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Author(s): Jorge L. Ordóñez-Carrasco [sup.1] , Pablo Sayans-Jiménez [sup.1] , Antonio J. Rojas-Tejada [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.28020.38, 0000000101969356, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, , Edif. Central, Ctra. del [...], In the field of suicide, three theories (the interpersonal theory of suicide-IPTS, the integrated motivational-volitional-IMV-model, and the three-step theory-3ST) have emerged within the ideation-to-action framework. These theories distinguish between two processes, the development of suicidal ideation and the progression from ideation to suicidal action. In relation to the development of suicidal ideation, each theory proposes different key elements (perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness-IPTS; defeat and entrapment-IMV; and psychological pain and hopelessness-3ST). Through the implementation of network analysis, specifically Gaussian graphical models (GGMs), this study aims to explore the relationship between the variables of the three theories and their relationship (direct and indirect) with suicidal desire after partialing out all the other variables. In this cross-sectional study, 644 young adults, selected according to age, sex, and educational level, completed an online survey. The network analysis indicated that all the variables, except thwarted belongingness, formed a network model with strong connections. Defeat is the most central variable, and it has the greatest influence in the network. Suicidal desire is only connected directly to perceived burdensomeness, psychological pain, and defeat. The development of suicidal ideation could be understood as a complex set of concurrent and potentially interactive variables.

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Recent research indicates that the same ingroup–outgroup disposition responsible for the psychological representation of human–human relations can be applied to human–animal relations. This work aimed to study the differences between general attitudes toward animals and specific attitudes toward different animal categories (pets, pests, and profitable animals) and explore whether those differences vary by people's diet and gender. A mixed-design ANOVA was performed on a sample of 285 participants. The results showed that vegetarians/vegans scored more positively in general and specific attitudes toward animals than omnivores, except when evaluating pets. Female and male participants evaluated animals in general, and pets, similarly. Furthermore, vegetarians/vegans had fewer differences in their scores among the different attitudinal objects in comparison with omnivores. The findings of this study show that general attitudes toward animals differ from attitudes toward specific types of animal and that they vary according to dietary choice and gender. Therefore, for future research in human–animal interaction, we recommend measuring attitudes toward specific types of animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereotypes have important social consequences, such as promoting female discrimination in the workplace, which depends on how women are categorized. Extending prior work, here we analyze how two important female subgroups, women who are categorized as professional or sexy women, are evaluated on key dimensions of stereotype content (morality, sociability, and competence), positive and negative emotions, and facilitation behavioral tendencies (active and passive). To this end, we adapted a previous scale of facilitation tendencies to the working environment. Furthermore, we aim to explore the mechanism involved in carrying out helping behaviors towards each subgroup of women in the workplace. In order to fulfill these goals, 201 participants (M age = 28.88, SD = 12.25; 66.2% women) were randomly assigned to evaluate a woman categorized as either sexy or professional on the mentioned variables. Results show that women categorized as sexy are devalued compared to those categorized as professionals. We also found that competence has a driving role in predicting more active facilitation tendencies towards a woman categorized as professional than a woman categorized as sexy via positive emotions. These findings have implications for the career development of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical assumption of the integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model positions perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB) as moderators on the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship. The present study analyzed the expected combined effects of PB × TB on the relationship between entrapment and suicidal ideation/intention. Data were collected using an online questionnaire (N = 644) selected by sex, age, and education level. The PB × TB × Entrapment interaction was statistically significant, according to a moderating effect. A high degree of frustration of interpersonal needs enhances the entrapment-suicidal ideation/intention relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acculturation preferences of the majority towards minorities influence how their acculturation process takes place. According to the relative acculturation extended model (RAEM), these preferences depend on the area (public or private) in which it occurs. The aim of this study is to analyse the acculturation preference profiles of Spaniards towards Syrian and Middle Eastern refugees and their relationship with the stereotypical dimension of morality. A total of 400 Spaniards (50% women) responded to a questionnaire indicating their acculturation preferences in the RAEM areas and their perceptions of morality towards this group. Cluster analysis identified three profiles in public areas (assimilation with higher percentage) and four profiles in private areas (integration, exclusion and segregation in similar percentages). Likewise, participants in profiles that imply greater cultural maintenance for refugees (segregation or integration) in private areas perceive a higher degree of morality among refugees (vs. those who do not prefer cultural maintenance: assimilation or exclusion). The results confirm the predictions of the RAEM and the prominent role of morality in acculturation preferences towards refugees in private areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of sexual behaviors in emerging adult population is important because the number of sexually active individuals is high, and many young adults engage in sexually risky behaviors. Attitudes are an effective way to predict behaviors. The attitude-behavior relation is stronger when both attitude and behavior are measured at equivalent levels of specificity. The aim of this study was to provide empirical support of the Attitudes toward Sexual Behaviors Scale (ASBS) predictive capacity for the sexual experience (number of different sexual behaviors performed) as well as to compare it with the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS; erotophobia-erotophilia dimension) predictive capacity. Participants were 632 heterosexual young adults (57.8% were women) of Spanish nationality aged 18 to 30 years, selected by incidental and snowball sampling. Sociodemographic questions, the ASBS, the SOS, and a checklist about sexual experience were administered online. When the age and sex variables were controlled, the ASBS predictive capacity for the sexual experience was found to be greater than the SOS predictive capacity in both young men and women. These results might be explained by the higher correspondence in the sexual experience measure (specific sexual behaviors) with the ASBS than with the SOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat-based skill paradox suggests that the employability of immigrants decreases compared to nationals as they possess more advanced skills because they are considered a threat to national job applicants. Extending previous research, the present study explores whether the perceived threat to the Spanish labour market generated by an applicant for high- and low-status jobs and the evaluations received (on stereotypes, emotions and facilitation behavioural tendencies) vary depending on the candidate’s ethnicity (Moroccan vs. Spanish) and the tolerance of the evaluator. Participants (N = 579) were randomly assigned to evaluate a candidate with a CV varying in ethnicity, job status and gender. We found that the threat perceived by medium-low-tolerant evaluators was associated with worse evaluations and less intentions to help Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidates to a low-status job and with less active facilitation intentions towards Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidates to a high-status job. However, high-tolerant evaluators expressed more willingness to actively help the Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidate to high-status conditions, independently of the perceived threat. These findings highlight the important role of the tolerance of the evaluators in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to develop a new scale, the Morality Stereotype Content Scale (MSCS), and to analyze its psychometric properties. The MSCS contains both positive and negative morality-specific attributes. MSCS utility stands out for its concision and its translation ease. The study was developed with the collaboration of a sample of 550 Spaniards (keeping with the composition, in age and gender, of the Spanish population). Stereotypes toward the Spanish Roma people were assessed. Polytomous Rasch model (rating scale model) was employed. The results showed MSCS good psychometric properties that support its use for monitoring of intergroup perceptions and the assessment of the effectiveness of such interventions aimed to reduce negative intergroup stereotypes, particularly in the Spanish and European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]