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This study aimed to investigate the transferability of novel artificial intelligence (AI) methods for prediction modelling of diabetes based on real-world data (RWD) between early and late adopters of emerging health technologies from the perspective of developers and health technology assessment (HTA) experts. A two-step approach was used. Developers of the new AI methods within HTx consortium completed a survey about the benefits, usability, barriers associated with implementing the new prediction models in routine HTA practices. Then, HTA experts from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries participated in a focus group discussion. Developers generally expressed optimism regarding the transferability of the methods, while acknowledging potential disparities across CEE countries. Key benefits that were identified included enhanced understanding of diabetes, improved cost-effectiveness modelling, and refined patient stratification, all of which could contribute to clinical and reimbursement decisions across various jurisdictions. The focus group underscored the value of real-world data for diabetes prediction modelling, serving as a beneficial resource for both clinicians and HTA agencies. However, there was a recognized need to clarify the processes of integrating randomized clinical trial data with real-world data. For the other stakeholders, the advancement of the methodology will improve the diagnosis and therapy during the process of decision making. Experts from CEE countries recognized the potential of artificial intelligence-based methods employing real-world data for diabetes modelling. These methods are seen as instrumental in elucidating the heterogeneous nature of the disease, supporting clinician decision-making and holding promises for HTA purposes.

IntroductionMeaningful patient involvement in health technology assessment (HTA) is essential in ensuring that the interests of the affected patient population, their families, and the general public are accurately reflected in coverage and reimbursement decisions. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are generally at less advanced stages of implementing HTA, which is particularly true for patient involvement activities. As part of the Horizon2020 HTx project, this research aimed to form recommendations for critical barriers to patient involvement in HTA in CEE countries.MethodsBuilt on previous research findings on potential barriers, a prioritisation survey was conducted online with CEE stakeholders. Recommendations for prioritised barriers were formed through a face-to-face workshop by CEE stakeholders and HTx experts.ResultsA total of 105 stakeholders from 13 CEE countries completed the prioritisation survey and identified 12 of the 22 potential barriers as highly important. The workshop had 36 participants representing 9 CEE countries, and 5 Western European countries coming together to discuss solutions in order to form recommendations based on best practices, real-life experience, and transferability aspects. Stakeholder groups involved in both phases included HTA organisation representatives, payers, patients, caregivers, patient organisation representatives, patient experts, health care providers, academic and non-academic researchers, health care consultants and health technology manufacturers/providers. As a result, 12 recommendations were formed specified to the CEE region’s context, but potentially useful for a broader geographic audience.ConclusionIn this paper, we present 12 recommendations for meaningful, systematic, and sustainable patient involvement in HTA in CEE countries. Our hope is that engaging more than a hundred CEE stakeholders in the study helped to spread awareness of the importance and potential of patient involvement and that the resulting recommendations provide tangible steps for the way forward. Future studies shall focus on country-specific case studies of the implemented recommendations.

BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) has attracted much attention because of its enormous potential in healthcare, but uptake has been slow. There are substantial barriers that challenge health technology assessment (HTA) professionals to use AI-generated evidence for decision-making from large real-world databases (e.g., based on claims data). As part of the European Commission-funded HTx H2020 (Next Generation Health Technology Assessment) project, we aimed to put forward recommendations to support healthcare decision-makers in integrating AI into the HTA processes. The barriers, addressed by the paper, are particularly focusing on Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where the implementation of HTA and access to health databases lag behind Western European countries.MethodsWe constructed a survey to rank the barriers to using AI for HTA purposes, completed by respondents from CEE jurisdictions with expertise in HTA. Using the results, two members of the HTx consortium from CEE developed recommendations on the most critical barriers. Then these recommendations were discussed in a workshop by a wider group of experts, including HTA and reimbursement decision-makers from both CEE countries and Western European countries, and summarized in a consensus report.ResultsRecommendations have been developed to address the top 15 barriers in areas of (1) human factor-related barriers, focusing on educating HTA doers and users, establishing collaborations and best practice sharing; (2) regulatory and policy-related barriers, proposing increasing awareness and political commitment and improving the management of sensitive information for AI use; (3) data-related barriers, suggesting enhancing standardization and collaboration with data networks, managing missing and unstructured data, using analytical and statistical approaches to address bias, using quality assessment tools and quality standards, improving reporting, and developing better conditions for the use of data; and (4) technological barriers, suggesting sustainable development of AI infrastructure.ConclusionIn the field of HTA, the great potential of AI to support evidence generation and evaluation has not yet been sufficiently explored and realized. Raising awareness of the intended and unintended consequences of AI-based methods and encouraging political commitment from policymakers is necessary to upgrade the regulatory and infrastructural environment and knowledge base required to integrate AI into HTA-based decision-making processes better.

Aim: Real-world data and real-world evidence (RWE) are becoming more important for healthcare decision making and health technology assessment. We aimed to propose solutions to overcome barriers preventing Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries from using RWE generated in Western Europe. Materials & methods: To achieve this, following a scoping review and a webinar, the most important barriers were selected through a survey. A workshop was held with CEE experts to discuss proposed solutions. Results: Based on survey results, we selected the nine most important barriers. Multiple solutions were proposed, for example, the need for a European consensus, and building trust in using RWE. Conclusion: Through collaborationwith regional stakeholders, we proposed a list of solutions to overcome barriers on transferring RWE from Western Europe to CEE countries.

Objectives: Methodological challenges in the evaluation of medical devices (MDs) may be different for early and late technology adopter countries, as well as the potential health technology assessment (HTA) solutions to tackle them. This study aims to provide guidance to Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries on how to address key challenges of HTA for MDs with special focus on the transferability of scientific evidence.Methods: As part of the COMED Horizon 2020 project, a comprehensive list of issues related to MD HTA were identified based on a targeted literature review. Health technology assessment issues which pose a greater challenge or require different solutions in late technology adopter countries were selected. Draught recommendations to address these issues were developed and discussed in a focus group. The recommendations were then validated with a wider group of experts, including HTA and reimbursement decision makers from CEE countries in May and June 2020.Results: A consolidated list of 11 recommendations were developed in 3 major areas: (1) clinical value assessment, focusing on the use of joint EU work, relying on real-world evidence, use of coverage with evidence development schemes, transferring evidence from foreign countries and addressing the challenges of learning curve and centre effect; (2) economic value assessment, covering cost calculation of complex medical devices and transferability of economic evaluations of MDs; (3) HTA processes, related to the frequent product modifications and various indications of MDs.Conclusions: Central and Eastern European countries with limited resources for conducting HTA, can benefit from HTA methods and evidence generated in early technology adopter countries. Considering the appropriate reuse of international HTA materials, late technology adopter countries can still implement HTA, even for MDs, which have a more limited evidence base compared with pharmaceuticals.

Background: Despite international initiatives on collaboration within the field of rare diseases, patient access to orphan medicinal products (OMPs) and healthcare services differ greatly between countries. This study aimed to create a comprehensive and in-depth overview of rare diseases policies and reimbursement of OMPs in a selection of 12 countries in the Western Eurasian region: Armenia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.Methods: A systematic literature review was performed and an analysis of publicly available legislative and rare disease health policy data was undertaken in five focus areas: rare disease definition, newborn screening, registries, national plans, access to/reimbursement of OMPs.Results: Screening programs are broadly implemented but the number of screened diseases differs significantly (2–35 diseases), either between EU and non-EU countries, between EU member states and sometimes even within a single country. In most countries rare disease registries are operating with regional, national, European or worldwide coverage. The number of rare disease registries is growing, as a result of the National Plans (EU) and increased international scientific cooperation. France, Russia, and Poland have a centrally acting registry. National plans are present in all EU countries but implementation varies and is ongoing. The number of reimbursed OMPs in the selected countries ranges from nearly all available OMPs in the Netherlands, Germany, and France to zero in Armenia. Reimbursement rules differ considerably regionally and a trend is observed of reimbursement conditions getting stricter for expensive (orphan) drugs.Discussion: Inequality in patient access to new OMPs still exists due to variations in national policies, healthcare budgets, health insurance, and reimbursement systems. The observed differences are challenging for rare disease patients, health authorities and manufacturers alike. Progress can be seen, however, and international cooperation and harmonization is slowly but steadily expanding in the rare disease arena.

This work deals with numerical simulations of an annular burner with cross-section variations by using the FEM method. The main novelty is the introduction of the axial component of the mean flow in 3D simulations, which is usually neglected in the literature. The geometry investigated consists of an annular plenum chamber and an annular combustion chamber connected by 12 swirl burners. New insights are provided for a wide range of mean flow values, thus of Mach numbers. Firstly, a numerical assessment has been performed. Indeed, a simple annular geometry, which accurately approximates a real LP combustor, has been simulated and the results compared with the ones obtained with the software OSCILOS. The results achieved agree with the ones presented by Dowling and Stow [1], which demonstrated by applying a loworder one-dimensional model that the higher the mean flow velocity, the lower the frequencies and the growth rates gained.

Background and Objective. Placenta previa (PP) is a potential risk factor for obstetric hemorrhage, which is a major cause of fetomaternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to determine frequency, risk factors, and adverse fetomaternal outcomes of placenta previa in Northern Tanzania. Methodology. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using maternally-linked data from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre birth registry spanning 2000 to 2015. All women who gave birth to singleton infants were studied. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for risk factors and adverse fetomaternal outcomes associated with PP were estimated in multivariable logistic regression models. Result. A total of 47,686 singleton deliveries were analyzed. Of these, the frequency of PP was 0.6%. Notable significant risk factors for PP included gynecological diseases, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, malpresentation, and gravidity ≥5. Adverse maternal outcomes were postpartum haemorrhage, antepartum haemorrhage, and Caesarean delivery. PP increased odds of fetal Malpresentation and early neonatal death. Conclusion. The prevalence of PP was comparable to that found in past research. Multiple independent risk factors were identified. PP was found to have associations with several adverse fetomaternal outcomes. Early identification of women at risk of PP may help clinicians prevent such complications.

Stillbirth is a major cause of perinatal mortality and occurs disproportionately in developing countries including Tanzania. However, there is scant information regarding the predictors of this condition in Tanzania. This study aimed to determine maternal and fetal risk factors for stilbirth in northen Tanzania.A retrospective cohort study was performed using maternally-linked data from the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre birth registry. A total of 47681 women who had singleton delivery at KCMC between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed. Women with multiple gestations were excluded. Descriptive statistics were summarized using proportions and frequency. Chi-square test was used to determine risk factors for stillbirth in bivariate analysis. A multivariable regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals for maternal and fetal factors associated with stillbirth. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The frequency of stillbirth was 3.5%. Pre-eclampsia (AOR 3.99; 95% CI: 3.31-4.81) and placental abruption (AOR 22.62; 95% CI: 15.41-33.19) were the strongest maternal risk factors associated with still birth. While non-cephalic presentation (AOR 6.05; 95% CI: 4.77-7.66) and low birth weight (AOR 9.66; 95%CI: 8.66-10.77) were the fetal factors with the greatest impact on stillbirth.The rate of stillbirth in our study was consistent with past studies of developing countries. Numerous maternal and fetal factors risk factors were identified. Early identification of at risk pregnancies and appropriate intervention may help to reduce the occurrence of stillbirth.

Ethnic tolerance is one of key issues of global and national order and is considered to be one of the necessary conditions for effective professional training. The aim of our research was to determine the background factors of students' ethnic tolerance, its components and levels. Using two methods -- Tolerance Index by Soldatova and our own questionnaire -- allowed us to determine tolerance level in students of pedagogical specialties of Lviv region universities in Ukraine. We identified some fundamental factors of the effective formation of tolerance: the acceptance of cultural and national features of an individual, the ability to constructive cooperation and dialogue regardless of ethnicity, the ability and desire to listen to the interlocutor and understand his point of view. In the process of learning, students acquire the initial skills of professional and social communication and master the foundations of tolerant behaviour. The formation of ethnic tolerance is facilitated by the following factors: family upbringing, positive communication with representatives of other nationalities, knowledge of cross-cultural differences, travelling to other countries, studying at a higher education institution.

The main purpose of the article is to highlight the anthropological principles of human research in the creative legacy of Mykola Shlemkevych, a philosopher, teacher, publicist, editor, public figure, and to outline their relevance for the present. In his concept, the man is represented in two aspects -- a spiritual being and a social being. He reveals the spiritual manifestation of the man through his ability to reflect on life (Logos), to organize it (Ethos), to distinguish between beautiful and ugly (Eros) in life. The philosophical-reflexive interpretation by Mykola Shlemkevych's of the man as a social being is presented in different models. The purpose of anthropology is to harmonize the spiritual and material aspects of a person's life in the society. Accordingly, the purpose of education is to improve the human nature. Achieving this goal is possible by studying the cultural origins of educational phenomena, knowledge and perception of the man as a unique spiritual, physical and socio-mental phenomenon. This can be related to any modern trend in the philosophy of education that seeks to truly reform the education. We believe that the importance of Mykola Shlemkevych's conclusions goes far beyond those systems contemporary to him, because they are relevant today.

This article considers the theoretical principles of children and students' national awareness formation in the Ukrainian pedagogy of Galicia in the period 1848-1918. It defines two stages in this process: ethno-linguistic (1848-1904) and ethno-national (1905-1918). The later nineteenth century was marked by an emphasis on patriotism, the national ideal and the national character. Educators viewed patriotism as fostering love for the native people and the 'mother tongue'. In the period 1905-1918 the Ukrainian national idea as an aspiration for national independence became the basis of education: the purpose of education was to instil national awareness among young people, which would be manifested in command of the language and acceptance of the entire ethnic community; a knowledge of its material and spiritual culture in the past and the present; an awareness of oneself; and an understanding of the role of the national community in global historical processes.

Background and Aims: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has overwhelmed the treatment capacity of the health care systems during the highest viral diffusion rate. Patients reaching the emergency department had to be either hospitalized (inpatients) or discharged (outpatients). Still, the decision was taken based on the individual assessment of the actual clinical condition, without specific biomarkers to predict future improvement or deterioration, and discharged patients often returned to the hospital for aggravation of their condition. Here, we have developed a new combined approach of omics to identify factors that could distinguish coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) inpatients from outpatients. Methods: Saliva and blood samples were collected over the course of two observational cohort studies. By using machine learning approaches, we compared salivary metabolome of 50 COVID-19 patients with that of 270 healthy individuals having previously been exposed or not to SARS-CoV-2. We then correlated the salivary metabolites that allowed separating COVID-19 inpatients from outpatients with serum biomarkers and salivary microbiota taxa differentially represented in the two groups of patients. Results: We identified nine salivary metabolites that allowed assessing the need of hospitalization. When combined with serum biomarkers, just two salivary metabolites (myo-inositol and 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid) and one serum protein, chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), were sufficient to separate inpatients from outpatients completely and correlated with modulated microbiota taxa. In particular, we found Corynebacterium 1 to be overrepresented in inpatients, whereas Actinomycetaceae F0332, Candidatus Saccharimonas, and Haemophilus were all underrepresented in the hospitalized population. Conclusion: This is a proof of concept that a combined omic analysis can be used to stratify patients independently from COVID-19.

Part 1: The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project (SRFCP) serves a subset of complex patients who may benefit from additional levels of care coordination and support beyond the scope of what is currently provided in the clinic. The Complex Care Service (CCS) created a patient-centered care delivery system featuring medical students as case managers to address the needs of this population. A student-run elective (FPM 275) that developed from the CCS is seekign to enroll complex patients that would benefit from coordinated case managed care. Complex patients must first be identified. This project examines current practices of patient identification through 'hotspotting', finding that most selection is through subjective physican referrals or objective emergency medical services (EMS) utilization data. It then uses these heuristics as a guide to systematically rank free clinic patients by complexity and healthcare utilization, finding that SRFCP patients utilize EMS appropriately and that patients at risk for primary care breakdown are those with a greater degree of complexity. Finally, it uses these findings along with SRFCP physicians' subjective referrals to generate a list of patients and to develop an appropriate model for future patient enrollment in case managed care through FPM 275 at the SRFCP. Part 2: The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project (SRFCP) serves a subset of patients who face the burden of multimorbid chronic disease, limited health literacy, and psychosocial barriers to health. Complex patients typically require high levels of healthcare resources and may benefit from additional levels of care coordination and support beyond the scope of what is currently provided at the SRFCP. The Complex Care Service (CCS) was created to address the needs of this population through a patient-centered care delivery system featuring medical students as case-managers. The primary goals of this service were two-fold: to improve outcomes for complex patients by developing their health literacy, self-management skills, and health related self-efficacy; and to develop medical students' ability to facilitate health behavior change and to provide collaborative case managed care to SRFCP patients. This project documents the creation of the CCS and its transformation into a student-run elective with the expansion of the service, the development and refinement of clinical tools, and the formalization of medical student training in motivational interviewing and health behavior change as a means to sustainably continue case managed care for complex patients identified at the SRFCP.

In this paper, an assessment of the uncertainty affecting a hybrid procedure (experimental/numerical) is carried out to validate it for industrial applications, at the least. The procedure in question serves to depict 3D incompressible flow fields by using 2D measurements of it and computing the third velocity component by means of the continuity equation. A quasi-3D test case of an incompressible flow has been inspected in the wake of a NACA 0012 airfoil immersed in a forced flow of water running in a rectangular open channel. Specifically, starting from a 2D measurement data in planes orthogonal to the stream-wise direction, the computational approach can predict the third flow velocity component. A 3D ADV instrument has been utilized to measure the flow field, but only two velocity components have been considered as measured quantities, while the third one has been considered as reference with which to compare the computed component from the continuity equation to check the accuracy and validity of the hybrid procedure. At this aim, the uncertainties of the quantities have been evaluated, according to the GUM, to assess the agreement between experiments and predictions, in addition to other metrics. This aspect of uncertainty is not a technical sophistication but a substantial way to bring to the use of a 1D and 2D measurement system in lieu of a 3D one, which is costly in terms of maintenance, calibration, and economic issues. Moreover, the magnitude of the most relevant flow indicators by means of experimental data and predictions have been estimated and compared, for further confirmation by means of a supervised learning classification. Further, the sensed data have been processed, by means of a machine learning algorithm, to express them in a 3D way along with accuracy and epoch metrics. Two additional metrics have been included in the effort to show paramount interest, which are a geostatistical estimator and Sobol sensitivity. The statements of this paper can be used to design and test several devices for industrial purposes more easily.

Ethnic tolerance is one of key issues of global and national order and is considered to be one of the necessary conditions for effective professional training. The aim of our research was to determine the background factors of students’ ethnic tolerance, its components and levels. Using two methods – Tolerance Index by Soldatova and our own questionnaire – allowed us to determine tolerance level in students of pedagogical specialties of Lviv region universities in Ukraine. We identified some fundamental factors of the effective formation of tolerance: the acceptance of cultural and national features of an individual, the ability to constructive cooperation and dialogue regardless of ethnicity, the ability and desire to listen to the interlocutor and understand his point of view. In the process of learning, students acquire the initial skills of professional and social communication and master the foundations of tolerant behaviour. The formation of ethnic tolerance is facilitated by the following factors: family upbringing, positive communication with representatives of other nationalities, knowledge of cross-cultural differences, travelling to other countries, studying at a higher education institution.

The article is devoted to issues of the development of informal online education. The trend towards an increase in the number of users of informal online courses has gained special development since 2019. As a result of the accumulation of statistics, the share of each direction in the general structure of the education system was determined. According to the results of modeling trends in the development of the education system, trend lines were constructed for each area until 2025. It is determined that informal online education will continue to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development can no longer neglect the growth of those technologies that look at the recovery of any energy waste in industrial processes. For example, in almost every industrial plant it happens that pressure energy is wasted in throttling devices for pressure and flow control needs. Clearly, the recovery of this wasted energy can be considered as an opportunity to reach not only a higher plant energy efficiency, but also the reduction of the plant Operating Expenditures (OpEx). In recent years, it is getting common to replace throttling valves with turbine-based systems (tuboexpander) thus getting both the pressure control and the energy recovery, for instance, producing electricity. However, the wide range of possible operating conditions, technical requirements and design constrains determine highly customized constructions of these turboexpanders. Furthermore, manufacturers are interested in tools enabling them to rapidly get the design of their products. For these reasons, in this work we propose an optimization design procedure, which is able to rapidly come to the design of the turboexpander taking into account all the fluid dynamic and technical requirements, considering the already obtained achievements of the scientific community in terms of theory, experiments and numeric. In order to validate the proposed methodology, the case of a single stage axial impulse turbine is considered. However, the methodology extension to other turbomachines is straightforward. Specifically, the design requirements were expressed in terms of maximum allowable expansion ratio and flow coefficient, while achieving at least a minimum assigned value of the turbine loading factor. Actually, it is an iterative procedure, carried out up to convergence, made of the following steps: (i) the different loss coefficients in the turbine are set-up in order to estimate its main geometric parameters by means of a one dimensional (1D) study; (ii) the 2D blade profiles are designed by means of an optimization algorithm based on a “viscous/inviscid interaction” technique; (iii) 3D Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations are then carried out and the loss coefficients are computed and updated. Regarding the CFD simulations, a preliminary model assessment has been performed against a reference case, chosen in the literature. The above-mentioned procedure is implemented in such a way to speed up the convergence, coupling analytical integral models of the 1D/2D approach with accurate local solutions of the finite-volume 3D approach. The method is shown to be able to achieve consistent results, allowing the determination of a turbine design respectful of the requirements more than doubling the minimum required loading factor.

The reflections presented in this article include the process of incorporating women teachers into schools during the post-revolutionary period in Mexico. From one standpoint, women teachers lived in a state of ambiguity throughout this period because they were seen as symbols of national reconstruction following a war that left more than one million people dead. From another standpoint, they were victims of political and gender violence in a country that had not yet been pacified and was experiencing deep divisions between the armed Catholic groups that fought against the government. The process of the feminisation of Mexican teaching is approached through an analysis of the socio-professional conditions of rural teachers around the period of 1924 to 1945. There are a range of sources that were used for this research, including oral and documental. The collection of records of rural teachers from the Archivo Historico de la Secretaria de Educacion Publica are important in terms of a regional study that was done in the Valle del Mezquital as well as in a current national study. After reviewing over three thousand teacher files, I have been able to verify that many of these women were empowered and conscious of their significance in the national identity. They took advantage of the situation to obtain gender work benefits, which included equal wages to men, pregnancy leave regardless of marital status or age and uninterrupted contracts. This mobilisation by women teachers throughout the entire country was unprecedented in the professional history of Mexican women workers. These teachers fought many daily battles, both individually and collectively, to maintain their jobs, by writing letters to the head of the Rural School Department, sharing their stories and the injustices they experienced in their daily lives. Nonetheless, it is notable that for the first time, a collection of female voices can be found in the teacher files; these women did not want to keep quiet and they reflect a desire to participate in social change for themselves and their communities. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures and 19 footnotes.)

Historical palaces and gardens in Ukraine and problems of their revalorization

The article discusses the ongoing LIFE Egyptian Vulture project in Italy (LIFE16 NAT/IT/000659).

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The article evaluates the status and threats to the Egyptian Vulture in Albania, detailing population trends and conservation challenges. Topics discussed include the decline in breeding pairs and territories, the impact of power lines and poisoning, and recommendations for continued monitoring and a National Species Action Plan.

In recent years, a major development in dental implantology has been the introduction of patient-specific 3D-printed surgical guides. The utilization of dental guides offers advantages such as enhanced accuracy in locating the implant sites, greater simplicity, and reliability in performing bone drilling operations. However, it is important to note that the presence of such guides may contribute to a rise in cutting temperature, hence increasing the potential hazards of thermal injury to the patient's bone. The aim of this study is to examine the drilling temperature evolution in two distinct methods for 3D-printed surgical dental guides, one utilizing an internal metal bushing system and the other using external metal reducers. Cutting tests are done on synthetic polyurethane bone jaw models using a lab-scale automated Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machine to find out the temperature reached by different drilling techniques and compare them to traditional free cutting configurations. Thermal imaging and thermocouples, as well as the development of numerical simulations using finite element modeling, are used for the aim. The temperature of the tools' shanks experienced an average rise of 2.4 °C and 4.8 °C, but the tooltips exhibited an average increase of around 17 °C and 24 °C during traditional and guided dental surgery, respectively. This finding provides confirmation that both guided technologies have the capability to maintain temperatures below the critical limit for potential harm to bone and tissue. Numerical models were employed to validate and corroborate the findings, which exhibited identical outcomes when applied to genuine bone samples with distinct thermal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]