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Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) resulting from the interplay between climate, topography, organisms, parent material (underlying geologic bedrock), and time. Accurate soil data are needed in order to develop reliable and high-resolution soil maps for hydrological analysis, environmental protection, agriculture, and forest management. The several items of information required for soil characterization, deriving from sources with different spatial resolution, can be easily stored and managed within a geographic information system (GIS). Digital soil mapping (DSM) allows one to analyze the relationships between soil properties and ancillary data (e.g., topographic attributes and remote/proximal sensing data) through several pedometric techniques. The article represents an attempt to synthesize the use of GIS in soil sciences at different spatial scale by (i) describing the increasing availability of ancillary data for soil characterization; (ii) illustrating the main relationships between soil properties and digital elevation model-derived topographic features; (iii) summarizing spatial and nonspatial pedometric techniques for analyzing and modeling soil properties; (iv) illustrating some applications of GIS in soil science also highlighting the contribution of DSM for land use planning and soil protection.

Empirical rainfall thresholds are tools to forecast the possible occurrence of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. Accurate prediction of landslide occurrence requires reliable thresholds, which need to be properly validated before their use in operational warning systems. We exploited a catalogue of 200 rainfall conditions that have resulted in at least 223 shallow landslides in Sicily, southern Italy, in the 11-year period 2002–2011, to determine regional event duration–cumulated event rainfall (ED) thresholds for shallow landslide occurrence. We computed ED thresholds for different exceedance probability levels and determined the uncertainty associated to the thresholds using a consolidated bootstrap nonparametric technique. We further determined subregional thresholds, and we studied the role of lithology and seasonal periods in the initiation of shallow landslides in Sicily. Next, we validated the regional rainfall thresholds using 29 rainfall conditions that have resulted in 42 shallow landslides in Sicily in 2012. We based the validation on contingency tables, skill scores, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for thresholds at different exceedance probability levels, from 1% to 50%. Validation of rainfall thresholds is hampered by lack of information on landslide occurrence. Therefore, we considered the effects of variations in the contingencies and the skill scores caused by lack of information. Based on the results obtained, we propose a general methodology for the objective identification of a threshold that provides an optimal balance between maximization of correct predictions and minimization of incorrect predictions, including missed and false alarms. We expect that the methodology will increase the reliability of rainfall thresholds, fostering the operational use of validated rainfall thresholds in operational early warning system for regional shallow landslide forecasting.

Background Although numerous studies have addressed peripheral revascularizations for critical limb ischemia (CLI) in patients aged ≥80 years, few have focused exclusively on infrapopliteal arterial reconstructions. This study aimed to analyze early and long-term outcomes in very elderly patients who underwent surgical infrapopliteal revascularization for CLI according to their pre-operative ambulatory function and residential status. Methods Over an 18-year period, all consecutive patients aged ≥80 years referred to our institution for CLI requiring primary infrapopliteal or inframalleolar arterial reconstruction were enrolled in the study. All procedures were completed by the same surgeon with patients under regional anesthesia. Patency, limb salvage, amputation-free survival, and cumulative survival rates were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The patient's pre- and postoperative ambulatory function and residential status (at home vs in a nursing home) were also analyzed. The mean follow-up was 6.2 years (range, 0.1–11.5) and was obtained for 98% of patients. Results In all, 197 patients (134 men; mean ± SD age, 82.8 ± 1.7 years) with 201 critically ischemic limbs were enrolled in the study. No deaths or fatal major complications occurred in the peri-operative period (first 30 days); the local complication rate was 6%. After 1 and 7 years, the primary patency rates were 88% and 68%, the limb salvage rates were 96% and 87%, the amputation-free survival rates were 88% and 39%, and the survival rates were 91% and 44%, respectively. At last follow-up or death, 80% of the patients were ambulatory and 20% were not; 80% lived at home and were independent, another 9% lived at home with assistance, and 76% of the sample lived at home and were ambulatory. Conclusion Infrapopliteal arterial revascularization in the very elderly with CLI proved safe, effective, and durable, confirming that age per se and concomitant comorbidities do not necessarily affect technical and clinical outcomes. Ambulatory function and independent living status are well preserved because, despite a relatively short life expectancy, the majority of very elderly revascularized CLI patients can be expected to spend their remaining years ambulatory and at home. In contrast, patients with poor ambulatory function or who required assistance pre-operatively were less likely to improve their status after limb revascularization despite a successful technical result.

The aim of this work was to establish the factors that determine the onset of constipation in acutely hospitalized older patients with a view to contributing towards an evidence-based identification of which patients warrant early, specific preventive measures. To evade the problem posed by the definition of constipation, we have considered parameters that are part of the daily routine in the hospital ward, such as the prescription of laxatives, also paying attention to how the co-operative older person subjectively interpret this condition. One thirds of the 192 hospitalized older patients needed a laxative at least once every 3 days. Multivariate analysis identified the use of laxatives at home as the only risk factor for objective constipation while in hospital (odds ratio (OR)=3.0). A significant risk of being dissatisfied with their bowel emptying emerged among patients who were bedridden for more than 2 weeks (OR=6.0), and in those who experienced cerebrovascular events (OR=3.1). The use of laxatives at home and awareness that satisfaction with bowel movements drops in patients obliged to stay in bed for lengthy periods of time and in those who have suffered cerebrovascular damage, should provide the grounds for a screening program to establish rational guidelines on bowel movement therapy.

GA-SAKe è un modello empirico-idrologico per la previsione di frane, la cui calibrazione è automatica grazie all'utilizzo di algoritmi genetici. - È applicabile a singole frane (superficiali o profonde) o a popolazioni di frane simili, in contesti geo-ambientali omogenei. Richiede in input serie di piogge e di date di attivazione di frana. - Vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti per tre casi di studio in Calabria.

Although major vascular surgery is performed with increasing frequency in elderly people, the impact of age on outcomes is uncertain. We evaluated the perioperative (30-day) outcomes for patients who underwent major elective vascular operations under general or peripheral anesthesia in their eighties and nineties in a 14-year period. Data for all consecutive 3,060 patients (456 of themor years old) who underwent 3,314 elective vascular surgery procedures were prospectively entered into a computerized vascular registry. Detailed information was collected on patients' preoperative status, type of procedure and anesthesia, perioperative outcomes, and predictors of perioperative outcomes. The end points of the study were perioperative death and main surgical complications. Perioperative all-cause mortality rates varied across operations and were higher in elderly than in younger patients (1.4% vs. 0.2%, P = 0.014) after abdominal surgery (2.4% vs. 0.1%, P = 0.006) and especially after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (2.8% vs. 0%, P = 0.035). In the elderly cohort, the mortality rate was1% for almost 60% of all operations. In logistic regression analysis, only preoperative hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 72.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.4-557.6), congestive heart failure (OR = 16.5, 95% CI 2.3-115.9), and perioperative cardiac (OR = 20.7, 95% CI 1.6-273.8) and pulmonary (OR = 41.7, 95% CI 7.9-218.9) complications were associated with a higher 30-day death risk. In this series, perioperative outcomes were not influenced by the type of elective surgical procedure. Though overall mortality after major vascular surgery was higher in patientsor 80 years old, age per se was not an independent factor of a higher perioperative mortality risk or fatal and nonfatal complications.

Bien que les interventions de chirurgie vasculaire majeure soient realisees plus souvent chez des personnes âgees, l'impact de l'âge sur les resultats est incertain. Nous avons evalue les resultats (30 jours) perioperatoires chez les octogenaires et nonagenaires qui ont subi des operations vasculaires electives importantes sous anesthesie generale ou loco-regionale au cours d'une periode de 14 ans. Les donnees de 3060 patients consecutifs (456 d'entre eux ≥ 80 ans) qui ont eu 3314 interventions programmees de chirurgie vasculaire ont ete saisies de maniere prospective dans une base de donnees vasculaire automatisee. Des informations detaillees ont ete rassemblees sur l’etat preoperatoire des patients, le type de procedure et d'anesthesie, les resultats perioperatoires, et les facteurs predictifs des resultats perioperatoires. Les objectifs de l'etude etaient le deces perioperatoire et les principales complications chirurgicales. Les taux de mortalite perioperatoire toutes causes dependaient des interventions et etaient plus eleves chez les personnes âgees que chez les patients plus jeunes (1,4% contre 0,2%, p = 0,01lesions4), apres la chirurgie abdominale (2,4% contre 0,1%, p = 0,006) et particulierement apres cure d'anevrisme de l'aorte abdominale (2,8% contre 0%, p = 0,035). Dans la cohorte âgee, le taux de mortalite etait

Heavy rainstorms often induce flash flooding, one of the natural disasters most responsible for damage to man-made infrastructure and loss of lives, adversely affecting also the opportunities for socio-economic development of Mediterranean Countries. The frequently dramatic damage of flash floods are often detected with sufficient accuracy by post-event surveys, but rainfall causing them are still only roughly characterized. With the aim of improving the understanding of the temporal structure and spatial distribution of heavy rainstorms in the Mediterranean context, a statistical analysis was carried out in Calabria (southern Italy) concerning rainstorms that mainly induced flash floods, but also shallow landslides and debris-flows. Thus a method is proposed – based on the overcoming of heuristically predetermined threshold values of cumulated rainfall, maximum intensity, and kinetic energy of the rainfall event – to select and characterize the rainstorms able to induce flash floods in the Mediterranean-climate Countries. Therefore the obtained (heavy) rainstorms were automatically classified and studied according to their structure in time, localization and extension. Rainfall-runoff watershed models can consequently benefit from the enhanced identification of design storms, with a realistic time structure integrated with the results of the spatial analysis. A survey of flash flood events recorded in the last decades provides a preliminary validation of the method proposed to identify the heavy rainstorms and synthetically describe their characteristics. The notable size of the employed sample, including data with a very detailed resolution in time, that relate to several rain gauges well-distributed throughout the region, give robustness to the obtained results.

Objective Despite the lack of definitive data on the impact of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in the geriatric oncology setting, the broad use of any form of CGA is strongly recommended before any treatment decision in elderly cancer patients (ECP); currently there is no consensus about the best format for this geriatric assessment. The aim of this study was to firstly test the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) in ECP with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Materials and Methods Patients aged ≥ 70 years with inoperable or metastatic solid cancer consecutively admitted to our Program of Geriatric Oncology were assessed by a multidisciplinary team and received a basal CGA to calculate the MPI score. Results A hundred and sixty patients entered the study. In the Cox's regression model, MPI, CIRS-SI, BSA, GDS, MMSE, chemotherapy and a diagnosis of primary lung cancer were associated with mortality at 6 and 12 months. The ROC curves confirmed the prognostic value of MPI, with the best discriminatory power for mortality at both 6 and 12 months. Conclusion The present study is the first to indicate that the MPI retains its prognostic value even in elderly cancer patients with advanced stage of disease. The CIRS-SI and the GDS may potentiate the prognostic value of MPI.

Background Achieving the target of 95% colonoscopy completion rate at centres conducting colorectal screening programs is an important issue. Large centres and teaching hospitals employing endoscopists with different levels of training and expertise risk achieving worse results. Deep sedation with propofol in routine colonoscopy could maximize the results of cecal intubation. Methods The present study on the experience of a single centre focused on estimating the overall completion rate of colonoscopies performed under routine propofol sedation at a large teaching hospital with many operators involved, and on assessing the factors that influence the success rate of the procedure and how to improve this performance, analyzing the aspects relating to using of deep sedation. Twenty-one endoscopists, classified by their level of specialization in colonoscopic practice, performed 1381 colonoscopies under deep sedation. All actions needed for the anaesthesiologist to restore adequate oxygenation or hemodynamics, even for transient changes, were recorded. Results The "crude" overall completion rate was 93.3%. This finding shows that with routine deep sedation, the colonoscopy completion rate nears, but still does not reach, the target performance for colonoscopic screening programs, at centers where colonoscopists of difference experience are employed in such programs. Factors interfering with cecal intubation were: inadequate colon cleansing, endoscopists' expertise in colonoscopic practice, patients' body weight under 60 kg or age over 71 years, and the need for active intervention by the anaesthesiologist. The most favourable situation - a patient less than 71 years old with a body weight over 60 kg, an adequate bowel preparation, a "highly experienced specialist" performing the test, and no need for active anaesthesiological intervention during the procedure - coincided with a 98.8% probability of the colonoscopy being completed. Conclusions With routine deep sedation, the colonoscopy completion rate nears the target performance for colonoscopic screening programs, at centers where colonoscopists of difference experience are employed in such programs. Organizing the daily workload to prevent negative factors affecting the success rate from occurring in combination may enable up to 85% of incomplete procedures to be converted into successful colonoscopies.

Ischemic colitis (IC) poses a challenge for physicians, especially in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of the disease and to assess the factors predicting its evolution in elderly people.A retrospective study was undertaken in patients with IC admitted to Padua General Hospital between 2003 and 2008. Only patients with biopsy-proven IC were considered. Fifty control subjects were randomly selected from those seen at our units for acute geriatric disease during the same interval. Patients with IC were classified as having either a positive or negative outcome.A total of 46 patients were considered. The risk factors for IC identified from univariate analysis were analyzed in a multivariate logistic regression model and constipation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-20.1], vasculopathy (OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.4-16.6), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR 9.9; 95% CI 1.1-92.9) and cancer (OR 7.5; 95% CI 2.1-26.9) confirmed their independent significance as risk factors. Hematochezia was predictive of a positive outcome (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02-0.40), while cancer (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.2-11.9), HCV positivity (OR 9.6; 95% CI 1.6-56.5), signs of peritonism (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.2-18.4), localization in the right colon (OR 5.75; 95% CI 1.5-21.9) and increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and urea were independently predictive of a negative outcome.Elderly patients with IC are characterized by significant comorbidities. The absence of hematochezia and the presence of a concomitant malignancy, HCV, a marked increase in urea and LDH and disease involving only the right colon are factors that may predict a negative outcome in elderly patients.

XXI Annual Meeting of The Italian Society of Geriatric Surgery Francesco Sciannameo, Giammario Giustozzi and Beatrice Sensi Publication of this supplement was made possible with support from the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Terni e Narni Meeting abstracts – A single PDF containing all abstracts in this Supplement is available here . http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-9-S1info.pdf

The rains fallen in the last Autumn-Winter seasons, abundant and prolonged over wide sectors of Southern Italy, confirmed the overall fragility of the territory by triggering a great number of slope movements and erosive processes, floods along numerous streams, inundation of cultivated fields and of urbanised sectors, and coastal instabilities induced by sea-storms. In Calabria, located at the southernmost tip of the boot, the recent geo-hydrological crisis was so severe that the Italian Government had to declare the "state of emergency" on 30 January 2009. The inheritance of the Autumn-Winter 2008/2009 extends over large portions of the territory. Among the examined cases, those characterized by conditions of "imminent danger" to public safety resulted mainly located in the NW sector of the region, along the Eastern slope of the Coastal Chain, and subordinately along its Western slope facing the Tyrrhenian Sea. Other villages were also threatened by slope instabilities along the Southern Tyrrhenian and on the Jonian coasts. In the present study, the progressive mobilization of a rainfall-induced slope movement threatening the Southern suburbs of San Benedetto Ullano (Cosenza), activated on 28 January (and still active in early April), is briefly described. The results of a detailed geomorphologic field survey, repeated in time to properly recognising the evolution of the phenomenon, combined with the cross-analysis of rainfall data and superficial displacements at a number of datum points, allowed to support the Major of the village for better managing the state of geo-hydrological emergency. The assessment of the scenarios related to the presumable development of the phenomenon is in progress. The simplified control system, promptly implemented during the first phases of analysis, will be refined in the next months, based on geological and kinematic data which will be progressively gathered via explorative drillings and thanks to the installation of essential instrumentations. Accordingly, even the set of provisional emergency procedures devised from the very beginning of the study will be detailed and may be arranged into a refined Decision Support System; advices for slope remediation will also be given to the local administration.

Introduction: We studied the clinical course of elderly patients acutely hospitalized for various diseases, assessing any differences between patients with and without esophagitis. Study: A case-control study on the presence of esophagitis was conducted on the clinical records of all in-patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy at Padova Geriatric Hospital from 1997 to 2001. Data were examined on 338 sex-matched patients: 169 with a diagnosis of esophagitis and 169 with a negative endoscopy. Results: Admissions for acute respiratory disorders [odds ratios (OR) 2.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-8.01], a remote diagnosis of esophagitis (OR 11.34; 95%CI 2.68-48.07), obesity (OR 3.36; 95%CI 0.91-12.48), and being bedridden (OR 6.84; 95%CI 3.27-14.29) were found to be independent risk factors for the presence of esophagitis. The symptoms prompting the endoscopic diagnoses included: gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 7.61; 95%CI 2.76-21.0), heartburn (OR 4.58; 95%CI 1.86-11.28), and cough (OR 3.59; 95%CI 1.34-9.62). Steroids (OR 2.68; 95%CI 1.11-6.44) and calcium antagonists (OR 1.50; 95%CI 0.79-2.87) were associated with esophagitis as risk factors, whereas proton pump inhibitors (OR 0.46; 95%CI 0.25-0.87), nitrates (OR 0.14; 95%CI 0.02-0.78), and sucralfate in males (OR 0.09; 95%CI 0.01-0.92) were associated as protective factors. Patients with esophagitis were discharged with an endocrinologic/metabolic-type diagnosis. Deaths were significantly higher among patients with esophagitis (25 vs. 9); more severe esophagitis was characterized by a higher Charlson comorbidity index and a greater presence of anorexia and nausea. Conclusions: These findings seem to substantiate the theory that esophagitis is a characteristic which exacerbates frailty in hospitalized elderly people and its identification may be helpful in these patients.

Studying factors associated with positive gastroscopies in dyspeptic patients can help limit and rationalize waiting lists for endoscopies. Dyspepsia guidelines have a controversial role because their main purpose is to provide specifications on efficient global management of primary care patients.To assess and weigh the risk of major endoscopic diagnoses against different age groups, gender, Helicobacter pylori infection, compliance with European Society of Primary Care Gastroenterology (ESPCG) guideline statements, and participation of prescribing general practitioners in a quality improvement programme for dyspepsia management, based on these guidelines.We consecutively studied the outcomes of 752 gastroscopies with respect to two sets of useful results: the first considered diagnoses of carcinoma, gastric and duodenal ulcer; the second excluded duodenal ulcer.A diagnosis of cancer or gastric/duodenal ulcer was associated with male sex (odds ratio (OR)=1.81, P=0.016), age above 41 years (OR=3.24, P=0.009) and particularly with positivity to H. pylori (OR=4.49, P0.001), while the risk increased by two and a half times in gastroscopies conforming with ESPCG guidelines (OR=2.47, P=0.003). In the second set of analysis, we noted a statistically significant correlation between cancer or gastric ulcer and compliance with ESPCG guidelines (OR=4.69, P=0.013), but not with H. pylori positivity (OR=1.83, P=0.11); a linear relationship was observed across age groups, with a 60% increase in the risk of disease with every 5-year increase in age (OR=1.59, P=0.002).Participation of general practitioners in the Dyspepsia Management Programme (DMP) was not significantly associated with a positive gastroscopy.

Incisional hernia represents the most common wound complication after abdominal surgery. The repair of large incisional hernias requires an accurate knowledge of the interactions between the tissues of the abdominal wall, the prosthetic materials and the bowel. At the same time a careful attention must be placed on the physiopathology of abdominal hypertension. Repair of giant incisional hernias with heavy loss of substance may take to a sudden increase of intra-abdominal pressure and, sometimes, to Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS). The aim of preventing recurrences very often requires the use of a prosthesis, which must be placed on a low-tension environment to avoid early failures and excessive increase of intra-abdominal pressure. It is also necessary to employ as much parietal tissues as possible to prevent visceral adhesions and lesions and to pay attention to an appropriate employment of prosthesis. Utilization of composite materials, absorbable prosthesis or of combinations of mesh and flaps looks promising in preventing endoabdominal hypertension without increasing the rate of recurrences, infections and adhesive complications.

Purpose Carotid angioplasty and stenting has been proposed as a treatment option for carotid occlusive disease in patients at high risk, including those 80 years of age or older or with contralateral carotid occlusion. We analyzed 30-day mortality and stroke risk rates of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients aged 80 years or older with concurrent carotid occlusive disease. Methods From a retrospective review of 1000 patients undergoing 1150 CEA procedures to treat symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid lesions over 13 years, we identified 54 patients (5.4%) aged 80 years or older with concurrent contralateral carotid occlusion. These patients were compared with 38 patients (3.8%) aged 80 years or older with normal or diseased patent contralateral carotid artery and 81 patients (8.1%) younger than 80 years with contralateral carotid occlusion. All CEA procedures involved either standard CEA with patching or eversion CEA, and were performed by the same surgeon, with the patients under deep general anesthesia and cerebral protection involving continuous perioperative electroencephalographic monitoring for selective shunting. Shunting criteria were based exclusively on electroencephalographic abnormalities consistent with cerebral ischemia. Results The 30-day mortality and stroke rate in patients aged 80 years or older with concurrent contralateral carotid occlusion was zero. Conclusions The concept of high-risk CEA needs to be revisited. Patients with two of the criteria considered high risk in the medical literature, that is, age 80 years or older and contralateral carotid occlusion, can undergo CEA with no greater risks or complications. Until prospective randomized trials designed to evaluate the role of carotid angioplasty and stenting have been completed, CEA should remain the standard treatment in such patients.

alabria region does not present relevant homogeneity for what regards the number and the characteristics of the pluviometrical events affecting it. Using about 200 historical series of daily rainfalls, for which at least 15 years of observations are available., an investigation has been carried out to point out the spatial distribution of rainfall events number and magnitudes. The applications relative to this approach, called POT (Peak Over Threshold) or PDS (Partial Duration Series), examine the generic historical series constituting the whole stochastic process. First, the maximum intensity has been assumed as the magnitude of the generic event, then other factors such as total rain and average intensity of the event itself have been assumed too. The analysis has been carried out on events exceeding, in some prefixed threshold, conditions for what regards the above-mentioned factor. Definitively, the events of the past presenting peculiar characteristics over variable threshold values have been calculated and analysed. The description of the spatial variability of the number and magnitude of pluviometrical events exceeding threshold values is proposed through maps traced with the "Kriging" method. The methodology we used permits to delineate the areas of the regional territory affected by major pluviometrical risk for what regards shallow slope instabilities; moreover the periods during the year in which the events, relative to exceeding threshold values, are more frequent have been pointed out.

The Byzantine Medical School cured inguinal hernias by the removal of the ipsilateral testicle. Guy de Chauliac (1300–1368), a great surgeon of the French school, wrote the Grande Chirurgie, the book of reference for centuries. In cases of inguinal hernia, the author suggested this cure

Several methods, either direct or indirect, are available to study lower limbs varicose disease [1–5]. Clinical examination, always necessary, cannot sometimes define the status of the disease and the integrity of deep venous system.

Background Compare two groups of patients, ≥ 70 years old and < 70 years old, diagnosed with III-IV grade haemorrhoids that underwent a stapled haemorrhoidopexy. [1]

Results No differences were found in the lesions in patients younger than 65 (not statistically comparable number), while in the others (patients over 65 years old) there was a clear difference of site: in naturopathic patients the most part were found in the plantar surface of the foot (51.4%), especially in metatarsal heads area (49.1%). The ischemic group had the most frequent site in extremities of toes (66.5%), while the neuroischemic lesions were located on both plantar surfaces (51.8%). Conclusion The distribution of ulcers was statistically significant in all different elderly groups and seems to be correlated with their etiology (p < 0.0001). from XXI Annual Meeting of The Italian Society of Geriatric Surgery Terni, Italy. 4–6 December 2008

Purpose Use of inflow sources distal to the common femoral artery (CFA) for bypass to infrapopliteal arteries is a compromise measure when the length of the vein is not adequate. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of vein infrapopliteal bypass arising from the CFA and from the distal superficial femoral or popliteal and tibial arteries in patients with limb-threatening ischemia. Methods Over 13 years, 160 vein infrapopliteal vein bypass procedures (160 patients) were randomized into 2 groups, 80 with inflow arising from the CFA (group 1) and 80 with inflow from below the CFA (group 2). Patency and limb salvage rates were assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. All patients underwent graft surveillance at discharge and at 30 days and 6 months after surgery, then every 6 months thereafter. Follow-up ranged from 30 days to 127 months (mean, 49 months). Results Groups were similar with regard to age, sex, and most atherosclerotic risk factors. Gangrene as an indication for surgery was statistically more frequent in group 1 (73.7% vs 48.7%; P = .002), whereas nonhealing ulcer and rest pain were statistically more frequent in group 2 (respectively, 51.2% vs 25%; P = .001 and 46.2% vs 28.7%; P = .03). No patients died during the perioperative (30 days) period. At 1, 3, and 5 years patency and limb salvage rates were comparable between groups, tending toward significance for the 5-year primary patency rate (73% vs 57%; P = .08). Conclusions In the absence of significant proximal disease, infrapopliteal revascularization arising distal to the CFA can ensure patency and limb salvage rates statistically similar to those with use of the CFA. Moreover, procedures arising distal to the CFA required fewer graft revisions to maintain patency of failing grafts.

Background Patients older than 80 years old were excluded from participation in the large controlled randomized trials that demonstrated the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in preventing stroke in selected symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Because of limited longevity and perceived increased perioperative risk from CEA, alternative treatment options, such as carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) have been suggested as a lower-risk alternatives. Many of the reports evaluating CAS have thus used age older than 80 years as one of the high-risk criteria allowing entry into the studies. We analyzed 30-day stroke and death rates after CEA in patients aged 80 or more with severe symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid disease.