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11. UV–C irradiation as a tool to eradicate algae in caves

Author

Orial Geneviève, Raouf Naoufal, Alaoui-Sehmer Laurence, Bousta Faisl, Alaoui-Sosse Badr, Fabien Borderie, and Rieffel Dominique

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, fungi, biology.organism_classification, Photosynthesis, Microbiology, Photosynthetic capacity, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Algae, Cave, chemistry, Photosynthetically active radiation, Botany, Trypan blue, Irradiation, Waste Management and Disposal, Calcareous
Abstract

Algal proliferation has commonly been reported to occur on monuments, such as crypts, churches, and caves, as soon as artificial lighting is used. In this work we study the effects of UV–C irradiation on algae collected in different caves in Dordogne (southwest of France). First, the effect of UV–C irradiation was tested on algal cell suspensions during increasing exposure times. After treatment, the photosynthetic capacity was assayed using a polarometric method, and algal cell viability was then estimated using a Trypan blue test after a rest period of 15 h. UV–C irradiation was then studied on algal cells cultivated on a solid support consisting of pieces of calcareous stone. Drops of concentrated algal cells were inoculated on stone and exposed to UV–C radiation for 3, 6, or 9 h. After this irradiation, half of the samples were submitted to a high white light intensity (1400 μmol m−2 s−1 of photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) for 6 h while the other half were incubated in the culture room. Subsequently, algal macroscopic parameters such as covering rate and colonized area were measured by macro photography. Both experiments led to the conclusion that UV–C irradiation has deleterious effects on photosynthetic parameters and growth of algal cells.

Published
2011
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12. UV IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS: A NEW APPROACH AGAINST ALGAL BIOFILMS PROLIFERATION CONTAMINATING BUILDING FACADES, HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND TOURISTIC SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS

Author

Borderie, Fabien, Alaoui-Sehmer, Laurence, Bousta, Faisl, Orial, Geneviève, Rieffel, Dominique, Richard, Hervé, Alaoui-Sossé, Badr, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Dagmar Krueger and Helga Meyer, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)

Subjects
fungi, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, [ SDV.BBM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology
Abstract

In the conservation field of buildings, historical monuments and subterranean environments, very few studies highlight the importance to find alternative methods to chemical products against algal biofilm proliferation. Indeed, biofouling by microorganisms is a well-known biodeterioration phenomenon. Algae are considered as pioneers in the biodeterioration of stone, and that's why they are subject to a special interest in this chapter. Conservators of monuments or art works used many chemical applications to prevent or to control the algal proliferation on stone. But, due to the changes in European standards on their use, the chemical products must be replaced by environmentally friendly processes. The ultraviolet irradiation appeared to be a suitable process to control algal proliferation in these environments. Firstly in this chapter, we describe the problematic of algal biofilms (proliferation and biodeterioration) on different substrata and also the effects of applied chemical treatments. Secondly, we define and characterize the UV light and its effects on living organisms. Finally, we present the experimental design and the obtained results on algae harvested in caves at the cellular and molecular scales (pigment contents, photosynthetic activity, DNA damages...) and at the biofilm scale (proliferation measurements). This study shows that the UV treatment can be used as a conservation tool to eradicate algal biofilms which proliferate in buildings and monuments.

Published
2012

13. Calcite formations on prehistoric paintings : the case of the Large cave of Arcy-sur-Cure (28000 - 24500 BP, Yonne, France)

Author

Reiche, Ina, Chalmin, Emilie, Orial, Geneviève, Bousta, Faycl, Baffier, Dominique, Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Abstract

International audience; The phenomenon of speleothem formations made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in limestone environments is well known. These speleothems can have with various sizes and shapes depending on the geochemical growth parameters. In caves with prehistoric paintings, the formation of subsequent CaCO3 layers can have effects on their preservation and can also partially or totally obstruct them. Thanks to fortunate circumstances, Paleolithic figures were discovered about 20 years ago, hidden behind thick opaque CaCO3 layers, on the walls of the Western gallery of the Large cave of Arcy-sur-Cure. In the frame of an on-going restoration program, a large number of carbonate concretions coming from the Large cave were analyzed in combination with different series of synthetic calcium carbonates. Natural and synthetic samples were studied using complementary microanalytical laboratory techniques. Micro-x-ray diffraction (μXRD), micro-x-ray fluorescence analysis (μXRF) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (μXANES) based on synchrotron radiation also enabled a more detailed distinction of the different constituents present in these samples at microscopic scale. These investigations allowed gaining information on calcite growth mechanisms, the most important parameters influencing the calcite growth, evaluating the impact of microbial activity, the protective effect of the calcites on prehistoric panels and the proposal of conservation measures.

Published
2009

14. Formation de calcite dans les grottes préhistoriques ornées : caractérisation et évaluation de l'impact sur les peintures rupestres La 'Grande Grotte' d'Arcy-sur-Cure, Yonne, France

Author

Reiche, Ina, Menu, Michel, Chalmin, Emilie, Charlet, Laurent, Orial, Geneviève, Bousta, F., Baffier, Dominique, Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Préhistoire et Technologie (PréTech), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Foray, Charlotte, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, conservation, biominéralisation, calcite, grottes préhistoriques ornées, pigments préhistoriques
Abstract

International audience; Dans le cadre du programme PNRC 2004, différents types de calcite provenant de la Grande Grotte d'Arcy-sur-Cure ont été étudiés d'un point de vue physico-chimique et microbiologique afin de déterminer les facteurs les plus importants impliqués dans leur formation, de remonter aux mécanismes de précipitation et d'évaluer le rôle des microorganismes dans leur formation. Un faisceau de méthodes microscopiques et spectroscopiques impliquant également l'utilisation du rayonnement synchrotron ainsi qu'une approche microbiologique et des analyses ADN a été utilisé à cet effet. La comparaison structurale, morphologique, chimique et microbiologique des calcites prélevées dans la grotte avec des calcites synthétisées sous différentes conditions (avec ou sans bactérie, variation du taux de saturation, pression de CO2, présence de pigments, ajout d'inhibiteurs) a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de chacun des paramètres. Un processus de formation pour chacune des couches de calcite identifiées sur les peintures pariétales (opaque ou translucide) a pu être proposé. L'interaction entre les couches de calcite et les pigments a pu être évaluée et les mesures de conservation des peintures pariétales validées. Les synthèses ont permis de montrer qu'un des facteurs le plus déterminants de la formation de calcite sur les parois de la grotte est la variation de pCO2. La meilleure méthode de conservation consisterait à stabiliser l'humidité relative et la pression de CO2 dans la grotte afin de favoriser la formation d'une couche de calcite translucide plutôt qu'opaque au-dessus des peintures. Cette couche translucide, qui ne nuirait pas à la visibilité des peintures, aurait un effet protecteur sur les parois peintes.

Published
2008

15. Microanalysis and model synthesis applied to the study of calcite formation on prehistoric paintings : the case of the ' Grande Grotte ' ( Arcy-sur-Cure, Yonne, France)

Author

Chalmin, Emilie, Sansot, E., Orial, Geneviève, Bousta, F., Reiche, I., European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), and Foray, Charlotte

Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Published
2007

16. La grotte de Lascaux : un écosystème complexe où bactéries et champignons interagissent

Author

Bastian, Fabiola, Orial, Geneviève, François, Alexandre, Alabouvette, Claude, ProdInra, Migration, Microbiologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, GROTTE, CORREZE, [SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology
Abstract

La presse s’est fait l’écho des contaminations fongiques qui ont fait craindre pour la préservation des gravures pariétales de la grotte de Lascaux. Grâce à un financement du ministère de la Culture, plusieurs actions d’envergure ont été lancées, dont un programme de recherche qui vise à déterminer les causes de ce développement fongique préoccupant.

Published
2007

17. Microanalysis and synthesis of calcite. Growth mechanisms on prehistoric paintings in the large cave, Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France)

Author

Chalmin, Emilie, Sansot, E., Orial, Geneviève, Bousta, F., Reiche, Ina, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), and Foray, Charlotte

Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, biomineralisation, speleothems, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, micro-XANES, synchrotron micro-XRF, karst cave, calcite fabric, prehistoric paint layers, micro-PIXE
Abstract

International audience; The formation of subsequent layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in karst caves is a well known phenomenon particularly observed on the prehistoric paintings at the Large cave (“Grande Grotte”) of Arcy-sur-Cure, in France. About forty natural samples coming from the Large cave were already investigated in a previous work and classified as a function of their crystal morphology, fabric, composition and appearance. The presence of at least two calcite types was revealed on the walls: translucent and opaque white or grey calcites. The latter opaque calcites obstruct completely the paintings. The formation of these different calcites depends on various geochemical and geophysical parameters and could also be influenced by biotic processes. Questions remain about formation mechanisms leading to different calcite types and in particular about the role of microorganisms as well as interactions between prehistoric paint layers and calcite layers. Additional natural calcites were studied in order to confirm the first classification. Various syntheses of abiotic calcite were performed to study the influence of environmental parameters on calcite growth. Moreover, several series of biotic calcite were synthesised in a specific medium with two bacteria isolated from the cave in order to test their calcifying properties. All natural and synthetic samples were analysed using complementary microanalytical laboratory techniques. Micro-XRF and XANES based on synchrotron radiation also enabled more detailed distinguishing different minerals within the complex biotic and abiotic mixtures and layered synthetic samples at microscopic scale. Comparison of natural and synthetic samples gives more detailed insights into the formation mechanisms of the different calcite types found in the “Grande Grotte” and allows proposing an adapted conservation strategy of its prehistoric paintings.

Published
2007

18. Investigations of alteration phenomena of Palaeolithic rock art : The case of the large cave of Arcy-sur-Cure ( Yonne, France, 24000-28000 BP )

Author

Reiche, Ina, Chalmin, Emilie, Menu, M., Charlet, Laurent, d' Orlié, F., Zinger, Lucie, Geremia, R. A., Baffier, Dominique, Orial, Geneviève, Girard, M., Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Directions régionales des affaires culturelles (DRAC), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Foray, Charlotte

Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Abstract

Palaeolithic rock art belongs to the most ancient artistic representations of human beings. Famous examples are the Altamira and Lascaux paintings. These paintings are conserved under very exceptional conditions. Basically, the pigments are composed of iron oxides or ochre for red and yellow paints, and charcoal and manganese oxides for black colors. Many studies have already been devoted to the characterization of the employed pigments, their treatment prior to application and the artistic techniques (Baffier et al. 1999, Pomiès et al. 1999, Chalmin et al. 2003 and 2004). However, rock art is today threatened by numerous alteration phenomena, among them the formation and interaction with calcium carbonate concretions. The cave “Grande Grotte” of Arcy-sur-Cure (24500-28000 BP, Yonne, France) with prehistoric paintings is particularly concerned by this problem. This cave is generally known for its impressive calcite speleothems as stalactites and stalagmites. Important calcite concretions also cover the walls. Basically, two types of calcite have been observed on the walls: translucent yellowish layers and opaque white or grey layers. Other calcite types are present in the lakes of the cave (floating calcite rafts at the surface of the lake and soft calcite at the bottom of the lake). Prehistoric figures were discovered in 1990 after a cleaning of the dark walls, fouled during several centuries of visits, of this karst cave with an acidic solution,. In the past, the presence of the calcite layers on the walls had a protective effect of the prehistoric paints. Today, prehistorians try to identify the ensemble of prehistoric representations in the cave. So, identification and restoration of a part of the cave paintings has been done by removing the opaque white calcite layer by mechanical abrasion while keeping another underlying translucent layer, in order to evidence and to study the paintings (Girard et al., 2001).

Published
2006

19. Study of calcite formation on Palaeolithic cave paintings : The case of Arcy-sur-Cure ' Grande Grotte ' ( 28000 BP Yvonne, France )

Author

Reiche, I., Chalmin, Emilie, Menu, M., Charlet, Laurent, D' Orlié, F., Zinger, Lucie, Geremia, R. A., Baffier, Dominique, Orial, Geneviève, Girard, M., Foray, Charlotte, ean-François Moreau, Réginald Auger, Jacques Chabot, Anja Herzog, Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France (C2RMF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Directions régionales des affaires culturelles (DRAC), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Centre d'Études Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes
Abstract

International audience; Palaeolithic rock art belongs to the most ancient artisitc representations of human beings. Conserved under very exceptional conditions, it is today threatened by numerous alteration phenomena, among them the formation and interaction with calium carbonate concretions. The cave “Grande Grotte” of Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France) with prehistoric paintings shows important calcite concretions. Two types of calcite have been observed on the walls: translucent yellowish layers and opaque white or grey layers that obscure the paintings. Other calcite types are present in the lakes of the cave (floating calcite rafts at the surface of the lake and soft calcite at the bottom of the lake). The morphology of the different calcites was observed at different scales by optical microscopy with normal and polarized light, SEM and TEM. The elemental composition was measured by micro-PIXE and the structure by XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The bacterial diversity and its role in calcite formation were assessed by culture and 16S-SSCP in order to distinguish and to assess various abiotic and biotic formation mechanisms. The investigation of calcite characteristics enables conclusions on the formation mechanism and on a biotic or abiotic origin of the calcites. The change of calcite types on the walls reveals changes of the environmental cave parameters. In addition, interactions of calcites with the prehistoric paint layer could be evaluated.

Published
2006

23. Reliable Procedure for Molecular Analysis of Airborne Microflora in Three Indoor Environments: An Office and Two Different Museum Contexts.

Author

Gaüzère, Carole, Moletta ‐ Denat, Marina, Bousta, Faisl, Moularat, Stéphane, Orial, Geneviève, Ritoux, Sébastien, Godon, Jean ‐ Jacques, and Robine, Enric

Subjects
GUT microbiome, CAPILLARY electrophoresis, POLYMERASE chain reaction, AIRBORNE infection, QUALITATIVE research, AEROSOL sampling, INDOOR air quality
Abstract

Biological aerosols from air constitute a significant source of exposure to microorganisms in public places. Airborne microorganisms are involved in the development of certain respiratory symptoms, allergies, or infections among users and occupants. Various sampling instruments have commonly been used in aerobiology to collect bacteria and fungi suspended in the air. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable procedure for sampling in indoor public environments presenting different levels of occupancy, airborne bacteria and fungi to be subjected to molecular analysis (bacteria and fungi quantitative PCR, capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism fingerprinting). Four different sampling devices were tested in situ in an office building (open-plan type) and the sampling strategy chosen was tested in two museum contexts. In accordance with the drawbacks involved to our study (quantitative and qualitative aspects, cost, and overcrowding), cyclone device appeared to be most suitable. The results underline the effectiveness of this high-volume aerosol sampling device for both qualitative and quantitative molecular analysis. Four in situ sampling collections were carried out in 1 day in the Louvre Museum to study quantitative and qualitative variations of airborne bacterial and fungal diversity. The quantitative results revealed a similar order of magnitude for the numbers of both bacteria and fungi. In the Louvre Museum, the samples yielded between 3.7 × 104 and 4.1 × 104 genome equivalent (GE) bacteria/m3 air and between 5.0 × 104 and 5.9 × 104 GE fungi/m3 air and in the Decorative Arts Museum between, 2.1 × 104 and 2.5 × 104 GE bacteria/m3 air and between 1.4 × 104 and 1.7 × 104 GE fungi/m3 air. The results also indicate that the dominant bacterial community displayed a stable structure over a short period of time whereas dominant eukaryotic airborne community appeared more variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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24. Invasion of the French Paleolithic painted cave of Lascaux by members of the Fusarium solanispecies complex

Author

Dupont, Joëlle, Jacquet, Claire, Dennetière, Bruno, Lacoste, Sandrine, Bousta, Faisl, Orial, Geneviève, Cruaud, Corinne, Couloux, Arnaud, and Roquebert, Marie-France

Abstract

A major fungal invasion was discovered in the prehistoric painted cave of Lascaux in France in Sep 2001. At least three species of the Fusarium solanicomplex were isolated and identified with a portion of the translation elongation factor 1α gene (EF-1α), a portion of the nuclear large subunit rDNA (LSU) and nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (ITS). This study represents the first time that Fusariumspecies have been reported from a cave containing prehistoric paintings. Significant interspecific molecular variability was observed, suggesting that there might have been repeated introduction of the species, possibly carried by water from soils above the cave.

Published
2007
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