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As investigations in the biomedical applications of plasma advance, a demand for describing safe and efficacious delivery of plasma is emerging. It is quite clear that not all plasmas are "equal" for all applications. This Perspective discusses limitations of the existing parameters used to define plasma in context of the need for the "right plasma" at the "right dose" for each "disease system." The validity of results extrapolated from in vitro studies to preclinical and clinical applications is discussed. We make a case for studying the whole system as a single unit, in situ. Furthermore, we argue that while plasma-generated chemical species are the proposed key effectors in biological systems, the contribution of physical effectors (electric fields, surface charging, dielectric properties of target, changes in gap electric fields, etc.) must not be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: White spot lesions are more susceptible to staining agents due to their porous structure. This study examines the impact of white spot lesion treatments on discoloration caused by pediatric supplements. Method and materials: Three treatments (fluoride, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP], resin infiltration), a control, and their respective syrup-based subgroups (iron and black elderberry syrups) were established, each with eight teeth. Artificial white spot lesions were induced, and weekly applications of fluoride varnish, daily applications of CPP-ACP paste, or a single resin infiltration procedure were performed on the white spot lesions within the treatment groups over 4 weeks. Simultaneously, samples were exposed daily to iron or black elderberry syrups. Spectrophotometer measurements were taken at baseline, after demineralization (T0), and after 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 4 weeks (T4). ΔE00 values were calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted using a three-way mixed-design ANOVA, with the significance level set at P = .05. Results: At T4, ΔE00 values from all groups exceeded the clinical acceptability limit of 1.8. At T2 and T4, the ΔE00 values obtained from the black elderberry syrup subgroups were significantly higher (P < .001). At T4, the highest ΔE00 values were seen in the CPP-ACP groups (P < .001). The lowest ΔE00 values at T2 and T4 were observed in the resin infiltration groups (P < .05). Conclusions: Supplements containing ferrous sulfate and black elderberry extract caused color changes in white spot lesions that exceeded the clinical acceptability limit. Resin infiltration of white spot lesions provides advantages over remineralization treatments, particularly in minimizing discoloration induced by pediatric supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Currently, organic farming has become a feasible approach for the production of high‐quality fruits. To evaluate the response of fruit quality and mineral nutrition contents of Hayward Kiwifruit affected by different organic and inorganic fertilizers, the present study was conducted in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Iran, in 2017–2021, as a randomized block design with three replications. The studied treatments were organic fertilizers (cow, vermicompost and Azolla) and chemical fertilizers. After 4 years of fertilization, the fruit's nutritional elements content and some fruit bioactive compounds were evaluated after 3 months of cold storage and then analyzed by the principal component analysis (PCA) method. RESULTS: The use of organic amendments boosted the calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron content of the kiwifruits compared to chemical fertilizers. The highest fruit potassium and phosphorus content were recorded in the cow manure treatment. The lowest amount of nitrate and the highest calcium, zinc, copper and manganese accumulation were recorded in the fruits treated with vermicompost. In addition to mineral nutrients, the dry matter, total soluble solids, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit were improved by the application of vermicompost amendment compared to the other fertilizer sources. However, the highest fruit vitamin C and total soluble carbohydrates were measured in the cow manure treatment. The PCA results of the fruit quality indices indicated that fertilization treatments were ranked as vermicompost (1.88) > cow manure (1.63) = chemical (1.60) > Azolla (1.54). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the application of 40 kg of vermicompost or 40 kg of cow manure in the next rank in Hayward kiwifruit orchards in March (growth stage beginning of bud swelling) may be a more suitable approach for improving the nutritional quality of the fruit. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires and burn offs generate high soil temperatures, mineralizing organic matter and trapping it in the form of charcoal. A system that can catalyze its liberation in the absence of bacteria is a technological innovation that accelerates the recovery of these soils. We evaluated the parameters of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in ashes from wood, charcoal, and burned earth. We observe that using the TCAS‐CATA catalyst in a 1% V/V solution generated a threefold increase in the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) parameters in the solutions. Using this solution on land with low fertility increased values for organic soil richness, as evaluated by NPK rising by over three times the basal rate. These data indicate that using this TCAS‐CATA helps recover nutrients from carbonized material, improves soil, and aids it in recovery in less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccolithophores fix organic carbon and produce calcite plates (coccoliths) that ballast organic matter and facilitate carbon export. Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide, while calcification produces it, raising questions about whether coccolithophores are a net sink or source of carbon. We characterized the physiology of calcified and noncalcified (“naked”) phenotypes of Emiliania huxleyi (CCMP374) and investigated the relationship between calcification and photosynthesis across a gradient of light (25–2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1) spanning the euphotic zone. Growth and photophysiological parameters increased with light until reaching a mid‐light (150 μmol photons m−2 s−1) maximum for both phenotypes. Calcified cells were characterized by enhanced photophysiology and less photoinhibition. Further, enhanced bicarbonate transport in calcified cells led to higher rates of particulate organic carbon fixation and growth compared to naked cells at mid‐light to high light (150–2000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Coccolith production was similarly high at mid and high light, but the rate of coccolith shedding was >3‐fold lower at high‐light (1.2 vs. 0.35 coccoliths cell−1 h−1). The cellular mechanims(s) of this differential shedding remain unknown and underly light‐related controls on coccosphere maintenance. Our data suggest coccoliths shade cells at high light and that enhanced bicarbonate transport associated with calcification increases internal carbon supplies available for organic carbon fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sedimentary environment and organic matter (OM) accumulation are vital indicators for shale gas exploration. However, research on deep shale gas systems is relatively limited; moreover, the exploration of deep shale gas in the southeastern Sichuan Basin has entered a period of stagnation. In this study, systematic geochemical analysis of Wufeng (WF) and the first member of the Longmaxi (Long-1) deep shale samples from the recently drilled DY7 well in the Dingshan area of the Sichuan Basin is carried out, and the longitudinal variations in major and trace elements are revealed. The differences in the WF, lower section of the Long-1 (Long-11) and upper section ofthe Long-1 (Long-12) shales are studied in terms of redox conditions, paleoproductivity, terrigenous detrital input, sedimentation rate and paleoclimate, and the different main controlling factors of OM accumulation for these three layers are discussed. The WF shale has a higher TOC content (mean: 5.73%), the Long-11 shale has a high TOC content (mean: 2.89%), while the Long-12 shale has a low TOC content (mean: 1.44%). For the WF shale, due to complex geological events and large fluctuations in element contents, its TOC content is poorly correlated with these indices, redox and paleoproductivity proxies have a positive association with the Long-11 shale's TOC content, but negatively correlated with terrigenous input and sedimentation rate indices. The formation of these two sets of organic-rich shales (TOC > 2%) is jointly controlled by good preservation conditions. In contrast, the TOC content of the WF shale is higher than that of the Long-11 shale as the result that terrigenous input and sedimentation rate of the Long-11 shale represent the dilution and destruction of OM, which is different from the former. During the Long-12 depositional period, the water column experienced weak reducing conditions and low productivity, and its high terrigenous debris input further diluted the OM, leading to a low TOC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy can be caused by a variety of causes, such as inborn errors of metabolism, organic acid disorders are the most significant type of metabolic disorders that cause seizures. The clinical manifestations of these diseases are generally nonspecific, and the types of seizures are different. Screening for multisystem clinical symptoms and identifying the underlying etiology are crucial for early treatment of epileptic seizures. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy associated with organic acid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, relevant literature has also been reviewed to assist clinicians in the diagnosis of cases characterized by the coexistence of multisystemic symptoms and epileptic manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of complex chemicals that are formed and released during incomplete combustion during industrial processes or pyrolysis of the organic matter. Human exposure to PAHs primarily occurs through food consumption. One of the possible causes of formation in food is free radicals. Also, the confirmed mechanism of their toxicity in living organisms is oxidative stress. This complication is also caused by free radicals released during their metabolism. Chronic exposure to PAHs can lead to carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. Consequently, there is a need to minimize the presence of these compounds in food. Research suggests that antioxidants play a crucial role in reducing PAH levels in food. Therefore, formulating food products with the right combination of antioxidants could be an effective strategy to mitigate the formation of PAHs. Moreover, antioxidants have been found to alleviate the toxicity associated with PAHs in the human body. This manuscript discusses the effects and mechanisms of antioxidants in reducing PAH in food products and living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLivestock wastewater (LWW) has a complex characteristic of high organic matter content, metals, nutrients, and pharmaceutical compounds. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are a potential option for treating this wastewater. This study evaluated real LWW and the performance of UV/H2O2 and UV/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) for its treatment. The experiments were conducted in a UV photoreactor (16 mW/m2, λ = 254 nm). The oxidant agents (Ox) tested were H2O2 and PMS, each at low, medium, and high TOC/Ox molar ratios. A pretreatment based on chemical precipitation was implemented. Annually, the LWW showed total organic carbon (TOC) values of 859 ± 13.37 mg/L, 168.85 ± 1.62 mg/L of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and toxicity of 96% v/v. In the dry season, albendazole (ABZ) (95.3 ± 35.16 mg/L), Cu (4.3 ± 0.23 mg/L), Fe (3.8 ± 0.38 mg/L), and suspended solids (SS) (1015 ± 586.9 mg/L) were identified, so pretreatment was implemented. The UV/PMS process with the lowest molar ratio [TOC/Ox 1:0.75] removed significantly lower TOC concentrations (p < 0.05), but toxicity decreased entirely. The study of mineralization and toxicity provided insight into the changes in LWW during treatment with AOP. Furthermore, it contributed to establishing the technical basis for implementing efficient treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has evolved into a powerful characterization tool that allows visualization of materials with finer resolution than any other type of microscope in existence. While numerous areas of the physical and biologically sciences and engineering benefit tremendously from TEM and its analytical features, the highest resolution can only be achieved if a sample fulfills certain requirements, including an optimal thickness as well as a sufficiently long e‐beam stability. At a fundamental level, the physical and chemical properties of organic polymers are generally problematic in conjunction with TEM, as they experience damage from the electron beam more readily than their hard materials counterparts. However, progress in polymer characterization using TEM has evolved considerably and the polymer community stands to benefit greatly from continued growth going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "A robust and porous titanium metal-organic framework for gas adsorption, CO2 capture and conversion" published in the journal Dalton Transactions. The correction notice, numbered 12797, acknowledges an error in the original article but does not provide any specific details about the nature of the error or the correction made. The article itself explores the topic of a titanium metal-organic framework and its potential applications in gas adsorption, CO2 capture, and conversion. The journal, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, covers a wide range of topics in inorganic chemistry and is a respected resource in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Comprehensive Summary: Organic fluorine compounds are ubiquitous and pivotally important organic molecules, yet their activation and transformation have long been a formidable challenge due to the high energy and low reactivity of C—F bonds. Organic electrosynthesis, an environmentally benign synthetic method in organic chemistry, enables a myriad of chemical transformations without the need for external redox reagents. In recent years, organic electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for achieving the activation and transformation of C—F bonds in fluorine‐containing compounds. This review aims to succinctly recapitulate the latest advancements in the electrochemical defluorinative transformations of C—F bonds and to delve into the reaction design, mechanistic insights, and developmental prospects of these methods. Key Scientists: In 1959, Lund was the first to pioneer the electroreduction of CF3 to CH3 group. Electrochemistry has lately provided new opportunities for efficient conversion of organic fluorides. In 2020, Zhou and coworkers discovered the electrochemical defluorinative carboxylation of α‐CF3 alkenes. Lambert and colleagues reported electrophotocatalytic defluorinative amination of aryl fluorides. Electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones was developed by Lennox and coworkers in 2021. In the same year, Wang and Guo disclosed electrochemical radical defluorinative alkylation of α‐CF3 alkenes with Katritzky salts as the alkyl radical precursors. Subsequently, Wu and Liao described a transition‐metal‐free, site‐selective C—F arylation of polyfluoroarenes with (het)arenes using paired electrophotocatalysis. In 2023, numerous efforts were made to achieve electrochemical C—F bond activation. Xia and Guo developed an organoboron‐controlled method for the chemoselective electrochemical sequential (deutero)hydrodefluorination of trifluoroacetamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSimple, environmentally benign and metal free one pot strategy has been used for the synthesis of 4-iodo-3-phenylbenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridine from O-alkynylquinolinyl aldehydes with tert-butyl amine and iodine through imine formation in good to excellent yield at room temperature in aerobic and mild conditions. The beauty of this reaction is the imine formation and cyclization in the same reaction pot. Due to presence of iodine in product, it can be useful for further reaction and can be valuable synthon for new organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state emission is pivotal for the functionality of organic compounds in opto‐electronic applications. Yet, tailoring the emission characteristics of existing solid‐state emissive organic frameworks is a challenging task, primarily due to their intricate structure‐activity interplay. In this study, an innovative family of solid‐state luminogens, centered around the dibenzosuberenylidene core are introduced. These luminogens are characterized by a remarkable excited‐state aromatization‐induced structural planarization (ESAISP) behavior. This unique feature allows for the modulation of their fluorescence properties, including color and intensity, through simple structural alterations, opening new avenues in the development of organic advanced functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Forest soils store substantial amounts of carbon in various soil organic matter (SOM) components due to high plant litter inputs and active microbial turnover. However, the variations in plant- and microbial-derived SOM components in surface and subsurface forest soils across a wide geographic scale remain poorly understood. This study investigated the SOM components from aboveground and belowground plant inputs and fungal and bacterial necromass in surface (soil0–5 cm) and subsurface (soil5–10 cm) soils across 32 forest sites in China and analyzed their relationships with climate and edaphic factors. Compared to soil0–5 cm, soil5–10 cm exhibited lower soil organic carbon content and cutin biomarker concentration but higher concentrations of fungal necromass carbon and lignin phenols. Higher mean annual precipitation led to higher concentrations of cutin and suberin biomarkers in soil0–5 cm and soil5–10 cm, respectively. Higher soil organic carbon content was associated with lower plant-derived lignin biomarkers, higher lignin oxidation degrees, and increased microbial necromass-derived amino sugars across sites, highlighting the pivotal role of microbial necromass in SOM stabilization. Additionally, both fungal and bacterial necromass decreased with increasing mineral weathering across sites. These insights improve the understanding of environmental drivers of source-specific carbon storage in forest soils. Highlights: • There were more cutin and less lignin or fungal derivatives in 0–5 cm than in 5–10 cm soils. • MAP increased cutin derivatives (0–5 cm soils) and suberin derivatives (5–10 cm soils). • Amino sugars and cutin derivatives increased and lignin derivatives decreased with SOC. • Both fungal and bacterial necromass decreased with increasing mineral weathering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting polymers (CPs) encompass various cutting‐edge fields owing to their combination of polymer and conducting properties. However, the mismatch between the polymer growth process and the carrier mobility design leads to poor material and device consistency, and insufficient long‐term device stability, thus hindering the practical application of CPs. Although 2D construction has been explored to address these challenges, it typically leads to materials instability and lacks methods for large‐scale synthesis, making it unsuitable for many application scenarios. Here a universal biomineralization‐like strategy relying on the joint impaction of hydrogen‐bond and gravity for large‐scale fabrication of 2D CPs is developed. As‐fabricated meter‐scale Polypyrrole films exhibit high orderliness and can be assembled into multilayers, allowing for adjustable thickness and transparency. Notably, these films demonstrate exceptional photothermal properties and remarkable long‐term stability, as their surface temperature can reach 140 °C when irradiated with an 808 nm laser at 0.7 W cm−2, with almost no attenuation after 170 days. Furthermore, under sunlight, the temperature can reach nearly 100 °C, showcasing significant potential in smart building and energy management applications. Importantly, this strategy can be extended to the 2D design of numerous light organic compounds, thus opening up possibilities for their practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogeochemical role of the sediments in the Guadalquivir River estuary, a vital region in the SW Iberian Peninsula, has been considerably neglected. The benthic microalgae (microphytobenthos, MPB) inhabiting the sediment surface could contribute to the autochthonous primary production and influence nutrient recycling in this hyper-turbid and hypernutrified estuary. Sediment-water column fluxes of O2 and dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (DIN = NH4 + +NO3 -+NO2 -) were assessed in laboratory incubations of sediment cores from Bonanza (mouth) and Lebrija (middle) during a 1-year study. Vertical profiles down to the 10-cm depth of photosynthetic pigments, organic C, total nitrogen, DIN, Fe2+, SO42-, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were also measured. Chlorophyll a in the sediment surface was higher at the estuarine mouth, exhibiting a seasonal pattern at both sites with highest values in winter and lowest in summer. Net community production (NCP) was higher in Bonanza compared with Lebrija and showed positive values most of the year, indicating that MPB contributed to the overall autochthonous primary production of the estuary. Seasonal changes in chlorophyll a and NCP were not parallel, suggesting different ecological controls. The sediment was generally a net sink of NO3 - and NH4 + in both sites, with several fold higher rates for NO3 - uptake. MPB N demand could account for the entire sediment DIN uptake in Bonanza and 21% in Lebrija. The remaining high NO3 - uptake rates indicate that they sustain elevated sediment denitrification rates. In contrast, rates of anaerobic oxidation of organic matter by Fe reduction and SO4 2-reduction, estimated from Fe2+ and SO4 2-vertical concentration profiles, were several orders of magnitude lower than the estimated water column-dependent denitrification rates. Overall, this study shows the importance of MPB in the Guadalquivir Estuary and the potential dominant role of denitrification in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many bacteria secrete metallophores, low-molecular-weight organic compounds that bind ions with high selectivity and affinity, in order to access essential metals from the environment. Previous work has elucidated the structures and biosynthetic machinery of metallophores specific for iron, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. No physiologically relevant lanthanide-binding metallophore has been discovered despite the knowledge that lanthanide metals (Ln) have been revealed to be essential cofactors for certain alcohol dehydrogenases across a diverse range of phyla. Here, we report the biosynthetic machinery, the structure, and the physiological relevance of a lanthanophore, methylolanthanin. The structure of methylolanthanin exhibits a unique 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety which has not previously been described in other metallophores. We find that production of methylolanthanin is required for normal levels of Ln accumulation in the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, while overexpression of the molecule greatly increases bioaccumulation and adsorption. Our results provide a clearer understanding of how Ln-utilizing bacteria sense, scavenge, and store Ln; essential processes in the environment where Ln are poorly bioavailable. More broadly, the identification of this lanthanophore opens doors for study of how biosynthetic gene clusters are repurposed for additional functions and the complex relationship between metal homeostasis and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold catalysis has emerged as a groundbreaking field in synthetic chemistry, revolutionizing numerous organic transformations. Despite the significant achieved advancements, the mechanistic understanding behind many gold‐catalyzed reactions remains elusive. This Concept article covers the so‐called "self‐activating" Au(I) complexes, sorting out their pivotal role in gold catalysis. We comment on how Au(I) complexes can undergo self‐activation, triggering diverse catalytic transformations without the need for external additives. The most important examples reported so far that underlie the catalytic activity of these species are discussed. This intrinsic reactivity represents a paradigm shift in gold catalysis, offering new avenues for the design of efficient and sustainable catalytic systems. Furthermore, we explore the factors influencing the stability, reactivity, and selectivity of these Au(I) complexes, providing insights into their synthetic utility and potential applications. This area of research not only advances our fundamental understanding of gold catalysis but also paves the way for the development of novel catalytic strategies with broad implications in organic synthesis and the chemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically complex waters present significant challenges for remote sensing due to high concentrations of optically active substances (OASs) and their inherent optical properties (IOPs), as well as the adjacency effect. OASs and IOPs can be derived from atmospheric correction processors’ in-water algorithms applied to data from Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (S2 MSI) and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (S3 OLCI). This study compared S3 OLCI Level-2 in-water products for Case-2 waters with alternative in-water algorithms derived from ACOLITE, POLYMER, C2RCC, and A4O. Fifty in-water algorithms were evaluated using an extensive match-up dataset from lakes and coastal areas, focusing particularly on small lakes with high colored dissolved organic matter absorption at 442 nm (up to 48 m-1). The Chl a band ratio introduced by Gons et al. (2022) applied to data processed by ACOLITE performed best for S3 OLCI Chl a retrieval (dispersion = 23%, bias = 10%). Gons et al. (2022) band ratio also showed consistent agreement between S3 OLCI and S2 MSI resampled data (intercept of 6.27 and slope of 0.83, close to the 1:1 line); however, lower Chl a values (<20 mg/m³) were overestimated by S2 MSI. When estimating errors associated with proximity to land, S2 MSI Chl a in-water algorithms had higher errors close to the shore (on average 315%) compared to S3 OLCI (on average 150%). Chl a retrieved with POLYMER had the lowest errors close to the shore for both S2 MSI and S3 OLCI data (on average 70%). Total suspended matter (TSM) retrieval with C2RCC performed well for S2 MSI (dispersion 24% and bias −12%). Total absorption was most accurately derived from C2RCC applied to S3 OLCI L1 data (dispersion < 43% and bias < −39%), and it was better estimated than its individual components: phytoplankton, mineral particles, and colored dissolved organic matter absorption. However, none of the colored dissolved organic matter absorption in-water algorithms performed well (dispersion > 59% and bias < −29%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biogeochemical phosphorus cycling, iron oxide minerals are acknowledged as strong adsorbents of inorganic and organic phosphorus. Dephosphorylation of organic phosphorus is attributed only to biological processes, but iron oxides could also catalyze this reaction. Evidence of this abiotic catalysis has relied on monitoring products in solution, thereby ignoring iron oxides as both catalysts and adsorbents. Here we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize dissolved and particulate phosphorus species, respectively. In soil and sediment samples reacted with ribonucleotides, we uncover the abiotic production of particulate inorganic phosphate associated specifically with iron oxides. Reactions of various organic phosphorus compounds with the different minerals identified in the environmental samples reveal up to ten-fold greater catalytic reactivities with iron oxides than with silicate and aluminosilicate minerals. Importantly, accounting for inorganic phosphate both in solution and mineral-bound, the dephosphorylation rates of iron oxides were within reported enzymatic rates in soils. Our findings thus imply a missing abiotic axiom for organic phosphorus mineralization in phosphorus cycling. Iron oxides serve as both adsorbents and catalysts to generate inorganic phosphorus from organic phosphorus in environmental matrices. This abiotic dephosphorylation, which is comparable to enzymatic rates, is a missing piece in phosphorus cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the review provides general information about the solvent extraction of organic compounds from solid samples and discusses various methods for its implementation: extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, ultrasonic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction. Based on an analysis of review papers, information on the features of sample preparation using these methods is systematized, experimental parameters affecting extraction efficiency are considered, and examples of using these methods for isolating organic compounds in the analysis of solid environmental samples, food products, and plants are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep‐sea benthic communities are strongly controlled by the quantity and quality of organic matter sinking from the ocean surface. The interaction between benthic fauna and seafloor sediments mainly occurs through bioturbation that modifies substrate properties (e.g., geochemical profiles). The intensity of the bioturbation has long been linked with organic matter and measured as a diffusive process by considering the vertical particle reworking (endobenthic bioturbation), disregarding the seafloor horizontal mixing (epibenthic bioturbation). Here, a novel approach to quantify horizontal mixing is presented: Seafloor Bioturbation Intensity (SBI). SBI calculations were based on seafloor image datasets from eight stations that reflected different environmental conditions in the north‐western Pacific (e.g., chlorophyll a, silicate). To calculate SBI, we characterized the area occupied by all different types of traces (i.e., lebensspuren) related to epibenthic bioturbation, trace makers, and their ingested sediment thickness. Our results showed a weak negative correlation between organic matter and SBI. This relationship contrast with the traditionally held view on vertical bioturbation intensity, where a dominant positive correlation is expected. It is demonstrated that lebensspuren morphotypes contributed differently to SBI. Not all morphotypes—and, by extension, their corresponding trace makers—are equally controlled by the same environmental factors. This investigation does not dismiss the importance of organic matter content, but emphasizes the importance of other environmental variables that need to be considered when determining the long‐term relation between epibenthic fauna and bioturbation intensity. Finally, we emphasize the importance of characterizing horizontal bioturbation for approaching global biogeochemical cycles and conservational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past changes in the input/output, and internal cycling, of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in marine and lacustrine environments can be reconstructed by analyzing the N isotopic composition (δ15N) of organic matter in the sedimentary record. To verify, and eliminate, potential biases of bulk sedimentary δ15N (δ15Nbulk) signatures by diagenetic alteration and external N inputs, we applied, for the first time, the diatom‐bound N isotope (δ15Ndb) paleo‐proxy to lake sediments. By comparing δ15Nbulk and δ15Ndb in a sedimentary record from eutrophic Lake Lugano (Switzerland), we demonstrate that changing redox conditions influence the degree of N‐isotopic alteration of the bulk sediment, emphasizing the need for caution when interpreting δ15Nbulk in paleolimnological studies. Furthermore, in combining δ15Ndb measurements with X‐ray fluorescence scanning and state‐of‐the‐art molecular biomarker analyses, we reconstruct nutrient cycling and paleoenvironmental conditions in the lake over the past ~ 125 yr. Coeval with the period of severe eutrophication in Lake Lugano in the 1960s, our proxy data indicate that export production, δ15Ndb, and the concentration of heterocyst glycolipids (a biomarker for N2‐fixing cyanobacteria) increased simultaneously. Together, these data suggest that the rise in δ15Ndb is likely the result of enhanced water‐column denitrification in response to increased phytoplankton productivity. We hypothesize that greater export production during eutrophication led to anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion as a result of enhanced organic matter remineralization, raising water‐column denitrification. Enhanced N loss and remobilization of phosphorous (P) from the sediments under anoxic conditions lowered the N : P ratio in the lake, fostering cyanobacterial N2 fixation in surface waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continental groundwaters are commonly enriched in nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), which can discharge into the coast. The contribution of this diffuse source to coastal N2O and CH4 emissions largely depends on the biogeochemical processes of coastal aquifer exit zones, known as subterranean estuaries. Here, we study the role of subterranean estuaries in modulating N2O and CH4 exports toward the coast. The two studied subterranean estuaries are located at Panxón and Ladeira beaches (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula) and had opposite oxygenation at their interior. Groundwater‐borne N2O was detected in the oxygenated subterranean estuary of Panxón Beach, although denitrification attenuated N2O before porewater was discharged into the coast. An N2O hotspot was detected at about 50 cm depth in this subterranean estuary, characterized by the presence of nitrate under suboxic conditions. This N2O also seems to be consumed along the flow path before discharging into the coast. The anoxic subterranean estuary of Ladeira Beach completely removed groundwater‐borne N2O. Yet, nitrification within its suboxic upper saline plume produced and exported N2O toward the coast, hiding the role of this subterranean estuary as an N2O sink. The anoxic subterranean estuary exported CH4 toward the coast. This CH4 was not sourced by continental groundwater, hence it was produced in situ fuelled by the accumulation of organic matter within the beach. The suboxic upper saline plume in Ladeira Beach and the oxygenated subterranean estuary of Panxón Beach acted as CH4 sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have challenged the validity of the Redfield ratio. It is proposed that physical and biogeochemical processes govern the geographical variations in carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) ratios. However, this proposal remains to be examined through concurrent observations of C : N : P ratios with physical and biogeochemical processes in various marine reservoirs. Here, we sampled the Arabian Sea for its C, N, and P content in organic and inorganic pools during the winter monsoon. We analyzed the role of convective mixing, eddies, and N2 fixation to explain the variation in observed elemental ratios. Convective mixing injected the cold water and enhanced the supply of N and P nutrients in the top layer (surface to 50–75 m) of the northern Arabian Sea. This led to a decrease in the N : P and C : P ratios in the particulate organic matter in the northern region, but C : N : P increased equatorward, averaging 245 : 32 : 1 in the top layer of the Arabian Sea. The variation in the elemental ratios in the top layer is best explained by the changes in water temperature. N2 fixation contributed negligibly to the N : P ratio of the export flux. The substantial decrease in N : P ratios of nutrients in the subsurface waters is most likely caused by the denitrifying conditions in the Arabian Sea. As the processes of convective mixing and eddies are are prevalent oceanic processes, our observations underpin that the interplay of these processes leads to changes in the elemental ratios globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a short overview of the main 3D polymer composite items that are fabricated by extrusion and stereolithography printing. By coupling polymers traditionally used in additive manufacturing, such as PEGDA, and polymers of biomedical interest, such as PVA, with carbon nanostructures, such as nanodiamond and graphene nanoplates, and conductive polymers, such as PEDOT and PANI, it has been possible to produce objects with specific functional properties exploited for fabricating scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation as well as soft electrodes for developing organic compounds sensing devices and electrocardiogram monitoring systems under real‐time conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Perspective analyses the perfluoroalkylation reactions by electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complexes since 2018, while summarizes, in Tables 123, the vast majority of representative perfluoroalkylation reactions of various classes of organic compounds by EDA complexes and halogen‐bonding interactions. Numerous intriguing reaction methodologies and valuable synthetic instances have emerged. We aim to delve into these new examples comprehensively, while also contemplating the future directions in the field. Subsequent sections will elaborate on the perfluoroalkylation of (hetero)aromatic compounds, carbon‐carbon multiple bonds, perfluoroalkylation of carbonyl compounds, and perfluoroalkylation of isocyanides, covering their synthetic scope and mechanistic insights. 1 Table: Perfluoroalkylation reactions of (hetero)aromatic compounds by EDA complexes.: Entry Substrate Complex Reaction conditions Product Ref. 1 [13] 2 [46] 3 RFI (3 equiv.) KOH (1.5 equiv.) Blue LEDs H2O, Ar, 20 h [47] 4 TEEDA (3 equiv.) CFL (25 W) THF, r.t. RF−I (3 equiv.) [48] 5 ICF2CO2Et (1.3 equiv.) Na2CO3 (1.5 equiv.) DMSO (3 mL) Ar, rt. 427 nm LED, 16 h [49] 6 TMG (2.5 equiv.) RF−I (2.5 equiv.) 23 W CFL, MeCN/Hexf (5 : 1) [42,50] 7 TMG (2.5 equiv.) RF−I (2.5 equiv.) 23 W CFL, MeCN [51] 8 Umemoto's reagent (2 equiv.) N‐methylmorpholine (2.5 equiv.) DMF, r.t. [52] 9 Cs2CO3 (2 equiv.) RF−I (3 equiv.) white light H2O (3 equiv.) DMF, r.t. 2 h [53] 10 4.5 W 450 nm laser CaCl2, MeNO2, 0 °C [3] 11 RF−I (1.5 equiv.) t‐BuONa (2 equiv.) DMF Green LEDs [54] 12 or EDA complex I−Rf (2.1 equiv.) TMEDA (2 equiv.) or DBU (2 equiv.) Blue LEDs 24 W [55,56] 13 TFE/water (1 : 1) (0.2 M) CF3SO2Na Blue LEDs r.t. 12 h [84] 2 Table: Perfluoroalkylation reactions of carbon‐carbon multiple bonds and constrained cyclic compounds by EDA complexes.: Entry Substrate Complex Reaction conditions Product Ref. 1 Bu4NCl, Hg lamp (6 W) RF−I (1.2 equiv.) CH3OH, 1.5 h r.t, Ar [39] 2 RFI (3 equiv.) KOH (1.5 equiv.) Blue LEDs H2O, Ar, 20 h [47] 3 [57] 4 DIPEA or TMEDA or DBU or TEEDA ........CF3I CF3−I (3 equiv.) Base (2 equiv.) MeCN or DMF or THF CFL, 25 W with DIPEA, TMEDA or TEEDA; with DBU [48,58,59] 5 Bn2NH MeCN RF−I Blue LED, r.t. [60] 6 Base, Blue LEDs DMF or THF [61] 7 I−RF H2O/toluene=9 : 1 Blue LEDs, 65 °C, 12 h [41] 8 K3PO4 (3 equiv.) RF−I (3 equiv.) CuCl (10 mol%) TMSNCS (3 equiv.) CH3CN (2 mL) Violet LEDs (24 W) Ar, 4 h [37] 9 RF−I (3 equiv.) Diphenylacetaldehyde (10 mol%) Pyrrolidine (40 mol%) DIPEA (2 equiv.) DCE (2.5 mL); O2 (0.8 eq.); Ar White LEDs (2.5 W); 24 h [44,62] 10 DIPEA,DMA Ar (trace air) Blue LEDs, rt. 36–72 h [63] 11 TMEDA Blue LEDs n‐C4F9I DMSO air, 24 h RT [64] 12 K3PO4 (2 equiv.) DABCO (1.2 equiv.) hυ (400 Watt) 50 °C CnF2n+1I (1.8 equiv.) [65–67] 13 Blue LEDs DCE, r.t. [27] 14 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine MeCN, 60 °C Togni's reagent [68] 15 PMDETA (2 equiv.) DMSO (2 mL) N2, Blue LEDs [69] 16 Blue LEDs [70,71] 17 MeCN (0.2 M) with less than 1 % water CF3SO2Na (1 mmol) Blue LEDs [84] 3 Table: Perfluoroalkylation of carbonyl compounds, isocyanides and hydrazones.: Entry Substrate Complex Reaction conditions Product Ref. 1 [72,73] 2 RF−I (0.2 mmol) cis‐catalyst M (20 mol%) 2,6‐lutidine (1.2 equiv.) Blue LEDs, Et2O (0.7 M) ‐10 °C, 20 h [74] 3 white light RF−I [75] 4 phase transfer catalyst Cs2CO3, C6H5Cl/8F18 (2 : 1), 25 °C, RF−I [32] 5 ambient light C4F9−I NaOH (4.1 equiv.) MeCN, R.T. [76] 6 RFI (3 equiv.) KOH (1.5 equiv.) Blue LEDs THF, Ar, 36 h [47] 7 RF−I (2 equiv.) TMEDA (2 equiv.) THF (2 mL) Blue LEDs (25 W) 30 °C, N2 [77] 8 TEEDA (1.5 equiv.) CFL (25 W) THF I−C4F9 [48] 9 Bn2NH Blue LEDs MeCN, RT RF−I [78] 10 TMG (1.5 equiv.) ambient light MeCN, RT I−RF [79] 11 Imidazole (3 equiv.) MeCN, RF−I (2 equiv.) r.t. [80] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide can be relatively easily reduced to organic matter in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). However, due to insufficient reduction force from in‐situ hydrogen evolution, it is difficult for nitrogen reduction. In this study, MoS2 was firstly used as an electrocatalyst for the simultaneous reduction of CO2 and N2 to produce microbial protein (MP) in a BES. Cell dry weight (CDW) could reach 0.81±0.04 g/L after 14 d operation at −0.7 V (vs. RHE), which was 108±3 % higher than that from non‐catalyst control group (0.39±0.01 g/L). The produced protein had a better amino acid profile in the BES than that in a direct hydrogen system (DHS), particularly for proline (Pro). Besides, MoS2 promoted the growth of bacterial cell on an electrode and improved the biofilm extracellular electron transfer (EET) by microscopic observation and electrochemical characterization of MoS2 biocathode. The composition of the microbial community and the relative abundance of functional enzymes revealed that MoS2 as an electrocatalyst was beneficial for enriching Xanthobacter and enhancing CO2 and N2 reduction by electrical energy. These results demonstrated that an efficient strategy to improve MP production of BES is to use MoS2 as an electrocatalyst to shift amino acid profile and microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrochemistry is currently experiencing an era of renaissance, which is closely related to the possibility of carrying out organic transformations under mild conditions, with high selectivity, high yields, and without the use of toxic solvents. Combination of organic electrochemistry with alternative approaches, such as photo‐chemistry was found to have great potential due to induced synergy effects. In this work, we propose for the first time utilization of plasmon triggering of enhanced and regio‐controlled organic chemical transformation performed in photoelectrochemical regime. The advantages of the proposed route is demonstrated in the model amination reaction with formation of C−N bond between pyrazole and substituted benzene derivatives. Amination was performed in photo‐electrochemical mode on the surface of plasmon active Au@Pt electrode with attention focused on the impact of plasmon triggering on the reaction efficiency and regio‐selectivity. The ability to enhance the reaction rate significantly and to tune products regio‐selectivity is demonstrated. We also performed density functional theory calculations to inquire about the reaction mechanism and potentially explain the plasmon contribution to electrochemical reaction rate and regioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/Ag nanocomposite was prepared via in situ method by using silver nitrate and ZnSO4 as the raw material. ZnO and ZnO/Ag were characterized by utilizing SEM, UV-vis, XRD, FTIR, and so on. The photocataytic degradation behaviors of ZnO and ZnO/Ag for trimethylamine (TEA) in air and solution were studied. The results indicated that ZnO/Ag had better photocatalytic degradation properties on trimethylamine under the condition of 0.06 g catalyst, 2 h photocatalytic time, and 15 A light intensity, and the degradation rates of TEA were up to 44 and 67% in air and solution, respectively. Furtherly, ZnO and ZnO/Ag also indicated perfect photocatalytic degradation properties toward to organic compounds in wastewater. Especially, the harmless treatment of triethylamine was achieved by using photocatalytic degradation method that provided a novel method for treating triethylamine. In all the above results leaded to a good application prospect of ZnO/Ag in the degradation of organic compounds in air and solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here an investigation of Ryugu particles recovered by the Hayabusa2 space mission and their extracted carbonaceous acid residues using Raman spectroscopy. Raman parameters of Ryugu intact grains and their acid residues are characterized by broad D (defect induced) and G (graphite) band widths, indicating the presence of polyaromatic carbonaceous matter with low thermal maturity. Raman spectra of Ryugu particles and CI (type 1) chondrites exhibit stronger laser‐induced fluorescence backgrounds compared to Type 2 and Type 3 carbonaceous chondrites. The high fluorescence signatures and wide bandwidths of the D and G bands of Ryugu intact grains are similar to the Raman spectra observed in CI chondrites, reflecting the low structural order of their aromatic carbonaceous matter, and strengthening the link between Ryugu particles and CI chondrites. The high fluorescence background intensity of the Ryugu particles is due to multiple causes, but it is likely that the relative abundance of geometry‐bearing macromolecular organic matter in total organic carbon contents makes a large contribution to the fluorescence intensities. Locally observed high fluorescence in the acid‐extracted residues of Ryugu is due to nitrogen‐bearing outlier phase. The high fluorescence signature is one consequence of the low degree of thermal maturity of the organic matter and supports evidence that the Ryugu particles have escaped significant parent body thermal metamorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed an asteroid Ryugu sample returned to Earth by JAXA's Hayabusa2 mission using nanoIR, SEM, and TEM microscopy. We identified multiple distinct carbon reservoirs within the phyllosilicate matrix and demonstrate infrared spectral affinities for some of the carbon to insoluble organic matter (IOM). TEM studies of Ryugu samples have allowed us to better understand the interrelationship between the crystallographic orientations of phyllosilicates and the secondary minerals such as carbonate, sulfide, and apatite. Transport of elements provides a unifying theme for understanding these interrelationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscopy analyses of Hayabusa2 samples show that Ryugu organic matter exhibits a range of morphologies, elemental compositions, and carbon functional chemistries consistent with those of carbonaceous chondrites that have experienced low‐temperature aqueous alteration. Both nanoglobules and diffuse organic matter are abundant. Non‐globular organic particles are also present, and including some that contain nanodiamond clusters. Diffuse organic matter is finely distributed in and around phyllosilicates, forms coatings on other minerals, and is also preserved in vesicles in secondary minerals such as carbonate and pyrrhotite. The average elemental compositions determined by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy of extracted, demineralized insoluble organic matter samples A0107 and C0106 are C100N3O9S1 and C100N3O7S1, respectively, with the difference in O/C slightly outside the difference in the standard error of the mean. The functional chemistry of the nanoglobules varies from mostly aromatic C=C to mixtures of aromatic C=C, ketone C=O, aliphatic (CHn), and carboxyl (COOH) groups. Diffuse organic matter associated with phyllosilicates has variable aromatic C, ketone and carboxyl groups, and some localized aliphatics, but is dominated by molecular carbonate (CO3) absorption, comparable to prior observations of clay‐bound organic matter in CI meteorites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ryugu asteroid grains brought back to the Earth by the Hayabusa2 space mission are pristine samples containing hydrated minerals and organic compounds. Here, we investigate the mineralogy of their phyllosilicate‐rich matrix with four‐dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D‐STEM). We have identified and mapped the mineral phases at the nanometer scale (serpentine, smectite, pyrrhotite), observed the presence of Ni‐bearing pyrrhotite, and identified the serpentine polymorph as lizardite, in agreement with the reported aqueous alteration history of Ryugu. Furthermore, we have mapped the d‐spacings of smectite and observed a broad distribution of values, ranging from 1 to 2 nm, with an average d‐spacing of 1.24 nm, indicating significant heterogeneity within the sample. Such d‐spacing variability could be the result of either the presence of organic matter trapped in the interlayers or the influence of various geochemical conditions at the submicrometer scale, suggestive of a range of organic compounds and/or changes in smectite crystal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report μm‐scale nondestructive infrared (IR) hyperspectral results (IR computed tomography, IR‐CT) in 3‐D and IR surface imaging, IR‐S) in 2‐D, at SOLEIL) combined with X‐ray nano‐computed tomography analyses (at SPring‐8) performed on eight small Ryugu fragments extracted from mm‐sized grains coming both from touchdown first and second sites. We describe the multiscale assembly of phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, and organics. Two types of silicates, as well as diverse kinds of organic matter, were detected inside Ryugu material. Their spatial correlations are described to discuss the role of the mineralogical microenvironments in the formation/evolution of organic matter. In particular, we have shown that there is a redistribution of the organic matter diffuse component during aqueous alteration on the parent body, with a preferential circulation among fine‐grained phyllosilicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of nitrile gloves with a minimum thickness of 5.0 ± 2.0 mil [0.127 ± 0.051 millimeters] in situations where it is suspected or known that fentanyl or other illicit drugs are present. However, there is limited data available on fentanyl permeation through gloves. Current test methods used to measure fentanyl permeation do not consider the effect of glove fit and flexion. Furthermore, first responders need to have PPE readily available in the field, and storage conditions may affect the protective performance of the gloves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glove stretch and storage temperatures on glove durability and barrier performance against fentanyl. Nine nitrile glove models previously shown to be resistant to fentanyl permeation were selected for this investigation. These nine models were stretched 25% in one linear direction, to consider glove fit and flexion, and tested against fentanyl hydrochloride permeation. Additionally, four of the nine glove models were stored at 48 °C, 22 °C, and −20 °C, and evaluated for tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and puncture resistance after up to 16 wk of storage and fentanyl permeation after up to 8 wk of storage. At least one sample for six of the nine tested models had maximum permeation over the test method fail threshold when stretched. The tested storage temperatures showed no effect on glove tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and puncture resistance. The findings of this study can be used to inform PPE recommendations, with consideration to storage practices and proper sizing for first responders with potential exposure to fentanyl and other illicit drugs. The results of this study can be used to assess the need for new standard test methods to evaluate the barrier performance of gloves and shelf-life determination with consideration to glove fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the near‐infrared phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (NIR pc‐LEDs) mainly depends on the NIR emitting phosphors used. Cr3+ doped materials can be excited by blue light chips, but their emission is located in the NIR‐I region (650–1000 nm). Ni2+ doped materials are mainly located in the NIR‐II region (1000–1700 nm), but they cannot be effectively excited by blue light chips. Herein, Cr3+, Ni2+ mono‐doped, and co‐doped Sr2GaTaO6 NIR emitting phosphors are prepared and investigated. Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions occupy two octahedral sites of Ga3+ and Ta5+. The co‐doping of Cr3+ ions has achieved two breakthroughs. One is to shift the optimal excitation wavelength from violet light to blue light due to the energy transfer (efficiency up to 70%) from Cr3+ to Ni2+. The other is to achieve the broadband and continuous emission across NIR‐I and NIR‐II regions (650–1700 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 410 nm (173 nm + 237 nm)). The prepared Sr2GaTaO6: 0.02Cr3+, 0.01Ni2+ phosphor is combined with a commercial 460 nm blue chip to realize its application in organic compounds identification, night vision, and biological imaging. This work points out a direction for the future development of efficient super broadband NIR‐emitting phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale oil and gas resources are abundant in the Chang 7 shale of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin. To determine the characteristics and influencing factors of hydrocarbon generation evolution of the Chang 7 shale, a series of thermal simulation experiments were conducted on low‐maturity shale and kerogen samples. The results indicate that the maximum yield of shale oil are 294.5 and 304.3 mg/g TOC for kerogen sample at heating rates of 20 and 2°C/h, and the corresponding experimental temperatures are 360.2°C and 408.0°C, respectively. The utilization of lower heating rates is favourable for shale oil generation and it is recommended to employ a lower heating rate during in situ heating processes to maximize the economic benefits. The formation of crude oil cracking gas begins when simulating temperature exceeds 528.0°C (Easy Ro 2.6%) at a heating rate of 20°C/h and 480.0°C (Easy Ro 2.5%) at a heating rate of 2°C/h, as indicated by the carbon isotopic composition of gaseous hydrocarbons. The maximum oil production rate of the rock powder sample is 159.8 mg/g TOC, which is lower than that of the kerogen sample. It suggests that certain minerals in the Chang 7 shale may impede hydrocarbon generation. After the addition of pyrite, the highest yield of shale oil is 213.96 mg/g TOC, 33.9% higher than the yield of the original rock powder sample, reflecting the positive catalytic effect of pyrite on hydrocarbon generation of Chang 7 shale. Under geologic conditions, pyrite catalytic hydrocarbon generation may act primarily on the migration of organic matter by macromolecules, which considerably increases the probability of direct contact between pyrite and organic matter. Therefore, the organic‐rich shale with high pyrite content in Chang 7 member is the preferred target for in situ conversion of shale oil and gas in the Ordos Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater ecosystems play a key role in the global carbon cycle by collecting, transporting, and processing a significant portion of global organic carbon. These processes can be disrupted in non-perennial rivers due to their changing hydrological patterns. We investigated how environmental factors influence organic matter dynamics in the Algars, a Mediterranean non-perennial river basin in the North-East Iberian Peninsula. We conducted seasonal sampling in 16 sites across the river network, collecting samples for (i) storage of benthic organic matter, (ii) transport of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic matter, and (iii) organic matter processing via aerobic respiration in sediments (Raz–Rru method). We observed pronounced spatial and temporal fluctuations in organic matter processes, especially during distinct periods like summer and autumn. Consistent seasonal patterns of organic matter transport showed a remarkable longitudinal increase downstream, similar to observed aerobic respiration in sediments. Notably, high-flow events doubled observed seasonal transport (mean DOC load: 2344 ± 735 kg/day). Irregular spatial storage patterns between dry and wet channel sections were related to land use and flow intermittency. Notably, storage in dry channel sections was generally ten times higher than wet sections. Our study emphasizes the intricate influence of specific environmental variables on organic matter processes, within different organic matter fractions (for example, coarse and dissolved organic matter). Frequency of non-flow events, seasonal hydrological changes, and land use predominantly govern organic matter dynamics in the Algars basin. Understanding organic carbon dynamics in non-perennial systems will help estimate the impact of hydrological alterations associated with global change on river systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the efficacy of artificial collectors in recruiting Mytella strigata along the Amazon Macrotidal Mangrove Coast. The experiment involved three treatments (PVC plate, PET, and polyethylene screen), each repeated thrice. The study was conducted over 315 days, during which settlement density, bivalve biometry within the collectors, and environmental variables, such as temperature (°C), salinity (g.kg-1), chlorophyll-a (mg.m-3), particulate organic matter (POM), particulate inorganic matter (PIM) (mg.L-1), water transparency (determined using a Secchi disc), and rainfall data (mm), were assessed at 45-day intervals. The recruitment of M. strigata was observed predominantly during the rainy season. Both mussel shell size and average settlement density significantly varied (p < 0.05) based on the type of collector, collection period, and their interaction. Polyethylene mesh collectors demonstrated a higher settlement density compared to PET and PVC substrates (p < 0.05), but mussel shell size was lower in this treatment compared to the shell size of juveniles in PVC and PET collectors. Among the collectors, PVC ones proved more effective for collecting M. strigata, considering the quantity of fixed juveniles and the size of the individuals. Regarding the region's environmental conditions, recommendations are that producers place collectors in the water from January, with juvenile recruitment occurring February‒June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal Cr(VI) and organic BPA have posed harmful risks to human health, aquatic organisms and the ecosystem. In this work, Chitosan/bone/bamboo biochar beads (CS-AMCM) were synthesized by co-pyrolysis and in situ precipitation method. These microbeads featured a particle size of approximately 1 ± 0.2 mm and were rich in oxygen/nitrogen functional groups. CS-AMCM was characterized using XRD, Zeta potential, FTIR, etc. Experiments showed that adsorption processes of CS-AMCM on Cr(VI) and BPA fitted well to Langmuir model, with theoretical maximum capacities of 343.61 mg/g and 140.30 mg/g, respectively. Pore filling, electrostatic attraction, redox, complexation and ion exchange were the main mechanisms for Cr(VI), whereas for BPA, the intermolecular force (hydrogen bond) and pore filling were involved. CS-AMCM with adsorbed Cr(VI) demonstrated effective activation in producing ·OH and ·O2 from H2O2, which degraded BPA and Cr(VI) with the removal rates of 99.2% and 98.2%, respectively. CS-AMCM offers the advantages of low-cost, large adsorption capacity, high catalytic degradation efficiency, and favorable recycling in treating Cr(VI) and BPA mixed wastewater, which shows great potential in treating heavy metal and organic matter mixed pollution wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an updated quantitative analysis and prospective paleoenvironment reconstruction of the Tut oilfield, Shushan Basin, North Egypt to evaluate the hydrocarbon reservoirs in space and times for further development plans and modeling in the Tethyan region. Two sporomorph interval zones (Classopollis brasiliensis and Afropollis jardinus), and one total foraminiferal Range Zone (Thomasinella punica) are proposed. Three palynofacies assemblages are differentiated using cluster analysis of the different palynofacies parameters. The paleoenvironmental conditions during the Cenomanian were reconstructed. Palynofacies assemblage I of the Baharyia Formation suggests a marginally dysoxic-oxic basin environment with a common occurrence of ostracods and terrestrial organic matter, while palynofacies assemblage II reflects the high abundance of dinoflagellate cysts, suggesting a suboxic-anoxic middle neritic environment. Palynofacies assemblage III of the upper part of the Abu Roash G Member represents a relatively deep water inner-middle neritic environment. Three 3rd order significant sequences separated by two hiatus surfaces (Ce3 and Ce4) are described and correlated with the global eustatic sea-level. The hydrocarbon evaluation results show that the samples from the Abu Roash G Member contain oil-prone material of kerogen type II, while the samples of the Baharyia Formation are characterized by kerogen type III (gas-prone). Spore coloration analysis reveals that the samples from the studied units are too immature to produce gas or oil and are ineffective as sources of hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ooids are coated grains composed of a tangential or radial cortex growing around a nucleus. They are common in carbonate deposits of almost any geological age and provide insights into environmental conditions. However, abiotic or biotic factors influencing their formation remain unclear. This study aims to advance current understanding of ooid formation with a multi‐analytical approach (for example, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and micro X‐ray fluorescence) to classic examples from Great Salt Lake, USA, and the Lower Triassic Germanic Buntsandstein Basin, Germany. Both of these deposits represent hypersaline shallow‐water environments where ooids are closely associated with microbial mats. Great Salt Lake ooids are dominantly 0.2 to 1.0 mm in size, ellipsoidal to subspherical in shape, composed of aragonite and contain organic matter. Germanic Buntsandstein Basin ooids are mainly ≤4 mm in size, spherical to subspherical in shape, composed of calcite and currently contain little organic matter. Despite the differences, both ooids have the same cortex structures, likely reflecting similar formation processes. Some Great Salt Lake ooids formed around detrital grains while others exhibit micritic particles in their nuclei. In Germanic Basin ooids, detrital nuclei are rare, despite the abundance of siliciclastic particles of various sizes in the host rocks. Germanic Basin deposits also include 'compound ooids', i.e. adjacent ooids that coalesced with one another during growth, suggesting static in situ development, which is supported by the lack of detrital grains as nuclei. Germanic Basin ooids also grew into laminated microbial crusts with identical microstructures, further indicating a static formation. Such microbial crusts typically form through mineral precipitation associated with organic matter (for example, extracellular polymeric substances), suggesting a similar formation pathway for ooids. The inferred key‐role of organic matter is further supported by features in radial ooids from the Great Salt Lake, which commonly exhibit, from their nuclei towards their surface, increasing organic matter contents and decreasing calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new industrial genetic ("aphanitic") type of phosphorite deposits has been identified. In terms of the genetic, tectonic, facies, and geochemical features, this type differs fundamentally from the known micrograined, granular, nodular, shelly, and pebbly phosphorite deposits. They are the first industrial accumulations of phosphorus matter in the history of our planet. Conditions for their accumulation existed only in the Ediacaran period, when mass phosphatization of sediments with the formation of phosphate nodules as ribbon-shaped layers took place under the influence of early diagenetic processes. Phosphates were accumulated in basins with synsedimentary block structure inherited from paleorift structures and seismically active tectonic environment. The multidirectional displacement of blocks generated a complex seafloor relief and facies heterogeneous complex of sediments ranging from reefogenic-stromatolitic sediments in the uplifting areas to pelitic sediments in the dipping areas. The latter areas were marked by a massive input of sedimentary material significantly enriched in the planktonic organic matter. Transformation of organophosphorus compounds during the sulfate reduction promoted the phosphatization of sediments and the formation of aphanitic phosphorites, which differ from other ore types by anomalously high concentrations of As, Sr, and Ba and by anomalously low contents of U and REE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium hyper‐enrichment (V ≥ 500 μg g−1) is widespread in ancient marine organic‐rich sedimentary rocks and is controlled by its source and accumulation. To understand how V source and accumulation control V hyper‐enrichment, the V hyper‐enriched organic‐rich black shales of the Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Bakken Formation (USA) were investigated here. The results imply that V in the Bakken Formation black shales is mainly derived from detritus and open ocean. Its hyper‐enrichment was always related to the complexation of V(IV) species by organic matter and/or fine clay mineral adsorption, though extremely reducing (i.e. euxinic) depositional conditions sometimes assisted in accumulating V through forming V(IV)–sulphur structure and/or V(III). Vanadium is a frequently used seawater redox indicator, but its hyper‐enrichment in marine sediments/sedimentary rocks does not always need to be redox driven. This study, thus, reminds us to be more careful when reconstructing palaeoceanographic redox states using V‐involved proxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer (CC) is a common gynecological malignancy, and improving cisplatin sensitivity has become a hot topic in CC chemotherapy research. Polyphyllin I (PPI), a potent bioactive compound found in Rhizoma Paridis, known for its anticancer properties, remains underexplored in CC resistance. In this study, we evaluated PPI's impact on cisplatin-resistant CC cells and elucidated its underlying mechanism. Our findings reveal that PPI enhances the sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant CC cells to the drug, promotes apoptosis, and inhibits cell migration. Mechanistically, PPI was found to regulate p53 expression and its target genes, and suppressing p53 expression reverses PPI's sensitizing effect in drug-resistant CC cells. In conclusion, PPI showed promise in sensitizing cisplatin-resistant human CC cells to cisplatin treatment, suggesting that it could serve as a potent adjunct therapy for cervical cancer, particularly for cases that have developed resistance to cisplatin, thereby providing a promising basis for further clinical investigation into PPI for enhancing the efficacy of existing chemotherapy regimens in resistant cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bicyclol is a hepatoprotective agent widely used for treating chronic hepatitis and drug-induced liver injuries in clinics. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the contribution of CYP450 enzymes to the metabolism of bicyclol using the relative activity factor approach. After incubation with human liver microsomes and recombinant human liver CYP450 enzymes, the calculated contribution of CYP3A4 and 2C19 to the metabolism of bicyclol was 85.6–90.3% and 9.2–9.7%, respectively. The metabolism was interrupted in the presence of CYP3A4 and 2C19 selective inhibitors. These findings help to predict or avoid metabolic drug–drug interactions or toxicity in clinical applications of bicyclol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 14-membered resorcylic acid lactone (RAL14), chaetolactone A (1), along with three known ones (2−4), was obtained from the fermentation of the soil-derived fungus Chaetosphaeronema sp. SSJZ001. Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic data analyses (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR),13C NMR chemical shifts calculations coupled with the DP4+ probability method, theoretical calculations of ECD spectra, as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against A549, HO-8910, and MCF-7 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]