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Background: Parvalbumin Gad c1 is a major cod allergen used as a follow‐up marker of fish‐allergic children. However, the diagnostic efficacy of recombinant Gad c 1 (rGad c 1) for fish allergy diagnosis remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rGad c1 for diagnosing cod and horse mackerel allergy. Methods: This single‐centered, retrospective study obtained oral food challenges (OFCs) information performed for cod and horse mackerel. Cod‐, horse mackerel‐, and rGad c1‐specific immunoglobulins (sIgEs) were investigated. Diagnostic performances of these parameters were compared using areas under the curve (AUC). Results: We enrolled 45 and 38 children with suspected cod and horse mackerel allergies, respectively. The median age (interquartile range) of children with suspected cod allergy was 5.7 (0.7–11.7) years and that of children with suspected horse mackerel allergy was 6.0 (1.0–12.3) years. Fourteen and 22 children reacted to OFCs with 25 (10–40) g of cooked pacific cod and 40 (10–40) g of cooked horse mackerel, respectively. The cod sIgE and rGad c 1 sIgE AUCs for cod allergy diagnosis were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. For horse mackerel allergy diagnosis, AUCs of horse mackerel and rGad c 1 sIgE were 0.76 and 0.72, respectively. Both AUCs for cod and mackerel allergy were significantly different. Conclusion: rGad c 1 sIgE is more effective than cod sIgE as a diagnostic marker of cod allergy, but less effective than horse mackerel sIgE as a diagnostic marker of horse mackerel allergy. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential applications of rGad c 1 sIgE in the diagnosis of various fish allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infants aged <1 year with confirmed food allergies generally need to avoid causative foods completely for a certain period. Low‐dose oral food challenges (LD‐OFCs) may be an effective strategy for safely introducing small amounts of causative foods to individuals with food allergies. This study clarified the safety of LD‐OFCs in infants aged <1 year with food allergies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of LD‐OFCs performed in infants aged <1 year allergic to hen's egg, cow's milk, or wheat between April 2014 and October 2017. Approximately 1/25th–1/20th of the egg white from a heated whole hen's egg, 3 mL heated cow's milk, and 2 g wheat noodles (udon) were used as challenge foods. We examined the LD‐OFC results, including the induced symptoms and treatment required for positive LD‐OFC results. Results: The LD‐Egg, LD‐Milk, and LD‐Wheat OFC groups comprised 68, 42, and 13 participants, respectively. The positivity rates for the LD‐Egg, LD‐Milk, and LD‐Wheat OFC groups were 7%, 24%, and 0%, respectively. Patients predominantly exhibited skin symptoms, and most were treated with oral antihistamines alone. None of the patients experienced anaphylaxis or required adrenaline injections. Conclusions: Infants aged <1 year with food allergies can safely undergo LD‐OFCs by consuming low doses of causative foods. Avoiding the complete elimination of causative foods is an important strategy for managing infants with food allergies when initially introducing causative foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid complete elimination of hen eggs (HE) from diet, we introduced a very-low-dose (VLD) oral food challenge (OFC) in patients with severe HE allergy in 2019. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of VLD HE OFC for achieving the full dose OFC. Patients with an overt allergic reaction to LD (1/32 HE [≤100 mg]) or less, egg white (EW) protein within 6 months were included. In the VLD group, patients not achieving full-dose OFC (1/2 HE: 1600 mg EW protein) within 2 years were excluded. We retrospectively compared the rate of passing a full-dose OFC between patients who underwent a LD OFC before 2019 (LD group) and those who underwent a VLD OFC (1/100 HE: 32 mg EW protein) after 2019 (VLD group). The period for passing the full-dose OFC was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. We enrolled 411 and 111 patients in the LD and VLD groups, respectively. The median age at OFC initiation was 2.2 [1.5–3.6] and 2.1 [1.4–3.2] years in the LD and VLD groups, respectively. EW- and ovomucoid-specific IgE levels were 38.3 (12.5–72.9) and 21.0 (8.3–46.2) kU A /L in the LD group and 49.8 [18.8–83.9] and 32.1 [15.6–67.8] kU A /L in the VLD group, respectively. Over 4 years, the LD and VLD groups passed the full-dose OFC at rates of 70 and 95%, respectively, with significant differences (log-rank test, P < 0.001). VLD HE OFC may contribute to passing a full-dose OFC in patients with severe HE allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Peanut allergy is among the most severe and common food allergies. The diagnosis has a significant impact on the quality of life for patients and their families. An effective management approach depends on accurate, safe, and easily implementable diagnostic methods. We previously developed a cell‐based assay using Hoxb8 mast cells (Hoxb8 MCs) aimed at improving clinical allergy diagnosis. In this study, we assessed its diagnostic performance by measuring blinded sera from a prospectively enrolled and pre‐validated peanut allergy cohort.Hoxb8 MCs were passively sensitized with sera from peanut‐allergic and peanut tolerant children and adolescents (n = 112). Degranulation of Hoxb8 MCs was quantified upon stimulation with dose‐titrated peanut extract by means of flow cytometry, using CD107a as activation marker. The results from the Hoxb8 mast cell activation test (Hoxb8 MAT) were compared to established diagnostic assays such as the skin prick test (SPT), specific IgE (sIgE) levels, and the basophil activation test (BAT). Additionally, serum samples from BAT nonresponders were assessed with the Hoxb8 MAT.Hoxb8 MAT displayed a robust dose‐dependent activation to peanut extract, with a cutoff value of ≤5.2% CD107a positive cells. The diagnostic accuracy was highest at allergen concentrations ≥100 ng/mL, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.97, 93% sensitivity, and 96% specificity, outperforming traditional SPT and sIgE tests. When compared to BAT, Hoxb8 MAT exhibited comparable diagnostic efficacy. Moreover, sera from BAT nonresponders were accurately classified into allergics and nonallergics by the Hoxb8 MAT.The Hoxb8 MAT demonstrated a very good diagnostic precision in patients prospectively assessed for peanut allergy comparable to the fresh whole blood‐based BAT. Additionally, it demonstrated its value for accurate classification of BAT nonresponders into allergic and nonallergic individuals. Further investigations into its utility in the routine clinical setting are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy (FA) affects approximately 6–8% of young children, with a peak prevalence at approximately one year of age. Tree nut and peanut allergies are among the main causes of anaphylaxis in the world. The gold standard for the diagnosis of FAs is the oral food challenge (OFC). Other diagnostic tests used in the clinical practice are skin prick tests (SPTs) and laboratory tests to measure out the presence of serum specific IgE (sIgE). In this narrative review, we collect the current evidence of the predictive value (PV) of SPTs and sIgE for the outcome of the OFCs. In literature, data are conflicting as to whether increasing sIgE concentration and wheal size in SPTs correlate with OFC outcomes. Most studies included in our review have shown that in vivo and in vitro tests may predict OFC outcomes with variable PV, but data are not conclusive; therefore, the OFC currently remains the gold standard for FA diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies, food sensitivities, and adverse reactions to food represent common reasons for gastroenterology and allergy referral. The epidemiology of these disorders is changing; food allergies are more common than previously thought, and there is a heightened sense of awareness about food sensitivities. Symptoms do not always accurately predict the underlying pathophysiology nor distinguish the underlying etiology. This may lead to unnecessary testing, which is often unrewarding and expensive. Myths and misconceptions about food allergies and sensitivities are common and may lead to unwarranted treatment using untested therapies. Importantly, a missed diagnosis of a true food allergy can have serious consequences. This article discusses the differences between food allergies and sensitivities, including their epidemiology, underlying pathophysiology, key symptoms, and diagnostic criteria, as well as their treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To avoid complete elimination of hen eggs (HE) from diet, we introduced a very-low-dose (VLD) oral food challenge (OFC) in patients with severe HE allergy in 2019. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of VLD HE OFC for achieving the full dose OFC. Methods: Patients with an overt allergic reaction to LD (1/32 HE [≤100 mg]) or less, egg white (EW) protein within 6 months were included. In the VLD group, patients not achieving full-dose OFC (1/2 HE: 1600 mg EW protein) within 2 years were excluded. We retrospectively compared the rate of passing a full-dose OFC between patients who underwent a LD OFC before 2019 (LD group) and those who underwent a VLD OFC (1/100 HE: 32 mg EW protein) after 2019 (VLD group). The period for passing the full-dose OFC was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: We enrolled 411 and 111 patients in the LD and VLD groups, respectively. The median age at OFC initiation was 2.2 [1.5–3.6] and 2.1 [1.4–3.2] years in the LD and VLD groups, respectively. EW- and ovomucoid-specific IgE levels were 38.3 (12.5–72.9) and 21.0 (8.3–46.2) kUA/L in the LD group and 49.8 [18.8–83.9] and 32.1 [15.6–67.8] kUA/L in the VLD group, respectively. Over 4 years, the LD and VLD groups passed the full-dose OFC at rates of 70 and 95%, respectively, with significant differences (log-rank test, P

Abstracts:Background: Food allergy is an increasing health problem in children. Previous studies have reported conflicting results about the diagnostic value of atopy patch test (APT) in food allergies.Objectives: To investigate the accuracy of APT in identifying non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy to pasteurized cow's milk, heated cow's milk, white and yolk egg, soy, wheat, walnut, sesame, pistachio, almond, peanut, date and cumin which are popular food ingredients in Iran.Methods: This study was performed on children with GI allergic problems who did not improve after at least 4 weeks of cow's milk protein elimination. Atopic patch test (APT) was performed and the elimination diet was considered according to APT results and after resolving symptoms, introduction of each accused food was done sequentially. Results: 53 children under 7 years old with mean age of 19.6 months underwent APT and the results were verified by open oral food challenge. Sensitivity in the rage of 59%-95%, specifity of 80.7-92.8, positive predictive values of 75-96.4 and negative predictive value of 23-80.7% were calculated depending on the type of food. Compared to the heated raw cow's milk, the pasteurized/homogenized cow's milk reaction was significant. Conclusion: APT can be included in the diagnostic workup of non-IgE-mediated GI allergy because it's safe and has great accuracy. However, several aspects require further investigation especially to enable the standardization of the technique. We should be aware of allegenicity of our foods due to processing and geographic region.

(1) Peanut allergy is associated with high risk of anaphylaxis which could be prevented by oral immunotherapy. Patients eligible for immunotherapy are selected on the basis of a food challenge, although currently the assessment of antibodies against main peanut molecules (Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6) is thought to be another option. (2) The current study assessed the relationship between the mentioned antibodies, challenge outcomes, skin tests and some other parameters in peanut-sensitized children. It involved 74 children, divided into two groups, based on their response to a food challenge. (3) Both groups differed in results of skin tests, levels of component-specific antibodies and peanut exposure history. The antibody levels were then used to calculate thresholds for prediction of challenge results or symptom severity. While the antibody-based challenge prediction revealed statistical significance, it failed in cases of severe symptoms. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between antibody levels, symptom-eliciting doses and the risk of severe anaphylaxis. Although in some patients it could result from interference with IgG4, the latter would not be a universal explanation of this phenomenon. (4) Despite some limitations, antibody-based screening may be an alternative to the food challenge, although its clinical relevance still requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergy to peanuts and tree nuts is a common cause of food allergy in Spain, with lipid transfer proteins (LTP) being the most frequently recognized panallergen. LTP sensitization often leads to multiple food group sensitivities, resulting in overly restrictive diets that hinder patient's quality of life. This study aimed to assess the tolerance of peanuts and tree nuts (hazelnuts and walnuts) in children sensitized to LTP, potentially mitigating the need for such diets. Methods: This prospective study enrolled individuals diagnosed with allergy to peanuts, hazelnuts, or walnuts. Data were collected from medical records, including demographics and clinical history. Allergological assessment comprised skin prick tests using commercial extracts and the nuts in question, alongside measurements of total and specific IgE to nuts and their primary molecular components. Participants showing positive LTP sensitization without sensitization to seed storage proteins underwent open oral nut challenges. Results: A total of 75 individuals labeled as allergic to peanuts, 44 to hazelnuts, and 51 to walnuts were included. All of them underwent an open oral provocation test with the incriminated nut, showing a high tolerance rate. Peanut was tolerated by 98.6% of patients, 97.72% tolerated hazelnut, and 84.3% tolerated walnut. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the majority of patients allergic to peanuts, hazelnuts, or walnuts, due to LTP sensitization and lacking IgE reactivity to seed storage proteins, can tolerate these nuts. This supports the need for personalized nut tolerance assessments to avoid unnecessary dietary restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food protein–induced enterocolitis (FPIES) is a non–IgE-mediated food allergy that is becoming increasingly recognized in adults. The time between age at symptom onset (ASO) and age at diagnosis (AD and factors affecting this gap have not been fully studied. Objective: We sought to investigate the latency between ASO and AD in adults with FPIES. We also sought to evaluate whether those patients with symptom onset in earlier years and those with comorbid gastrointestinal (GI) disease had greater mean latency. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review for patients with FPIES who were seen in the University of Michigan Allergy and Immunology clinic from 2015 to 2022. Patients aged 18 years and older and diagnosed with FPIES by an allergist were included (N = 19). The data collected included characteristics of the patients’ prior FPIES reactions and medical history. Results: The median age of onset of FPIES symptoms was 26 years, and the median AD was 35 years. The median difference between ASO and AD was 10 years; this difference was statistically significant according to a paired t test (P = .003). There was a negative correlation of –0.99 between year of symptom onset and latency between ASO and AD (P < .0001). Those patients with previously diagnosed GI conditions had a higher mean latency between ASO and AD than those without GI conditions did (P = .124). Conclusions: We noted a gap between ASO and AD in adults with FPIES. This gap may be due to underrecognition of adult FPIES in the past given the negative correlation with mean latency between ASO and AD. Furthermore, comorbid GI illnesses may be masking FPIES symptoms in adults, thus delaying diagnosis.

This article discusses the diagnostic accuracy of skin prick tests (SPT), food-specific IgE, and component testing for IgE-mediated peanut, egg, milk, and wheat allergy. The study, conducted in Singapore, aimed to examine the diagnostic accuracies of these tests in children who had undergone an oral food challenge (OFC). The results showed that SPT and food-specific IgE had high sensitivity, while component testing had high specificity. However, the diagnostic accuracies varied depending on the food and patient population tested. The study provides valuable information for clinicians in Singapore to better stratify the risk of OFCs and improve the care of children with food allergies. [Extracted from the article]

Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been recommended to reduce parental burden related to strict allergen avoidance and induce desensitization and immune tolerance for patients with long-lasting allergies to hen’s eggs (HE) or cow’s milk (CM). OIT should be monitored by pediatric allergists specializing in OIT and oral food challenge tests to manage allergic reactions. Although a previous history of anaphylaxis or multiple food allergies is not a contraindication to OIT, it is contraindicated if the patient has uncontrolled asthma, a malignancy, active systemic autoimmune disorders, or diseases requiring treatment with beta-blockers. A variety of OIT protocols have been de veloped to ensure better outcomes and safe up-dosing, including adjunctive therapies with biologics. This review provides insight into the practical issues of various immunotherapy options for children with HE or CM allergies.

Background: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an increasingly acceptable therapeutic option for peanut‐allergic (PA) children, despite significant side effects. Major peanut allergenic proteins are heat‐resistant and are not rendered hypoallergenic after baking or cooking. Lyophilized peanut protein—MH (LPP‐MH) is a novel composition from developing peanuts, enabling cooking‐induced reduction in allergenicity. We aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of OIT, with extensively heated and baked (EHEB) LPP‐MH in PA children. Methods: In a single‐arm, single‐center, pilot study, PA children with a single highest tolerated dose of <100 mg peanut protein were placed on a 40‐week OIT protocol with 300 mg daily of heat‐treated LPP‐MH. A repeat open peanut food challenge was performed after 40 weeks of treatment and at a 6–12 months of follow‐up visit. Results: Thirty‐three children with PA were enrolled, with a mean cumulative tolerated dose (MCTD) of 71.2 mg PP (95% CI 45–100 mg). After 40 weeks, 32/33 patients were able to consume more than 300 mg of natural PP, with MCTD of 1709 mg (CI 365–3675 mg). There were no severe allergic reactions requiring epinephrine, during any of the observed LPP‐MH challenges or any treatment related doses at home. After 6–12 months on daily maintenance, the MCTD was 8821 mg (95% CI 1930–13,500 mg). This enabled most children age‐appropriate dietary inclusion of peanuts. Conclusion: An OIT protocol with heat‐treated LPP‐MH, a novel composition from developing peanuts, seems a potentially safe and efficacious OIT modality for PA children, enabling the introduction of dietary levels of peanut proteins in highly allergic PA children. Validation in randomized controlled studies is mandated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy (FA) affects approximately 6–8% of young children, with a peak prevalence at approximately one year of age. Tree nut and peanut allergies are among the main causes of anaphylaxis in the world. The gold standard for the diagnosis of FAs is the oral food challenge (OFC). Other diagnostic tests used in the clinical practice are skin prick tests (SPTs) and laboratory tests to measure out the presence of serum specific IgE (sIgE). In this narrative review, we collect the current evidence of the predictive value (PV) of SPTs and sIgE for the outcome of the OFCs. In literature, data are conflicting as to whether increasing sIgE concentration and wheal size in SPTs correlate with OFC outcomes. Most studies included in our review have shown that in vivo and in vitro tests may predict OFC outcomes with variable PV, but data are not conclusive; therefore, the OFC currently remains the gold standard for FA diagnosis.

Introduction: Patients with hen's egg allergy are often instructed to avoid consuming other avian eggs, such as quail eggs. However, it is unclear whether patients with an acquired tolerance to hen eggs continue to avoid consuming quail eggs. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features of quail egg ingestion. Methods: This prospective case series included children aged ≥1 year with hen's egg allergy who were recruited between October 2019 and February 2021 in our hospital. We conducted an oral food challenge (OFC) with three boiled quail eggs to evaluate the clinical features of quail egg ingestion in patients with acquired tolerance to hen eggs. The primary outcome was a positive OFC after ingesting three quail eggs. Secondary outcomes were cross-antigenicity between hen and quail eggs observed through the skin prick test (SPT) and pattern of quail egg allergy, comprising the onset of reaction, and severity. The correlation between the diameters of the wheals with SPT in hen and quail eggs was evaluated using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 62 patients underwent the quail egg OFC. The median (interquartile range) age of the participants was 3 (2–5) years. Thirty-three (53%) patients had a history of anaphylaxis due to hen eggs. The median total immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in patients who underwent the OFC with half a heated whole hen's egg was 271 (98–593) IU/mL. The median specific IgE level in egg white and ovomucoid was 9.7 (3.2–21.5) and 4.4 (1.3–6.9) UA/mL, respectively. The quail egg OFC results revealed that none of the 59 patients who ate the three quail eggs completely had an allergic reaction. The SPT-positive and SPT-negative rates in raw and boiled hen and quail egg whites were both correlated. The diameters of wheals with SPT in raw hen and quail egg whites and yolks were positively correlated. Conclusion: Patients with an acquired tolerance to hen eggs may not be required to avoid consuming quail eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic reactions to milk appear sooner than those to hen's eggs, irrespective of the total dose of the oral food challenges (OFCs) and type of matrices. The reported median times for the first symptom occurrence are 20-30 min with milk and 50-60 min with eggs. However, allergic reactions due to wheat have not yet been fully investigated. Methods: This study retrospectively collected data from OFC for milk and wheat conducted at Sagamihara National Hospital and Sendai Medical Center from 2009 to 2023. The time from the start of the OFC to the onset of symptoms was compared between children with cow's milk and wheat allergy. Results: Twenty-five and 13 children reacted to single-dose OFCs with milk products equivalent to 25 mL of raw cow's milk or 15 g of udon noodles, respectively. The median ages of patients with positive challenges were 1.4 and 2.8 years for milk and wheat, respectively, and the median times for the first symptom occurrence were 20 min and 53 min, respectively (p = .006). Conclusion: This multicenter study was the first to examine the time of symptom appearance during single-medium-dose milk and wheat challenges. Allergic reactions to wheat appear later than those for milk during OFC. For multiadministration OFC for wheat, the dosing interval should be longer than 60 min. Our findings can help improve the safety of OFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During an oral food challenge (OFC), there is a risk of adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis. Therefore, the physician should carefully conduct the OFC. This study aimed to evaluate the OFC results in individuals with low levels of egg white (EW)- and ovomucoid (OVM)-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) and the safety of a hen's egg (HE) OFC in these individuals. Methods: A total of 2,058 individuals with low EW- or OVM-sIgE underwent HE-OFC at two institutions in Kumamoto prefecture, located in the western area of Japan, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, within 1 year of recorded sIgE measurements. The ImmunoCAP systems were used to measure sIgEs. The HE-OFC test was performed according to the 2017 Food Allergy Guidelines in an open and unblinded method. Results: Five hundred and one individuals (24.3%) had low EW-sIgE levels (class 2 or lower), and 926 (45.0%) had low OVM-sIgE levels (class 2 or lower). Individuals with low EW-sIgE had lower total IgE and OVM-sIgE than did those with high EW-sIgE (greater than class 2). Those with low OVM-sIgE had lower total IgE and EW-sIgE than did those with high OVM-sIgE (greater than class 2). Among the individuals with low EW-sIgE, 86.4% (433/501 cases) passed the OFC without symptoms. Among the individuals with low OVF-sIgE, 82.6% (765/926 cases) passed the OFC without symptoms. Conclusion: More than 80% of individuals with suspected IgE-dependent HE allergy and low levels of EW- or OVM-specific IgE were able to consume at least a small amount of HE. As the OFC results are independent of the loading dose in cases with low EW- or OVM-sIgE, a medium-dose HE-OFC may be performed safely in individuals with no history of anaphylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE cell mediated food allergy triggered by the ingestion of specific food proteins that may manifest in an acute or chronic form. We report a case of an infant with severe chronic FPIES presenting in the neonatal period that failed to respond to amino acid-based formulas. The patient remained on total parenteral nutrition for 4 weeks and after that he could tolerate amino acid formula. Our case suggests that bowel rest for extended periods may be necessary for severe cases of FPIES, while endoscopy may be helpful in the differential diagnosis and the therapeutic management of these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate outcomes of oral food challenge (OFC) test to assess tolerance in infants with non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) with gastrointestinal manifestations and explore clinical data predictive of these outcomes. Methods: Single-center retrospective study including infants (age < 12 months) who were referred for CMA between 2000 and 2018 and underwent OFC on follow-up. A univariate logistic regression test was performed to evaluate variables associated with the outcomes of the follow-up OFC test. Results: Eighty-two patients were included, 50% were male. Eighteen patients had a positive OFC test (22%). Most patients had presented with hematochezia (77%). The median age of symptom onset was 30 days. Two-thirds of the patients were on appropriate infant formula (extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula), exclusively or in association with breastfeeding. The median time on an elimination diet before the OFC test was 8 months (Q1 6 - Q3 11 months). All cases with positive follow-up OFC tests (n = 18) had been exposed to cow's milkbased formula before the first clinical manifestation of CMA. Five out of eight cases with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) had positive OFC tests. Exposure to cow's milkbased formula before diagnosis, a history of other food allergies, hematochezia and diarrhea were predictors of a positive OFC test. Conclusions: In infants with non-IgE-mediated CMPA with gastrointestinal manifestations, the use of cow's milk-based formula, a history of other food allergies, and hematochezia and diarrhea upon initial presentation were associated factors for the later achievement of tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angela Mulé, Catherine Prattico, Adnan Al Ali, Pasquale Mulé, Moshe Ben-Shoshan Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, CanadaCorrespondence: Moshe Ben-Shoshan, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada, Tel +1 514 412-4400, Fax +1 514 412-4288, Email moshebenshoshan@gmail.comAbstract: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a form of non-IgE mediated food allergy that presents with delayed gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of the trigger food. The data regarding FPIES are sparse, despite being recognized as a distinct clinical entity. This narrative review presents the characteristics of this disorder in the pediatric population, as well-standard diagnostic and management protocols. FPIES can be classified into acute and chronic subtypes, and some cases may develop into an IgE-mediated allergy. Given that skin prick tests and specific IgE levels are negative in the majority of cases, diagnosis relies on clinical history and oral food challenges. Management involves elimination diets, assessment of tolerance through oral food challenges, and rehydration in the event of a reaction. Future research should focus on improving diagnostic methods, illustrating underlying pathogenesis and biomarkers, and assessing long-term natural history. Increased knowledge and awareness for FPIES are required.Keywords: FPIES, non-IgE mediated food allergy, oral food challenge, elimination diet

(1) Peanut allergy is associated with high risk of anaphylaxis which could be prevented by oral immunotherapy. Patients eligible for immunotherapy are selected on the basis of a food challenge, although currently the assessment of antibodies against main peanut molecules (Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6) is thought to be another option. (2) The current study assessed the relationship between the mentioned antibodies, challenge outcomes, skin tests and some other parameters in peanut-sensitized children. It involved 74 children, divided into two groups, based on their response to a food challenge. (3) Both groups differed in results of skin tests, levels of component-specific antibodies and peanut exposure history. The antibody levels were then used to calculate thresholds for prediction of challenge results or symptom severity. While the antibody-based challenge prediction revealed statistical significance, it failed in cases of severe symptoms. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between antibody levels, symptom-eliciting doses and the risk of severe anaphylaxis. Although in some patients it could result from interference with IgG4, the latter would not be a universal explanation of this phenomenon. (4) Despite some limitations, antibody-based screening may be an alternative to the food challenge, although its clinical relevance still requires further studies.

Objective: The prevalence of food allergies (FA) has increased worldwide over the last few decades. Milk, eggs, and peanuts are among the most common allergens and can cause anaphylaxis. Therefore, we aimed to identify biomarkers that could predict the persistence and/or severity of IgE-mediated allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts via a systematic review. Methods: This systematic review proceeded according to a protocol registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Two independent authors extracted studies of interest from PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE, Scopus, and Ebsco databases and assessed their quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: We selected 14 articles describing 1,398 patients. Among eight identified biomarkers, total IgE, specific IgE (sIgE), and IgG4 were the most often cited biomarkers of persistent allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts. Skin prick tests, endpoint tests, and sIgE cutoff levels may predict positive responses to challenges with these foods. The basophil activation test is a biomarker for the severity and/or threshold of allergic reactions to milk and peanuts. Conclusion: Only a few publications identified possible prognostic indicators of the persistence or severity of FA and outcomes of oral food challenges, indicating that more accessible biomarkers are needed to determine the likelihood of having a severe food allergic reaction.

Background: Oral immunotherapy is an effective treatment for food allergies; however, its use in clinical practice is limited by resources and lack of standardized protocols for foods other than peanut. Previous studies have suggested that shrimp has a higher threshold for reaction than other allergenic foods, suggesting it may be safe to directly administer maintenance doses of immunotherapy. Methods: Children aged 3–17 years who had 1) skin prick test ≥3 mm and/or specific IgE level ≥0.35 kU/L and convincing objective IgE-mediated reaction to shrimp, or 2) no ingestion history and specific IgE level ≥5 kU/L, underwent a low-dose oral food challenge to 300 mg shrimp protein, with the goal of continuing daily ingestion of the 300 mg maintenance dose as oral immunotherapy. Results: Between January 2020 and April 2023, 17 children completed the low-dose oral food challenge. Nine (53%) tolerated this amount with no reaction, and 8 (47%) had a mild reaction (isolated oral pruritis or redness on chin). Sixteen (94%) continued maintenance low-dose oral immunotherapy eating 300 mg shrimp protein daily. None of the patients developed anaphylaxis related to the immunotherapy. Conclusion: Our case series suggests that some shrimp allergic patients being considered for oral immunotherapy should be offered a low-dose oral food challenge, to potentially bypass the build-up phase of immunotherapy.

Background: Oral food challenge (OFC) is the criterion standard for diagnosing food allergy (FA). It is important to have parameters to aid in selecting ideal OFC candidates. Objective: We sought to characterize outcomes and predictors of OFCs for common food allergens. Methods: We completed a retrospective chart review of all OFCs for IgE-mediated FA performed at Duke University pediatric allergy clinics from June 2017 through May 2022. Patients were deemed eligible for milk, egg, and nut OFC if testing revealed a specific IgE level not exceeding 2 kU/L and a skin prick test (SPT) resulting in a wheal size not exceeding 5 mm. Different parameters were followed for selecting candidates for baked challenge. Results: A total of 663 OFCs were conducted on 510 patients (59% male). The most common foods challenged were peanut (26%), plain egg (23%), baked egg (8%), and milk (8%), with pass rates of 84%, 88%, 62%, and 84%, respectively. Of the patients who failed OFC, 84% had objective symptoms, 23% had multisystemic reactions, and 15% required epinephrine. Although the presence of a personal or family history of atopy or prior failed OFC was not associated with outcomes, a history of anaphylaxis (regardless of the trigger) was associated with increased risk of failure. Conclusion: Although there are no established consensus guidelines, our study provides a benchmark illustrating that cutoffs of a specific IgE level not exceeding 2 kU/L and SPT finding not exceeding 5 mm result in a failure rate of approximately 13% for nonbaked milk, nonbaked egg, and nuts. The high rate of failed baked egg OFCs is likely related to selection bias, but our results illustrate the low negative predictive value of ovomucoid.

Fruit allergies manifest with a diverse array of clinical presentations, ranging from localized contact allergies and oral allergy syndrome to the potential for severe systemic reactions including anaphylaxis. The scope of population-level prevalence studies remains limited, largely derived from single-center or hospital-based investigations. In this comprehensive review, we conducted a systematic literature search spanning the years 2009 to 2023, with full acknowledgment of potential analytical biases, to provide a global overview of fruit allergy prevalence. The primary mechanistic underpinning of fruit allergies stems from cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and food allergens, a consequence of structurally similar epitopes—a phenomenon recognized as pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS). In the era of molecular allergology, numerous studies have dissected allergen components with substantial clinical relevance. Within this review, we explore important allergenic molecules found in plant-based foods, scrutinize pertinent cross-reactivity patterns, and offer insights into management recommendations. Additionally, we compare guideline recommendations to enhance clinical understanding and inform decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food allergy (FA) is an increasing health problem in children. Previous studies have reported conflicting results about the diagnostic value of atopy patch test in food allergies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of atopy patch test in identifying non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal FA to pasteurized/homogenized cow›s milk, heated raw cow›s milk, white and yolk egg, soy, wheat, walnut, sesame, pistachio, almond, peanut, date and cumin which are popular food ingredients in southern Iran. Methods: This study was performed on children with gastrointestinal allergic problems who were not improved after at least 4 weeks of cow’s milk protein elimination. Atopy patch test (APT) was performed and the elimination diet was considered according to positive skin results and after resolving symptoms, introduction of each accused food was done sequentially. Results: Fifty tree children under 7 years old with mean age of 19.6 months underwent APT and the results were verified by open oral food challenge (OFC). Sensitivity in the range of 59%-95%, specificity of 80.7-92.8%, positive predictive values of 75-96.4% and negative predictive value of 23%-80.7% were calculated depending on the type of food. Compared to the heated raw cow’s milk, the pasteurized/homogenized cow’s milk reaction was significant. Conclusion: APT can be included in the diagnostic workup of non-IgE-mediated GI allergy because it is safe and has great accuracy. However, several aspects require further investigation especially to enable the standardization of the technique. We should be aware of the allergenicity of our foods due to processing and geographic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-dependent exercise-induced allergic reactions (FDEIA) represent a distinct clinical phenomenon where symptoms arise during exercise following the consumption of specific trigger foods, with the most severe manifestation being anaphylaxis—a condition distinct from typical exercise-induced or food-induced anaphylaxis. In FDEIA, patients can either exercise or tolerate specific foods separately without experiencing any allergic reactions. Diagnosis relies on patient history and provocation testing, requiring rigorous implementation within a supervised hospital environment. Positive symptoms and clinical signs during testing confirm FDEIA, while negative outcomes do not preclude its presence. Exercise stands as the primary trigger, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and alcohol. The utilization of various protocols for food cofactor challenges to confirm FDEIA yields differing diagnostic outcomes. We highlight the updated concept of food cofactor challenges, incorporating protocols reported in the literature, and summarize current recommendations and comprehensive management approaches for FDEIA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: food allergy; oral food challenge; may contain traces; precautionary allergen labeling EN food allergy oral food challenge may contain traces precautionary allergen labeling 2558 2561 4 09/05/23 20230901 NES 230901 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All in all, our study demonstrates a reassuring safety profile of PAL food ingestion in a real-world setting and supports the possible introduction of foods with PAL in certain patients with confirmed IgE-mediated food allergy and high reactivity thresholds. Real-life evaluation of tolerance to foods with precautionary allergen labeling in children with IgE-mediated food allergy. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an uncommon, non-IgE (immunoglobulin E) -mediated food allergy that mainly affects infants and young children. Our study aims to evaluate the etiology, clinical phenotypes, and tolerance status of our cases with FPIES. Method: The file records of the patients who were followed up with the diagnosis of FPIES in the Departments of Pediatric Allergy and Gastroenterology of our hospital, between September 2016 and June 2022 were examined, and families who could not attend follow-up visits regularly were contacted by phone. Results: Twelve (66.66%) of 18 cases with a mean age of admission of 33.0+-27.5 (2-108) months were boy. The triggers of FPIES were fish in 66.66%, cow's milk in 16.66%, eggs in 5.55%, eggs and milk in 5.55%, and potato in 5.55% of the patients. While 94.44% of the cases had acute FPIES, and 44.4% of them had early-onset (

Abstract Background Cases of food allergy after hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation in previously nonallergic transplant recipients were reported as transplant-acquired food allergy (TAFA), but information about its long-term outcome is still limited. A phenomenon where patients reacquire food allergy by resuming daily consumption after a negative oral food challenge has not yet been reported. Case presentation We report two cases of TAFA after liver transplantation and cord blood transplantation. In each case, the threshold of daily consumption to cause allergic symptoms decreased when a negative oral food challenge was obtained. Conclusions Our cases show an importance of gastrointestinal tract as a route of food sensitization because thresholds that caused allergic reactions decreased during their resuming process. We need to be careful with possible resensitization once a negative substantial dose was confirmed.

This article discusses the predictors of oral food challenge (OFC) outcomes in young children with food allergies. The study evaluated 1478 OFCs conducted at a single center in Tokyo. The researchers found that regular intake history was associated with a reduced risk of allergic reactions during OFCs for eggs and peanuts. They also observed that the threshold doses for severe reactions differed among different allergenic foods. The authors recommend updating current OFC protocols based on previous history and modifying the standardized loading dose of total protein for each allergenic food to improve the safety and effectiveness of OFCs. [Extracted from the article]

Background: There are no reports on the relationship between food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) diagnosis and procalcitonin levels. Objective: Our study sought to demonstrate a correlation between the presence or absence and severity of FPIES symptoms and postemetic procalcitonin levels. Methods: The subjects were 53 patients with FPIES (44 with hen’s egg allergy, 4 with milk allergy, 4 with wheat allergy, and 3 with soy allergy), who collectively underwent a total of 75 oral food challenges (OFCs). Procalcitonin levels at 5 hours after antigen ingestion were compared between patients with a positive OFC result and those with a negative OFC result and between patients who experienced mild or moderate events and those who experienced severe events. Results: At 5 hours after ingestion of the causative food, the median procalcitonin levels in patients with a negative OFC result, patients who experienced a mild or moderate event, and patients who experienced a severe event were 0.02, 0.03, and 0.16 ng/mL, respectively. The procalcitonin level was significantly higher in the groups with a positive OFC result than in the groups with a negative OFC result (P < .001), and it was significantly higher in those who experienced severe events than in those who experienced mild or moderate events (P = .012). Conclusion: Measurement of procalcitonin levels has the potential to provide a quantitative and objective assessment of FPIES diagnosis and severity.

Background: There is currently little research into factors predicting the results of an initial diagnostic oral food challenge (OFC) test for food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Objective: The present study aimed to identify predictors of the diagnosis of hen’s egg yolk-induced FPIES (HEY-FPIES). Methods: The present monocentric study was performed at Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center and included patients who underwent hen’s egg yolk OFC (HEY-OFC) between March 2018 and March 2023 to assess for HEY-FPIES. The baseline characteristics of the groups and HEY-OFC positivity or negativity were then compared. Univariate analysis was conducted by using the Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher exact test. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was used to create probability curves. Results: In total, 35 patients were analyzed; of these, 17 were HEY-OFC–positive. No significant difference was observed between the HEY-OFC–positive and HEY-OFC–negative groups in terms of background factors except for the HEY-LST value, which was significantly higher in the HEY-LST group (P = .027). Receiver operator characteristic analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve for HEY-OFC positivity using the HEY-LST value was 0.719 (95% CI = 0.541-0.897). The statistically optimal cutoff value for the HEY-LST was 610%, which had a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 64.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the HEY-LST may be a useful predictor of the result of an initial OFC for HEY-FPIES.

Background: The gold standard for diagnosing egg allergy in children is the oral food challenge (OFC). However, OFCs are time‐consuming and risky procedures. Our study aimed to evaluate the utility of the basophil activation test (BAT) and component‐resolved diagnostic in the diagnostic workup of children with egg allergy. Methods: Overall, 86 children aged 6 months to 17 years, suspected of egg allergy, underwent OFC with boiled egg according to international standardized protocols. BAT and specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) testing to component egg proteins (Gal d 1‐4) were also performed. Results: Of the 22 children who reacted to boiled egg, only one experienced anaphylaxis during the challenge. BAT was performed in samples obtained by 75 of the 86 patients of our cohort. Egg white and yolk protein extracts induced CD63 upregulation in the egg‐allergic (EA) children compared with sensitized children that tolerated boiled egg (we registered an overall mean of CD63 expression in the EA population of 44.4% [SD 34.1] for egg white and 34.7% [SD 31.3] for egg yolk vs. 12.5% [SD 19.1] and 10.0% [SD 16.0] in sensitized children). BAT could discriminate between true egg allergy and egg sensitization in our population. As a second‐line diagnostic step, the positivity of BAT for egg white or Gal d 1‐sIgE resulted in a 40.9% OFC reduction, especially for those with a positive outcome. Conclusion: The BAT may be implemented in the diagnostic workup of egg allergy in children and, in a stepwise approach, separately or combined with Gal d 1‐sIgE, may predict the allergic status and reduce the number of positive OFCs in children with egg allergy at low risk for severe reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame is a potentially potent allergen that can trigger skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract symptoms, and anaphylaxis. Only 20% to 30% of sesame‐allergic children develop tolerance. The prevalence of sesame allergy depends on local diets and ranges from 0.1% to 0.9%. A high risk of accidental exposure to sesame has resulted in mandatory food labeling in many countries. More than half of patients with sesame allergy are also allergic to peanut/tree nuts. Serum‐specific IgE testing with a quantitative Ses i 1 component can be performed safely and has higher clinical specificity and better positive predictive value for oral food challenge (OFC) than whole sesame extract or skin prick testing (SPT). Compared with SPT or OFC, in vitro Ses i 1 testing requires no special techniques and carries no risk of reactions. Diagnosis of suspected sesame allergy begins with a thorough history and physical examination. A positive sesame extract test (≥0.1 kUA/L) should prompt further testing. In patients with a high probability of reacting, results of component testing may facilitate a decision about performing an OFC. In a Japanese study of OFC and Ses i 1, there was a 5% probability of a positive OFC with Ses i 1 sIgE levels <0.13 kUA/L, and a 50% probability of a positive OFC with levels >32.0 kUA/L. Most patients could safely consume sesame if sIgE levels were <0.13 kUA/L. Ses i 1 testing can be used to guide appropriate management (avoidance, emergency medication, and oral immunotherapy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: biomarker; children; diagnostic; food allergy; histamine; oral food challenge; tryptase EN biomarker children diagnostic food allergy histamine oral food challenge tryptase 883 886 4 08/14/23 20230801 NES 230801 Key messages Histamine and methylhistamine can be detected in saliva Histamine concentrations increased in 9/13 positive and 2/6 negative food challenges Collection of saliva using the passive drooling method was not suitable for the determination of tryptase DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. *p-value <.001. gl Delta histamine values were calculated by the subtraction of salivary histamine concentration of the sample collected 30 min after the last dose had been eaten (T SB 30 sb ) with salivary concentration of the baseline sample. Delta histamine values of saliva samples collected on verum days (i.e. allergen administered) showed an increase of histamine concentration in 9/13 positive and 2/6 negative DBPCFCs ( I p i = .114). Solitary objective symptoms were reported once, solitary subjective symptoms occurred during two challenges and in all other cases both objective and subjective symptoms occurred. [Extracted from the article]

Shellfish is a leading cause of food allergy and anaphylaxis worldwide. Recent advances in molecular characterization have led to a better understanding of the allergen profile. High sequence homology between shellfish species and between shellfish and house dust mites leads to a high serological cross-reactivity, which does not accurately correlate with clinical cross-reactions. Clinical manifestations are immediate and the predominance of perioral symptoms is a typical feature of shellfish allergy. Diagnosis, as for other food allergies, is based on SPTs and specific IgE, while the gold standard is DBPCFC. Cross-reactivity between shellfish is common and therefore, it is mandatory to avoid all shellfish. New immunotherapeutic strategies based on hypoallergens and other innovative approaches represent the new frontiers for desensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The prevalence of food allergies (FA) has increased worldwide over the last few decades. Milk, eggs, and peanuts are among the most common allergens and can cause anaphylaxis. Therefore, we aimed to identify biomarkers that could predict the persistence and/or severity of IgE-mediated allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts via a systematic review. Methods: This systematic review proceeded according to a protocol registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Two independent authors extracted studies of interest from PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE, Scopus, and Ebsco databases and assessed their quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: We selected 14 articles describing 1,398 patients. Among eight identified biomarkers, total IgE, specific IgE (sIgE), and IgG4 were the most often cited biomarkers of persistent allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts. Skin prick tests, endpoint tests, and sIgE cutoff levels may predict positive responses to challenges with these foods. The basophil activation test is a biomarker for the severity and/or threshold of allergic reactions to milk and peanuts. Conclusion: Only a few publications identified possible prognostic indicators of the persistence or severity of FA and outcomes of oral food challenges, indicating that more accessible biomarkers are needed to determine the likelihood of having a severe food allergic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the prediction accuracy of positive oral food challenge (OFC) outcomes during stepwise slow oral immunotherapy (SS-OIT) in children with a hen's egg (HE) allergy, we evaluated the predictive value of the combination of antigen-specific IgE (sIgE) with antigen binding avidity and sIgG4 values. Sixty-three children with HE allergy undergoing SS-OIT were subjected to repeated OFCs with HE. We measured the ovomucoid (OVM)-sIgE by ImmunoCAP or densely carboxylated protein (DCP) microarray, sIgG4 by DCP microarray, and the binding avidity of OVM-sIgE defined as the level of 1/IC50 (nM) measured by competitive binding inhibition assays. The OFC was positive in 37 (59%) patients undergoing SS-OIT. Significant differences in DCP-OVM-sIgE, CAP-OVM-sIgE, I/IC50, DCP-OVM-sIgG4, the multiplication products of DCP-OVM-sIgE, and the binding avidity of DCP-OVM-sIgE (DCP-OVM-sIgE/IC50) and DCP-OVM-sIgE/sIgG4 were compared between the negative and positive groups (p < 0.01). Among them, the variable with the greatest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was DCP-OVM-sIgE/IC50 (0.84), followed by DCP-OVM-sIgE/sIgG4 (0.81). DCP-OVM-sIgE/IC50 and DCP-OVM-sIgE/sIgG4 are potentially useful markers for the prediction of positive OFCs during HE-SS-OIT and may allow proper evaluation of the current allergic status in the healing process during HE-SS-OIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., mussels, clams, and oysters) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, prawn, lobster, and crab), have been a keystone of healthy dietary recommendations due to their valuable protein content. In parallel with their consumption, allergic reactions related to shellfish may be increasing. Adverse reactions to shellfish are classified into different groups: (1) Immunological reactions, including IgE and non-IgE allergic reactions; (2) non-immunological reactions, including toxic reactions and food intolerance. The IgE-mediated reactions occur within about two hours after ingestion of the shellfish and range from urticaria, angioedema, nausea, and vomiting to respiratory signs and symptoms such as bronchospasm, laryngeal oedema, and anaphylaxis. The most common allergenic proteins involved in IgE-mediated allergic reactions to shellfish include tropomyosin, arginine kinase, myosin light chain, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, troponin c, and triosephosphate isomerase. Over the past decades, the knowledge gained on the identification of the molecular features of different shellfish allergens improved the diagnosis and the potential design of allergen immunotherapy for shellfish allergy. Unfortunately, immunotherapeutic studies and some diagnostic tools are still restricted in a research context and need to be validated before being implemented into clinical practice. However, they seem promising for improving management strategies for shellfish allergy. In this review, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of shellfish allergies in children are presented. The cross-reactivity among different forms of shellfish and immunotherapeutic approaches, including unmodified allergens, hypoallergens, peptide-based, and DNA-based vaccines, are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Oral food challenges (OFC) are an important tool in the assessment of food allergy. We sought to identify factors available at initial assessment visit which were associated with successful outcome or challenge failure in Australian children. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all paediatric patients who underwent OFC in our allergy service over a 5‐year period. Clinical data comprising patient demographics, co‐morbidities, skin prick test (SPT) results, nature of previous reactions, elapsed time since previous reactions and outcome at OFC were recorded. Results: Four hundred and fifty‐six OFCs were conducted, with 56 cases (12.3%) resulting in a reaction. Likelihood of reaction at OFC was significantly increased for patients with atopic dermatitis (odds ratio 1.99). When stratified by food substance, atopic dermatitis had the strongest association with reaction within the peanut group (odds ratio 3.2), and no association was demonstrated for soy or prawn. Increasing SPT wheal size (P < 0.001) and previous history of anaphylaxis to the challenge food (P < 0.001) correlated with failure at OFC. A low‐risk group was identified, of patients with no clear history of prior reaction to the challenge food, and SPT result <3 mm. Conclusions: Factors identified at assessment visit which correlated with reaction at OFC are atopic dermatitis, prior history of anaphylaxis, and increasing SPT wheal size. Domiciliary OFC could be considered in a select low‐risk group of patients undergoing food challenge. This study was performed at a single centre with limited sample size, further large‐scale and multicentre study verification of our data will provide more accurate representation of the Australian demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) can mimic surgical disease, gastroenteritis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonatal period. For this reason, we aimed to evaluate the clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment methods of neonates with CMPA. Methods and Study Design: The charts of twenty-six breastfed full-term and preterm newborns presenting with CMPA between October 2018 and February 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and methods used in diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Results: CMPA was diagnosed in preterm infants 50% (n=13) at the same rate as in full-term infants 50% (n=13) between 32 to 38 weeks corrected age (median 36 weeks). Among patients with CMPA, 69.2% (n=18) had blood in the stool at the onset. Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score score was found to be significantly higher prior to diagnosis vs. after treatment with the cow milk protein-free mom’s milk diet [12(11-13) vs. 4(3-5), p<0.001]. Seventy-two hours after the commencement of the mothers’ elimination diet, macroscopic blood in stool disappeared in all patients except one patient. Oral food challenge (OFC) for the diagnosis of CMPA was carried out on all (n=26) neonates. Eosinophilia was seen in 46.2% of patients (n=12). The methemoglobin concentration was 1.1 to 1.5% (median 1.3%). Conclusions: CMPA should be kept in mind for well-appearing preterm and full-term infants suspected of necrotizing enterocolitis and gastroenteritis, respectively, presenting with bloody stool and eosinophilia. The use of OFC can be implemented since neonates were very well monitored in the neonatal intensive care unit. Treatment is possible by continuing breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To date, little consideration has been given to access to allergy-related care, despite the fact that food allergy affects a considerable proportion of children. As such, the current study aimed to describe access to food allergy-related services in Canada and the United States (US). Methods Participants were recruited via social media from March-July 2021 and were asked to complete an online survey focused on food allergy-related medical care. Participants were Canadian and US residents who live with a child

Abstract Background Sensitization to Ara h 2 has been proposed as a promising biological marker for the severity of peanut allergy and may reduce the need for oral food challenges. This study aimed to evaluate whether peanut oral food challenge is still a useful diagnostic tool for children with suspected peanut allergy and an elevated level of Ara h 2-specific IgE. Additionally, we assessed whether well-controlled asthma is an additional risk for severe reactions. Methods A retrospective analysis of 107 children with sensitization to Ara h 2-specific IgE (> 0.35 kU/l) undergoing open peanut challenges during 2012–2018 in the Tampere University Hospital Allergy Centre, Finland. Results Of the 107 challenges, 82 (77%) were positive. Serum levels of Ara h 2 -sIgE were higher in subjects with a positive challenge than in those who remained negative (median 32.9 (IQR 6.7–99.8) vs. 2.1 (IQR 1.0–4.9) kU/l), p

We describe the case of a 1-year-old girl with food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE) that was difficult to diagnose. She was referred to our hospital with a 3-month history of diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Although her diarrhea improved after a few days of fasting, oral intake of elemental diets, formula milk, or rice porridge resulted in repeated relapses. The serum IgE level was 1028 IU/mL, and radioallergosorbent tests were positive for milk, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, and other allergens. A histopathology of the duodenal mucosa revealed loss of mucosal villous structure, crypt hyperplasia, crypt apoptosis, and lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration (

Background: There is no clear explanation for the large variation in threshold levels among peanut‐allergic children. We hypothesized that diet composition can partly explain this variation in thresholds, as nutrients and foods influence the intestinal barrier function and microbiota. Aim: to explore the relationship between the threshold levels for peanut and nutritional intake and gut microbial composition in peanut‐allergic children. Methods: In this explorative cross‐sectional study the cumulative threshold levels for peanut were determined by oral food challenge tests. Data on nutrients and foods consumed were obtained from 3‐day food diaries. Microbial composition of faeces and saliva were determined by molecular microbiota detection technique. Multivariable linear regression analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to explore the associations, adjusted for energy and senitization. Results: Sixty‐five children were included, of whom 32 (49%) (median age 50 months, IQR 28.0–96.5) had a positive oral food challenge. Significant positive associations were found between the intake of total carbohydrates, vitamin A and cumulative threshold levels for peanut, while significant negative associations were found for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and omega‐6 fatty acids. No associations were found between threshold levels and microbial composition of faeces and saliva. However, a significant higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in saliva (p = 0.011 and 0.04, respectively) and of Proteobacteria in faeces (p = 0.003) were found in children with a positive peanut challenge compared to children with a negative peanut challenge. Conclusion: As a novel concept, this study showed that dietary composition is related to threshold levels for peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food challenges carry a burden of safety, effort and resources. Clinical reactivity and presentation, such as thresholds and symptoms, are considered challenging to predict ex vivo. Aims: To identify changes of peripheral immune signatures during oral food challenges (OFC) that correlate with the clinical outcome in patients with peanut allergy (PA). Methods: Children with a positive (OFC+, n = 16) or a negative (OFC−, n = 10) OFC‐outcome were included (controls, n = 7). Single‐cell mass cytometry/unsupervised analysis allowed unbiased immunophenotyping during OFC. Results: Peripheral immune profiles correlated with OFC outcome. OFC+‐profiles revealed mainly decreased Th2 cells, memory Treg and activated NK cells, which had an increased homing marker expression signifying immune cell migration into effector tissues along with symptom onset. OFC−‐profiles had also signs of ongoing inflammation, but with a signature of a controlled response, lacking homing marker expression and featuring a concomitant increase of Th2‐shifted CD4+ T cells and Treg cells. Low versus high threshold reactivity‐groups had differential frequencies of intermediate monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells at baseline. Low threshold was associated with increased CD8+ T cells and reduced memory cells (central memory [CM] CD4+ [Th2] T cells, CM CD8+ T cells, Treg). Immune signatures also discriminated patients with preferential skin versus gastrointestinal symptoms, whereby skin signs correlated with increased expression of CCR4, a molecule enabling skin trafficking, on various immune cell types. Conclusion: We showed that peripheral immune signatures reflected dynamics of clinical outcome during OFC with peanut. Those immune alterations hold promise as a basis for predictive OFC biomarker discovery to monitor disease outcome and therapy of PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an uncommon, non-IgE (immunoglobulin E) -mediated food allergy that mainly affects infants and young children. Our study aims to evaluate the etiology, clinical phenotypes, and tolerance status of our cases with FPIES. Method: The file records of the patients who were followed up with the diagnosis of FPIES in the Departments of Pediatric Allergy and Gastroenterology of our hospital, between September 2016 and June 2022 were examined, and families who could not attend follow-up visits regularly were contacted by phone. Results: Twelve (66.66%) of 18 cases with a mean age of admission of 33.0±27.5 (2-108) months were boy. The triggers of FPIES were fish in 66.66%, cow’s milk in 16.66%, eggs in 5.55%, eggs and milk in 5.55%, and potato in 5.55% of the patients. While 94.44% of the cases had acute FPIES, and 44.4% of them had early-onset (<9 months) FPIES. The most common symptoms were vomiting (100%), diarrhea (38.88%), pallor (27.77%), lethargy (22.22%). Food-specific IgE sensitization was found in 5.55% of the patients, while tolerance developed in 33.33% of the cases during the follow-up. The mean age of tolerance development was 63±42 (19-112) months. Conclusion: It is important to have knowledge about the symptoms of FPIES for accurate and early diagnosis. While cow’s milk is the most prevalent triggers of FPIES in the literature, fish was at the forefront in our series. Despite the limited number of cases, our results are important in terms of giving us an idea about the triggers of FPIES in the western regions of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]