two percent of their school day in oral language development. Echevarria and Goldenberg (2017) support that creating numerous opportunities for ML students to speak will accelerate their vocabulary and oral language development to increase their chances of school success. Oral language, mainly speaking, is an integral part of second language acquisition at North Georgetown Elementary School, where ML students continue to show a deficit in the domain of speaking, as evidenced by the low scores on the WIDA ACCESS for ELLs during the 2020- 2022 school years. This project utilized an improvement-science approach to pinpoint the problem and design a corrective course of action to improve the speaking skills of ML students. The project utilized teacher and peer-led lessons with a focus on oral language acquisition. Each lesson included reading texts aloud to provide students with access to vocabulary that can support ML students in language development, as they expand their vocabulary for listening and speaking (Santoro et al., 2008). Findings indicate that these interventions improved the vocabulary and speaking skills of ML students, as evidenced by data collected through word count measures and the WIDA MODEL assessment for kindergarten.