Search

We investigate the dynamics of the ground state entanglement entropy for a discretized scalar field propagating within the Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse metric. Starting from a well-controlled initial configuration, we follow the system as it evolves toward the formation of a horizon and, eventually, a singularity. Our approach employs an Ermakov-like equation to determine the time-dependent ground state of the field and calculates the resulting entanglement entropy by tracing out the degrees of freedom inside a spherical region within the matter sphere. We find that the entanglement entropy exhibits nontrivial scaling and time dependence during collapse. Close to the horizon, the entropy can deviate from the simple area law, reflecting the rapid changes in geometry and field configuration. Although the model is idealized, these results provide insights into the generation and scaling of entanglement in the presence of realistic, dynamically evolving gravitational fields., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 1 table

Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of spacetime and foundational to modern physics. One of its most important consequences is the constancy of the speed of light. This invariance, together with the geometry of spacetime, implies that no particle can move faster than the speed of light. In this article, we present the most stringent neutrino-based test of this prediction, using the highest energy neutrino ever detected to date, KM3-230213A. The arrival of this event, with an energy of $220^{+570}_{-110}\,\text{PeV}$, sets a constraint on $\delta \equiv c_\nu^2-1 < 4\times10^{-22}$.

On February 13th, 2023, the KM3NeT/ARCA telescope detected a neutrino candidate with an estimated energy in the hundreds of PeVs. In this article, the observation of this ultra-high-energy neutrino is discussed in light of null observations above tens of PeV from the IceCube and Pierre Auger observatories. Performing a joint fit of all experiments under the assumption of an isotropic $E^{-2}$ flux, the best-fit single-flavour flux normalisation is $E^2 \Phi^{\rm 1f}_{\nu + \bar \nu} = 7.5 \times 10^{-10}~{\rm GeV cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1}}$ in the 90% energy range of the KM3NeT event. Furthermore, the ultra-high-energy data are then fit together with the IceCube measurements at lower energies, either with a single power law or with a broken power law, allowing for the presence of a new component in the spectrum. The joint fit including non-observations by other experiments in the ultra-high-energy region shows a slight preference for a break in the PeV regime if the ``High-Energy Starting Events'' sample is included, and no such preference for the other two IceCube samples investigated. A stronger preference for a break appears if only the KM3NeT data is considered in the ultra-high-energy region, though the flux resulting from such a fit would be inconsistent with null observations from IceCube and Pierre Auger. In all cases, the observed tension between KM3NeT and other datasets is of the order of $2.5\sigma-3\sigma$, and increased statistics are required to resolve this apparent tension and better characterise the neutrino landscape at ultra-high energies., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

The measurement of shifts in the energy of X-ray emission lines is important for understanding the electronic structure and physical properties of materials. In this study, we demonstrate a method using a synchrotron source to introduce controlled eV-scale shifts of a narrow line in between fixed-energy fluorescence lines. We use this to characterize the ability of a hard X-ray superconducting Transition Edge Sensor (TES) array to measure line shifts. Fixed fluorescence lines excited by higher harmonics of the monochromatic X-ray beam are used for online energy calibration, while elastic scattering from the primary harmonic acts as the variable energy emission line under study. We use this method to demonstrate the ability to track shifts in the energy of the elastic scattering line of magnitude smaller than the TES energy resolution, and find we are ultimately limited by our calibration procedure. The method can be applied over a wide X-ray energy range and provides a robust approach for the characterization of the ability of high-resolution detectors to detect X-ray emission line shifts, and the quantitative comparison of energy calibration procedures., Comment: 5 pages inc. references, 3 figures. Presented at Applied Superconductivity Conference 2024, Salt Lake City, UT

The KM3NeT observatory detected the most energetic neutrino candidate ever observed, with an energy between 72 PeV and 2.6 EeV at the 90% confidence level. The observed neutrino is likely of cosmic origin. In this article, it is investigated if the neutrino could have been produced within the Milky Way. Considering the low fluxes of the Galactic diffuse emission at these energies, the lack of a nearby potential Galactic particle accelerator in the direction of the event and the difficulty to accelerate particles to such high energies in Galactic systems, we conclude that if the event is indeed cosmic, it is most likely of extragalactic origin.

Generative Agent-Based Modeling (GABM) is an emerging simulation paradigm that combines the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models with traditional Agent-Based Modeling to replicate complex social behaviors, including interactions on social media. While prior work has focused on localized phenomena such as opinion formation and information spread, its potential to capture global network dynamics remains underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing GABM-based social media simulations through the lens of the Friendship Paradox (FP), a counterintuitive phenomenon where individuals, on average, have fewer friends than their friends. We propose a GABM framework for social media simulations, featuring generative agents that emulate real users with distinct personalities and interests. Using Twitter datasets on the US 2020 Election and the QAnon conspiracy, we show that the FP emerges naturally in GABM simulations. Consistent with real-world observations, the simulations unveil a hierarchical structure, where agents preferentially connect with others displaying higher activity or influence. Additionally, we find that infrequent connections primarily drive the FP, reflecting patterns in real networks. These findings validate GABM as a robust tool for modeling global social media phenomena and highlight its potential for advancing social science by enabling nuanced analysis of user behavior., Comment: Accepted at 17th ACM Web Science Conference 2025 (WebSci'25)

The growing need for companies to reduce costs and maximize profits has led to an increased focus on logistics activities. Among these, inventory management plays a crucial role in minimizing organizational expenses by optimizing the storage and transportation of materials. In this context, this study introduces an optimization model for the lot-sizing problem based on a physical system approach. By establishing that the material supply problem is isomorphic to a one-dimensional mechanical system of point particles connected by elastic elements, we leverage this analogy to derive cost optimization conditions naturally and obtain an exact solution. This approach determines lot sizes that minimize the combined ordering and inventory holding costs in a significantly shorter time, eliminating the need for heuristic methods. The optimal lot sizes are defined in terms of the parameter $ \gamma = 2C_O / C_H $, which represents the relationship between the ordering cost per order ($ C_O $) and the holding cost per period for the material required in one period ($ C_H $). This parameter fully dictates the system's behavior: when $ \gamma \leq 1 $, the optimal strategy is to place one order per period, whereas for $ \gamma > 1 $, the number of orders $ N $ is reduced relative to the planning horizon $ M $, meaning $ N < M $. By formulating the total cost function in terms of the intensive variable $ N/M $, we consolidate the entire optimization problem into a single function of $ \gamma $. This eliminates the need for complex algorithms, enabling faster and more precise purchasing decisions. The proposed model was validated through a real-world case study and benchmarked against classical algorithms, demonstrating superior cost optimization and reduced execution time. These findings underscore the potential of this approach for improving material lot-sizing strategies.

Maintaining semantic consistency over extended text sequences remains a fundamental challenge in long-form text generation, where conventional training methodologies often struggle to prevent contextual drift and coherence degradation. A novel gradient modulation approach is introduced, designed to adjust parameter updates dynamically in response to contextual relevance, ensuring that generated text remains aligned with prior discourse. By integrating a modulation function that selectively amplifies or attenuates gradients based on learned contextual dependencies, the proposed method enhances the stability of model-generated narratives without imposing significant computational overhead. Comparative evaluations against baseline models reveal improvements in coherence, contextual retention, and long-range dependency tracking, demonstrating the effectiveness of modifying the learning process at the gradient level. The results indicate that sentence structure variability and lexical diversity benefit from this approach, mitigating repetitive phrasing and improving adaptability across diverse linguistic contexts. Statistical validation of coherence metrics further substantiates the observed enhancements, with a significant reduction in inconsistencies emerging as a direct consequence of the modulation mechanism. Computational efficiency assessments confirm that the framework achieves these gains without requiring substantial modifications to the underlying architecture, ensuring compatibility with existing optimization workflows.

Regular black holes are imagined as solutions to Einstein's field equations, with no singularities, albeit characterized by the presence of an internal structure. With the intention not to use non-linear electrodynamics, we here propose to obtain new classes of solutions that can also satisfy the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equations, plus adding a non-zero core. Thus, we present regular black holes as solutions to the TOV equations using multipolytropic equations of state and investigate whether these solutions behave, tuning the underlying free parameters. Our analysis demonstrates that, within specific parameter ranges, repulsive gravity effects may occur in precise regions. Accordingly, black hole remnants are also investigated, showing that, under certain circumstances, they may turn into dark energy sources in view of the corresponding repulsive gravity effects, located outside the horizons. Moreover, quite remarkably, critical sets of parameters imply that solutions may exhibit transitions to regular repulsive relativistic compact objects from black hole behaviors. Finally, we explore the interpretation of these regular black hole solutions in terms of topological thermodynamic defects., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 1 appendix, comments are welcome

Oscillations of atmospheric muon and electron neutrinos produce tau neutrinos with energies in the GeV range, which can be observed by the ORCA detector of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. First measurements with ORCA6, an early subarray corresponding to about 5$\%$ of the final detector, are presented. A sample of 5828 neutrino candidates has been selected from the analysed exposure of 433 kton-years. The $\nu_\tau$ normalisation, defined as the ratio between the number of observed and expected tau neutrino events, is measured to be $S_\tau = 0.48^{+0.5}_{-0.33}$. This translates into a $\nu_\tau$ charged-current cross section measurement of $\sigma_{\tau}^{\text{meas}} = (2.5 ^{+2.6}_{-1.8}) \times 10^{-38}$ cm$^{2}$ nucleon$^{-1}$ at the median $\nu_\tau$ energy of 20.3 GeV. The result is consistent with the measurements of other experiments. In addition, the current limit on the non-unitarity parameter affecting the $\tau$-row of the neutrino mixing matrix was improved, with $\alpha_{33}>$ 0.95 at the 95$\%$ confidence level., Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures

Working in a sector of large charge is a powerful tool to analytically access models that are either strongly coupled or otherwise difficult to solve explicitly. In the context of integrable systems, Volin's method is exactly such a large-charge approach. In this note, we apply this method to the bi-Yang-Baxter deformed $SU(2)$ principal chiral model. Our main result is an explicit expression for the free energy density as an asymptotic expansion. We moreover determine the leading non-perturbative effects both via analytic methods and a resurgence analysis., Comment: 28 pages, 2 figures

The four-gluon one-particle irreducible Green function contributes to various quantities with phenomenological relevance. An example where the four-gluon plays a role is the determination of the gluon propagator, a basic building block for QCD, using continuum methods. This four leg Green function is poorly known and we are only starting to grasp its non-perturbative structure. Here, we report on the computation of the one-particle irreducible four-gluon Green function, in the Landau gauge, with lattice simulations. Besides stating the problems associated with the computation, several form factors that characterise this Green function are measured., Comment: Contribution to the 41st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2024), 28 July - 3 August 2024, Liverpool, UK. New references added

Recent high-resolution X-ray spectroscopic studies have revealed unusual oxygen line ratios, such as the high O VII forbidden-to-resonance ratio, in several supernova remnants. While the physical origin is still under debate, for most of them, it has been suggested that this phenomenon arises from either charge exchange (CX) or resonant scattering (RS). In this work, we report the high O VII G-ratio ($\gtrsim1$) and high O VIII Ly$\beta$/Ly$\alpha$ ratio ($\gtrsim0.2$) found in multiepoch XMM-Newton RGS observations of SN 1987A. The line ratios cannot be fully explained by non-equilibrium ionization effects, CX, or RS. We suggest the absorption of foreground hot gas as the most likely origin, which plays the major role in modifying line fluxes and line ratios. Based on this scenario, we introduced two Gaussian absorption components at the O VII resonance line and the O VIII Ly$\alpha$ line and constrained the optical depth of the two lines as $\tau_{\rm OVII}\sim0.6$ and $\tau_{\rm OVIII}\sim0.2$. We estimated the temperature as $kT_{\rm e}\sim0.18$ keV and the oxygen column density as $N_{\rm O}\sim0.8\times10^{16}$ cm$^{-2}$ for the absorbing gas, which is consistent with the hot interstellar medium in the Galactic halo. Neglecting this absorption component may lead to an underestimation {of} the O abundance. We revised the O abundance of SN 1987A, which is increased by $\sim20\%$ compared with previous results. The N/O ratio by number of atoms is revised to be $\sim1.2$., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

As the nearest supernova (SN) observed since Kepler's SN of 1604, SN 1987A provides an unprecedented opportunity to study in detail the early evolution of supernova remnants (SNRs). Despite extensive studies through both observations and simulations, there is still an urgent need for a more effective approach to integrate the results from two sides. In this study, we conducted a detailed differential emission measure (DEM) analysis on the XMM-Newton observations taken in 2007 to 2021 to characterize the continuous temperature structure of SN 1987A, which can be better compared with simulations. The X-ray plasma exhibit a temperature distribution with a major peak at $\sim0.5$-$1$ keV and a high-temperature tail extending to $\gtrsim5$ keV. The emission measure (EM) of the major peak started to decline around 2014, while the EM of the tail continued increasing and appears to have formed a secondary peak at $\sim3$-$5$ keV in recent years. Our DEM results consistent well with simulations, which help to further identify the major peak as originating from the equatorial ring and the secondary peak as arising from the newly shocked ejecta. Together with the simulations, our DEM analysis reveals recent fading of the ring and brightening of the ejecta in X-rays from SN 1987A. Additionally, we observed a recent decrease in the centroid energy of Fe K line, providing further evidence of newly shocked ejecta., Comment: 36 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The cosmic distance duality relates the angular-diameter and luminosity distances and its possible violation may puzzle the standard cosmological model. This appears particularly interesting in view of the recent results found by the DESI Collaboration, suggesting that a dynamical dark energy scenario seems to be favored than a genuine cosmological constant. Accordingly, we take into account possible violations by considering four different parameterizations, namely: a Taylor expansion around $z\simeq 0$, a slightly-departing logarithmic correction, a (1;2) Pad\'e rational series to heal the convergence problem and a Chebyshev polynomial expansion, reducing \emph{de facto} the systematic errors associated with the analysis. We test each of them in a model-independent (-dependent) way, by working out Monte-Carlo Markov chain analyses, employing the B\'ezier interpolation of the Hubble rate $H(z)$ for the model-independent approach while assuming the flat (non-flat) $\Lambda$CDM and $\omega_0\omega_1$CDM models, motivating the latter paradigm in view of the DESI findings. Subsequently, we explore two analyses, employing observational Hubble data, galaxy clusters from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and type Ia supernovae, investigating the impact of the DESI data catalog, first including then excluding the entire data set. Afterwards, we adopt statistical model selection criteria to assess the statistically favored cosmological model. Our results suggest \emph{no violation} of the cosmic distance duality. While a slight spatial curvature cannot be entirely excluded, the preferred cosmological model remains the flat $\Lambda$CDM background, even when incorporating DESI data. Finally, concerning the Hubble tension, our findings match the Riess estimates, as BAO data points are excluded., Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables

We present a quantitative comparison between two different Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta (IMEX-RK) approaches for the Euler equations of gas dynamics, specifically tailored for the low Mach limit. In this regime, a classical IMEX-RK approach involves an implicit coupling between the momentum and energy balance so as to avoid the acoustic CFL restriction, while the density can be treated in a fully explicit fashion. This approach leads to a mildly nonlinear equation for the pressure, which can be solved according to a fixed point procedure. An alternative strategy consists of employing a semi-implicit temporal integrator based on IMEX-RK methods (SI-IMEX-RK). The stiff dependence is carefully analyzed, so as to avoid the solution of a nonlinear equation for the pressure also for equations of state (EOS) of non-ideal gases. The spatial discretization is based on a Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, which naturally allows high-order accuracy. The asymptotic-preserving (AP) and the asymptotically-accurate (AA) properties of the two approaches are assessed on a number of classical benchmarks for ideal gases and on their extension to non-ideal gases.

We study the large population limit of a multi-strategy discrete-time Moran process in the weak selection regime. We show that the replicator dynamics is interpreted as the large-population limit of the Moran process. This result is obtained by interpreting the discrete process in its Eulerian specification, proving a compactness result in the Wasserstein space of probability measures for the law of the proportions of strategies, and passing to the limit in the continuity equation that describes the evolution of the proportions.

In the era of precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters, it is necessary for experiments to disentangle discrepancies that may indicate physics beyond the Standard Model in the neutrino sector. KM3NeT/ORCA is a water Cherenkov neutrino detector under construction and anchored at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The detector is designed to study the oscillations of atmospheric neutrinos and determine the neutrino mass ordering. This paper focuses on the initial configuration of ORCA, referred to as ORCA6, which comprises six out of the foreseen 115 detection units of photosensors. A high-purity neutrino sample was extracted during 2020 and 2021, corresponding to an exposure of 433 kton-years. This sample is analysed following a binned log-likelihood approach to search for invisible neutrino decay, in a three-flavour neutrino oscillation scenario, where the third neutrino mass state $\nu_3$ decays into an invisible state, e.g. a sterile neutrino. The resulting best fit of the invisible neutrino decay parameter is $\alpha_3 = 0.92^{+1.08}_{-0.57}\times 10^{-4}~\mathrm{eV^2}$, corresponding to a scenario with $\theta_{23}$ in the second octant and normal neutrino mass ordering. The results are consistent with the Standard Model, within a $2.1\,\sigma$ interval., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures

The utility of the non-relativistic large-charge EFT for physical systems, and neutron matter in particular, relies on controlled Schr\"odinger-symmetry breaking deformations due to scattering length and effective-range effects in the two-body system. A recently-found exact solution of the large-charge system is used to compute these effects for two-point correlation functions of large-charge operators in perturbation theory around the large-charge ground state. Notably, the leading effective-range effects are found to enter at second order in the effective range, in agreement with analogous calculations in the three-body system. The Schr\"odinger-symmetry breaking deformations are used -- together with input from Quantum Monte Carlo simulations -- to address the range of validity of the EFT with deformations both in general and in the special case of neutron matter. In particular, it is found that nuclear reactions with up to six low-energy neutrons in the final state can be described by the large-charge EFT with Schr\"odinger-symmetry breaking., Comment: 49 pages, 10 figures

The Chern-Simons gravitational term during inflation is usually coupled to the inflaton field. The resulting theory suffers from ghost-field formation in the tensor sector, which limits the observational effects of P-violation on cosmological correlators. In this work, we consider the Chern-Simons term coupled to an isocurvature component in a multi-field model of inflation. Since the resulting theory does not affect the quadratic action of tensor perturbations, ghost fields do not appear. This operator provides (P-violating) interactions between the isocurvature perturbation and the curvature and tensor perturbations. We show that combining these couplings with interactions between the curvature and isocurvature components coming from a turning trajectory, the resulting $\langle sst \rangle_{PV}$ non-Gaussianities can reach $f^{sst, PV}_{\rm NL}=B_{PV}^{\zeta\zeta h}(k,k,k)/P^2_{\zeta}(k)\sim \mathcal O(1)$ within the parameter space of the theory. Our result motivates the systematic study of the Chern-Simons gravitational term coupled to isocurvature fields in multi-field models of inflation with couplings between the curvature and isocurvature fields or other mechanisms that transfer effects on the isocurvature field into the curvature field., Comment: 28 pages, 3 figures

A 2.1-year periodic oscillation of the gamma-ray flux from the blazar PG 1553+113 has previously been tentatively identified in almost 7 year of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope. After 15 years of Fermi sky-survey observations, doubling the total time range, we report >7 cycle gamma-ray modulation with an estimated significance of 4 sigma against stochastic red noise. Independent determinations of oscillation period and phase in the earlier and the new data are in close agreement (chance probability <0.01). Pulse timing over the full light curve is also consistent with a coherent periodicity. Multiwavelength new data from Swift X-Ray Telescope, Burst Alert Telescope, and UVOT, and from KAIT, Catalina Sky Survey, All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae, and Owens Valley Radio Observatory ground-based observatories as well as archival Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer satellite-All Sky Monitor data, published optical data of Tuorla, and optical historical Harvard plates data are included in our work. Optical and radio light curves show clear correlations with the gamma-ray modulation, possibly with a nonconstant time lag for the radio flux. We interpret the gamma-ray periodicity as possibly arising from a pulsational accretion flow in a sub-parsec binary supermassive black hole system of elevated mass ratio, with orbital modulation of the supplied material and energy in the jet. Other astrophysical scenarios introduced include instabilities, disk and jet precession, rotation or nutation, and perturbations by massive stars or intermediate-mass black holes in polar orbit., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, 20 plots, 1 table, accepted and published by The Astrophysical Journal. Article produced by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become ubiquitous when deploying Large Language Models (LLMs), as it can address typical limitations such as generating hallucinated or outdated information. However, when building real-world RAG applications, practical issues arise. First, the retrieved information is generally domain-specific. Since it is computationally expensive to fine-tune LLMs, it is more feasible to fine-tune the retriever to improve the quality of the data included in the LLM input. Second, as more applications are deployed in the same real-world system, one cannot afford to deploy separate retrievers. Moreover, these RAG applications normally retrieve different kinds of data. Our solution is to instruction fine-tune a small retriever encoder on a variety of domain-specific tasks to allow us to deploy one encoder that can serve many use cases, thereby achieving low-cost, scalability, and speed. We show how this encoder generalizes to out-of-domain settings as well as to an unseen retrieval task on real-world enterprise use cases., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to NAACL 2025 Industry Track

Conventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force $F_{max}=c^4/4G\approx\ 3\times 10^{43}$ Newtons, that is realized for a black hole. In conjunction with the Wilson area rule, we are thus led to the surface confinement of the mass of a black hole analogous to the surface confinement of quarks. The central result of our paper is that PeV scale protons exist on the surface of a Kerr black hole residing at our galactic center that is in concert with the HAWC Collaboration result of a PeVatron at the galactic center., Comment: 5 pages, no figures

This project explores the design and development of a transition edge sensor (TES) spectrometer for resonant soft X- ray scattering (RSXS) measurements developed in collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Soft X-ray scattering is a powerful technique for studying the electronic and magnetic properties of materials on a microscopic level. However, the lack of high-performance soft X-ray spectrometers has limited the potential of this technique. TES spectrometers have the potential to overcome these limitations due to their high energy resolution, high efficiency, and broad energy range. This project aims to optimize the design of a TES spectrometer for RSXS measurements and more generally soft X-ray spectroscopy at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) 29-ID, leading to improved understanding of advanced materials. We will present a detailed description of the instrument design and implementation. The spectrometer consists of a large array of approximately 250 high-speed and high-resolution pixels. The pixels have saturation energies of approximately 1 keV, sub-ms pulse duration and energy resolution of approximately 1 eV. The array is read out using microwave multiplexing chips with MHz bandwidth per channel, enabling efficient data throughput. To facilitate measurement of samples in situ under ultra-high vacuum conditions at the beamline, the spectrometer is integrated with an approximately 1 m long snout.

Differently from the equivalence time between either matter and radiation or dark energy and matter, the equivalence between dark energy and radiation occurs between two subdominant fluids, since it takes place in the matter dominated epoch. However, dark energy--radiation equivalence may correspond to a \emph{cosmographic bound} since it strongly depends on how dark energy evolves. Accordingly, a possible model-independent bound on this time would give hints on how dark energy evolves in time. In this respect, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be used, in fact, as tracers to obtain cosmic constraints on this equivalence. Consequently, based on observed GR data from the $E_{\rm p}$--$E_{\rm iso}$ correlation, we here go beyond by simulating additional GRB data points and investigating two distinct equivalence epochs: 1) dark energy--radiation, and 2) dark energy--radiation with matter. We thus extract constraints on the corresponding two redshifts adopting Monte Carlo Markov chain simulations by means of two methods: the first performing the GRB calibration and the cosmological fit steps independently, and the second performing these steps simultaneously by resorting a hierarchical Bayesian regression. To keep the analysis model-independent, we consider a generic dark energy model, with the unique constraint to reduce to the $\Lambda$CDM at $z=0$. Our findings are thus compared to theoretical predictions, indicating that the $\Lambda$CDM model is statistically favored to predict such an equivalence time, though a slow evolution with time cannot be fully excluded. Finally, we critically re-examine the Hubble constant tension in view of our outcomes., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Model-independent bounds on the Hubble constant $H_0$ are important to shed light on cosmological tensions. We work out a model-independent analysis based on the sum rule, which is applied to late- and early-time data catalogs to determine $H_0$. Through the model-independent B\'ezier interpolation of the observational Hubble data (OHD) and assuming a flat universe, we reconstruct the dimensionless distances of the sum rule and apply them to strong lensing data to derive constraints on $H_0$. Next, we extend this method to the high-redshift domain including, in other two separated analyses, gamma-ray burst (GRB) data sets from the well-established Amati and Combo correlations. In all three analyses, our findings agree at $1\sigma$ level with the $H_0$ determined from type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), and only at $2\sigma$ level with the measurement derived from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Our method evidences that the bounds on $H_0$ are significantly affected by strong lensing data, which favor the local measurement from SNe Ia. Including GRBs causes only a negligible decrease in the value of $H_0$. This may indicate that GRBs can be used to trace the expansion history and, in conjunction with CMB measurements, may heal the Hubble tension and accommodate to the flat $\Lambda$CDM paradigm purported by CMB data., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

SPARC4 is a new astronomical instrument developed entirely by Brazilian institutions, currently installed on the 1.6-m Perkin-Elmer telescope of the Pico dos Dias Observatory. It allows the user to perform photometric or polarimetric observations simultaneously in the four SDSS bands (g, r, i, and z). In this paper, we describe the control system developed for SPARC4. This system is composed of S4ACS, S4ICS, and S4GUI softwares and associated hardware. S4ACS is responsible for controlling the four EMCCD scientific cameras (one for each instrument band). S4ICS controls the sensors and motors responsible for the moving parts of SPARC4. Finally, S4GUI is the interface used to perform observations, which includes the choice of instrument configuration and image acquisition parameters. S4GUI communicates with the instrument subsystems and with some observatory facilities, needed during the observations. Bench tests were performed for the determination of the overheads added by SPARC4 control system in the acquisition of photometric and polarimetric series of images. In the photometric mode, SPARC4 allows the acquisition of a series of 1400 full-frame images, with a deadtime of 4.5 ms between images. Besides, several image series can be concatenated with a deadtime of 450 ms plus the readout time of the last image. For the polarimetric mode, measurements can be obtained with a deadtime of 1.41 s plus the image readout time between subsequent waveplate positions. For both photometric and polarimetric modes, the user can choose among operating modes with image readout times between 5.9 ms and 1.24 s, which ultimately defines the instrument temporal performance., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, peer-reviewed paper

As a cost-effective and robust technology, automotive radar has seen steady improvement during the last years, making it an appealing complement to commonly used sensors like camera and LiDAR in autonomous driving. Radio frequency data with rich semantic information are attracting more and more attention. Most current radar-based models take radio frequency image sequences as the input. However, these models heavily rely on convolutional neural networks and leave out the spatial-temporal semantic context during the encoding stage. To solve these problems, we propose a model called Mask-RadarNet to fully utilize the hierarchical semantic features from the input radar data. Mask-RadarNet exploits the combination of interleaved convolution and attention operations to replace the traditional architecture in transformer-based models. In addition, patch shift is introduced to the Mask-RadarNet for efficient spatial-temporal feature learning. By shifting part of patches with a specific mosaic pattern in the temporal dimension, Mask-RadarNet achieves competitive performance while reducing the computational burden of the spatial-temporal modeling. In order to capture the spatial-temporal semantic contextual information, we design the class masking attention module (CMAM) in our encoder. Moreover, a lightweight auxiliary decoder is added to our model to aggregate prior maps generated from the CMAM. Experiments on the CRUW dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method to some state-of-the-art radar-based object detection algorithms. With relatively lower computational complexity and fewer parameters, the proposed Mask-RadarNet achieves higher recognition accuracy for object detection in autonomous driving.

A lattice implementation of the recently introduced center-symmetric Landau gauge is discussed and its predictions confronted with numerical Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the link average and the link correlators computed in that gauge are order parameters of the confinement-deconfinement transition at nonzero temperature. Strictly speaking, this requires a specific treatment of the Gribov copies that we discuss in detail. The numerical simulations comply with the theoretical predictions for the link average computed below and above the deconfinement temperature. Our results show that, within appropriately chosen gauges, one can construct local order parameters for center symmetry, as proxies for the non-local Polyakov loop., Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures

This study investigates the temperature-induced hysteretic behavior of resistivity and magnetoresistance in electrodeposited bismuth films, with a focus on their application as absorbers in transition-edge sensors (TESs) for X-ray detection. Through a series of resistance versus temperature measurements from room temperature to a few Kelvins, we explore the change in the conductive behavior of bismuth electrodeposited on various substrates at the various temperatures. Our findings show for the first time both hysteretic and irreversible changes in resistivity as a function of temperature. Further, magnetoresistance measurements reveal notable variations in resistance behavior under different magnetic fields, highlighting the impact of magnetic fields on these films' electronic transport properties, with an indication of potential weak anti-localization effects at the lowest temperatures. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of bismuth's conductivity characteristics at low temperatures but also sheds light on the practical implications for developing more effective TESs for synchrotron X-ray facilities.

The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft observed a large coronal mass ejection (CME) on 5 September 2022, shortly before closest approach during the 13th PSP solar encounter. For several days following the CME, PSP detected a storm of Type III radio bursts. Stokes parameter analysis of the radio emission indicates that the Type III storm was highly circularly polarized. Left hand circularly polarized (LHC) emission dominated at the start of the storm, transitioning to right hand circularly polarized (RHC) emission at the crossing of the heliospheric current sheet on 6 September. We analyze the properties of this Type III storm. The drift rate of the Type IIIs indicates a constant beam speed of $\sim$0.1$c$, typical for Type III-producing electron beams. The sense of polarization is consistent with fundamental emission generated primarily in the $O$-mode. The stable and well organized post-CME magnetic field neatly separates the LHC- and RHC-dominated intervals of the storm, with minimal overlap between the senses of polarization. The proximity of PSP to the source region, both in radial distance and in heliographic longitude, makes this event an ideal case study to connect in situ plasma measurements with remote observations of radio emission., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures

In the era of Extremely Large Telescopes, the current generation of 8-10m facilities are likely to remain competitive at ground-UV wavelengths for the foreseeable future. The Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) has been designed to provide high instrumental efficiency ( $>$ 37\%) observations in the near UV (305-400 nm requirement, 300-420 nm goal) at a spectral resolving power of R $>$ 20, 000 (with a lower-resolution, sky-limited mode of R $\sim$ 7, 000). With the design focusing on maximizing the instrument throughput (ensuring a Signal to Noise Ratio -SNR- $\sim$ 20 per spectral resolution element at 313 nm for U $\sim$ 17.5 mag objects in 1h of observations), it will offer new possibilities in many fields of astrophysics: i) access to key lines of stellar spectra (e.g. lighter elements, in particular Beryllium), extragalactic studies (e.g. circumgalactic medium of distant galaxies, cosmic UV background) and follow-up of explosive transients. We present the CUBES instrument design, currently in Phase-C and approaching the final design review, summarizing the hardware architecture and interfaces between the different subsystems as well as the relevant technical requirements. We describe the optical, mechanical, electrical design of the different subsystems (from the telescope adapter and support structure, through the main opto-mechanical path, including calibration unit, detector devices and cryostat control, main control electronics), detailing peculiar instrument functions like the Active Flexure Compensation (AFC). Furthermore, we outline the AITV concept and the main instrument operations giving an overview of its software ecosystem. Installation at the VLT is planned for 2028-2029 and first science operations in late 2029.

This project investigates factors that influence the perceived helpfulness of Amazon product reviews through machine learning techniques. After extensive feature analysis and correlation testing, we identified key metadata characteristics that serve as strong predictors of review helpfulness. While we initially explored natural language processing approaches using TextBlob for sentiment analysis, our final model focuses on metadata features that demonstrated more significant correlations, including the number of images per review, reviewer's historical helpful votes, and temporal aspects of the review. The data pipeline encompasses careful preprocessing and feature standardization steps to prepare the input for model training. Through systematic evaluation of different feature combinations, we discovered that metadata elements we choose using a threshold provide reliable signals when combined for predicting how helpful other Amazon users will find a review. This insight suggests that contextual and user-behavioral factors may be more indicative of review helpfulness than the linguistic content itself.

AI technologies are moving rapidly from research to production. With the popularity of Foundation Models (FMs) that generate text, images, and video, AI-based systems are increasing their complexity. Compared to traditional AI-based software, systems employing FMs, or GenAI-based systems, are more difficult to design due to their scale and versatility. This makes it necessary to document best practices, known as design patterns in software engineering, that can be used across GenAI applications. Our first contribution is to formalize two techniques, Task Decomposition and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), as design patterns for GenAI-based systems. We discuss their trade-offs in terms of software quality attributes and comment on alternative approaches. We recommend to AI practitioners to consider these techniques not only from a scientific perspective but also from the standpoint of desired engineering properties such as flexibility, maintainability, safety, and security. As a second contribution, we describe our industry experience applying Task Decomposition and RAG to build a complex real-world GenAI application for enterprise users: Workflow Generation. The task of generating workflows entails generating a specific plan using data from the system environment, taking as input a user requirement. As these two patterns affect the entire AI development cycle, we explain how they impacted the dataset creation, model training, model evaluation, and deployment phases., Comment: Under review; 12 pages, 8 figures

This research presents the development of a new simulation model to determine the optimal order lot sizes in Material Requirements Planning, based on purchase volume and the temporal deterioration of items. The scientific novelty lies in the exhaustive enumeration of all supply strategies, considering when and how much raw material and/or inputs to acquire while simultaneously managing multiple factors. The developed model enables obtaining and visualizing all feasible solutions, though a significant challenge arises when dealing with larger planning horizons. The methodology includes formulating a mathematical equation to calculate the total cost of all supply strategies, taking into account quantity discounts and the maximum allowable shelf life of inventory items. The results demonstrate that the model thoroughly explores the entire search space and identifies the optimal solution. Validation is conducted using the tabu search heuristic, a widely recognized optimization technique. While the heuristic converges toward the global minimum, it requires a significantly higher computational load. In contrast, the developed model identifies the global minimum with fewer calculations, showcasing its efficiency and accuracy., Comment: 12 p\'aginas, in Spanish language, 5 figuras, 4 tablas

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the benchmark in the European Union (EU) for privacy and data protection standards. Substantial research has been conducted in the requirements engineering (RE) literature investigating the elicitation, representation, and verification of privacy requirements in GDPR. Software systems including mobile apps must comply with the GDPR. With the growing pervasiveness of mobile apps and their increasing demand for personal data, privacy concerns have acquired further interest within the software engineering (SE) community at large. Despite the extensive literature on GDPR-relevant privacy concerns in mobile apps, there is no secondary study that describes, analyzes, and categorizes the current focus. Research gaps and persistent challenges are thus left unnoticed. In this article, we aim to systematically review existing primary studies highlighting various GDPR concepts and how these concepts are addressed in mobile apps research. The objective is to reconcile the existing work on GDPR in the RE literature with the research on GDPR-related privacy concepts in mobile apps in the SE literature. Our findings show that the current research landscape reflects a rather shallow understanding of GDPR requirements. Some GDPR concepts such as data subject rights (i.e., the rights of individuals over their personal data) are fundamental to GDPR, yet under-explored in the literature. In this article, we highlight future directions to be pursued by the SE community for supporting the development of GDPR-compliant mobile apps.

KM3NeT/ORCA is an underwater neutrino telescope under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. Its primary scientific goal is to measure the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and to determine the neutrino mass ordering. ORCA can constrain the oscillation parameters $\Delta m^{2}_{31}$ and $\theta_{23}$ by reconstructing the arrival direction and energy of multi-GeV neutrinos crossing the Earth. Searches for deviations from the Standard Model of particle physics in the forward scattering of neutrinos inside Earth matter, produced by Non-Standard Interactions, can be conducted by investigating distortions of the standard oscillation pattern of neutrinos of all flavours. This work reports on the results of the search for non-standard neutrino interactions using the first six detection units of ORCA and 433 kton-years of exposure. No significant deviation from standard interactions was found in a sample of 5828 events reconstructed in the 1 GeV$-$1 TeV energy range. The flavour structure of the non-standard coupling was constrained at 90\% confidence level to be $|\varepsilon_{\mu\tau} | \leq 5.4 \times 10^{-3}$, $|\varepsilon_{e\tau} | \leq 7.4 \times 10^{-2}$, $|\varepsilon_{e\mu} | \leq 5.6 \times 10^{-2}$ and $-0.015 \leq \varepsilon_{\tau\tau} - \varepsilon_{\mu\mu} \leq 0.017$. The results are comparable to the current most stringent limits placed on the parameters by other experiments.

The lattice computation of the one-particle irreducible ghost-gluon Green function in the Landau gauge is revisited with a set of large gauge ensembles. The large statistical ensembles enable a precise determination of this Green function over a wide range of momenta, accessing its IR and UV properties with a control on the lattice effects., Comment: Contribution to the 41st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2024), 28 July - 3 August 2024, Liverpool, UK

The occurrence of a second-order quantum phase transition in the Dicke model is a well-established feature. On the contrary, a comprehensive understanding of the corresponding open system, particularly in the proximity of the critical point, remains elusive. When approaching the critical point, the system inevitably enters first the system-bath ultrastrong coupling regime and finally the deepstrong coupling regime, causing the failure of usual approximations adopted to describe open quantum systems. We study the interaction of the Dicke model with bosonic bath fields in the absence of additional approximations, which usually relies on the weakness of the system-bath coupling. We find that the critical point is not affected by the interaction with the environment. Moreover, the interaction with the environment is not able to affect the system ground-state condensates in the superradiant phase, whereas the bath fields are infected by the system and acquire macroscopic occupations. The obtained reflection spectra display lineshapes which become increasingly asymmetric, both in the normal and superradiant phases, when approaching the critical point.

Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) has emerged as an essential tool for simulating social networks, encompassing diverse phenomena such as information dissemination, influence dynamics, and community formation. However, manually configuring varied agent interactions and information flow dynamics poses challenges, often resulting in oversimplified models that lack real-world generalizability. Integrating modern Large Language Models (LLMs) with ABM presents a promising avenue to address these challenges and enhance simulation fidelity, leveraging LLMs' human-like capabilities in sensing, reasoning, and behavior. In this paper, we propose a novel framework utilizing LLM-empowered agents to simulate social network users based on their interests and personality traits. The framework allows for customizable agent interactions resembling various social network platforms, including mechanisms for content resharing and personalized recommendations. We validate our framework using a comprehensive Twitter dataset from the 2020 US election, demonstrating that LLM-agents accurately replicate real users' behaviors, including linguistic patterns and political inclinations. These agents form homogeneous ideological clusters and retain the main themes of their community. Notably, preference-based recommendations significantly influence agent behavior, promoting increased engagement, network homophily and the formation of echo chambers. Overall, our findings underscore the potential of LLM-agents in advancing social media simulations and unraveling intricate online dynamics., Comment: Accepted at ASONAM2024

We explore cosmological particle production associated with inflationary fluctuations by comparing gravitational and geometric mechanisms, within a non-minimal Yukawa-like coupling between a inflaton and spacetime curvature. We show under which circumstances the number of geometric particles is comparable to the purely gravitational contribution by introducing the S-matrix formalism and approximating the inflationary potentials through power series. Despite the geometric production is a second-order effect, we show that it cannot be neglected \emph{a priori}, emphasizing that throughout inflation we do expect geometric particles to form as well as in the reheating phase. This result is investigated in both the Jordan and Einstein frames, selecting inflationary potentials supported by the Planck Satellite outcomes, \textit{i.e.}, the Starobinsky, hilltop, $\alpha$-attractor, and natural inflationary paradigms. We notice that, for large field approaches, the only feasible coupling may occur in case of extremely small field-curvature coupling constants, while the small field frameworks, namely the hilltop and $\alpha$-attractor models with quartic behavior, are essentially ruled out since they do not appear dynamically viable. We then point out that, while dynamically there exists a net equivalence between the Jordan and Einstein frames, the number of particles appears quite different passing from a representation to another one, thus pointing out the existence of a possible \emph{quantum frame issue}. In summary, while the classical inflationary dynamics is equivalently described in the Jordan and Einstein frames, a viable physical description of particle production valid in both the frames may be hindered by the absence of a complete quantum gravity. The latter could therefore be seen as missing puzzle to address the longstanding challenge of consistently passing between the two frames., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables

Indirect dark matter detection methods are used to observe the products of dark matter annihilations or decays originating from astrophysical objects where large amounts of dark matter are thought to accumulate. With neutrino telescopes, an excess of neutrinos is searched for in nearby dark matter reservoirs, such as the Sun and the Galactic Centre, which could potentially produce a sizeable flux of Standard Model particles. The KM3NeT infrastructure, currently under construction, comprises the ARCA and ORCA undersea \v{C}erenkov neutrino detectors located at two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore of Italy and France, respectively. The two detector configurations are optimised for the detection of neutrinos of different energies, enabling the search for dark matter particles with masses ranging from a few GeV/c$^2$ to hundreds of TeV/c$^2$. In this work, searches for dark matter annihilations in the Galactic Centre and the Sun with data samples taken with the first configurations of both detectors are presented. No significant excess over the expected background was found in either of the two analyses. Limits on the velocity-averaged self-annihilation cross section of dark matter particles are computed for five different primary annihilation channels in the Galactic Centre. For the Sun, limits on the spin-dependent and spin-independent scattering cross sections of dark matter with nucleons are given for three annihilation channels.

The recent detection of extended $\gamma$-ray emission around middle-aged pulsars is interpreted as inverse-Compton scattering of ambient photons by electron-positron pairs escaping the pulsar wind nebula, which are confined near the system by unclear mechanisms. This emerging population of $\gamma$-ray sources was first discovered at TeV energies and remains underexplored in the GeV range. To address this, we conducted a systematic search for extended sources along the Galactic plane using 14 years of Fermi-LAT data above 10 GeV, aiming to identify a number of pulsar halo candidates and extend our view to lower energies. The search covered the inner Galactic plane ($\lvert l\rvert\leq$ 100$^{\circ}$, $\lvert b\rvert\leq$ 1$^{\circ}$) and the positions of known TeV sources and bright pulsars, yielding broader astrophysical interest. We found 40 such sources, forming the Second Fermi Galactic Extended Sources Catalog (2FGES), most with 68% containment radii smaller than 1.0$^{\circ}$ and relatively hard spectra with photon indices below 2.5. We assessed detection robustness using field-specific alternative interstellar emission models and by inspecting significance maps. Noting 13 sources previously known as extended in the 4FGL-DR3 catalog and five dubious sources from complex regions, we report 22 newly detected extended sources above 10 GeV. Of these, 13 coincide with H.E.S.S., HAWC, or LHAASO sources; six coincide with bright pulsars (including four also coincident with TeV sources); six are associated with 4FGL point sources only; and one has no association in the scanned catalogs. Notably, six to eight sources may be related to pulsars as classical pulsar wind nebulae or pulsar halos., Comment: 43 pages, 17 figures, 11 tables

Cosmological parameters and dark energy (DE) behavior are generally constrained assuming \textit{a priori} models. We work out a model-independent reconstruction to bound the key cosmological quantities and the DE evolution. Through the model-independent \textit{B\'ezier interpolation} method, we reconstruct the Hubble rate from the observational Hubble data and derive analytic expressions for the distances of galaxy clusters, type Ia supernovae, and uncorrelated baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. In view of the discrepancy between Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) BAO data, they are kept separate in two distinct analyses. Correlated BAO data are employed to break the baryonic--dark matter degeneracy. All these interpolations enable us to single out and reconstruct the DE behavior with the redshift $z$ in a totally model-independent way. In both analyses, with SDSS-BAO or DESI-BAO data sets, the constraints agree at $1$--$\sigma$ confidence level (CL) with the flat $\Lambda$CDM model. The Hubble constant tension appears solved in favor of the Planck satellite value. The reconstructed DE behavior exhibits deviations at small $z$ ($>1$--$\sigma$ CL), but agrees ($<1$--$\sigma$ CL) with the cosmological constant paradigm at larger $z$. Our method hints for a slowly evolving DE, consistent with a cosmological constant at early times., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables

Even though the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) mission does not exclude a dynamical dark energy evolution, the concordance paradigm, i.e., the $\Lambda$CDM model, remains statistically favored, as it depends on the fewest number of free parameters. In this respect, high redshift astrophysical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts, represent a formidable tool to model the form of dark energy, since they may provide a link between early and local redshift regimes. Hence, the use of these objects as possible distance indicators turns out to be essential to investigate the cosmological puzzle. To this end, we adopt two gamma-ray burst linear correlations, namely the $L_p-E_p$ and $L_0-E_p-T$ relations, to test the flat and non-flat $\Lambda$CDM, $\omega_0$CDM, and $\omega_0\omega_1$CDM cosmological models, i.e., those directly examined by the DESI collaboration. The inferred correlation coefficients and cosmological parameters are thus obtained by considering two independent Monte Carlo Markov chain analyses, the first considering the whole DESI data set and the second excluding a seemingly problematic data point placed at $z_{eff} = 0.51$. Using model selection criteria, the two above correlations do not show a preference on a precise cosmological model although, when the data point at $z_{eff}$ is included, the concordance paradigm appears to be the least favored among the tested cosmological models., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables

Conformal prediction (CP) is a distribution-free framework for achieving probabilistic guarantees on black-box models. CP is generally applied to a model post-training. Recent research efforts, on the other hand, have focused on optimizing CP efficiency during training. We formalize this concept as the problem of conformal risk minimization (CRM). In this direction, conformal training (ConfTr) by Stutz et al.(2022) is a technique that seeks to minimize the expected prediction set size of a model by simulating CP in-between training updates. Despite its potential, we identify a strong source of sample inefficiency in ConfTr that leads to overly noisy estimated gradients, introducing training instability and limiting practical use. To address this challenge, we propose variance-reduced conformal training (VR-ConfTr), a CRM method that incorporates a variance reduction technique in the gradient estimation of the ConfTr objective function. Through extensive experiments on various benchmark datasets, we demonstrate that VR-ConfTr consistently achieves faster convergence and smaller prediction sets compared to baselines.

The KM3NeT Collaboration has tackled a common challenge faced by the astroparticle physics community, namely adapting the experiment-specific simulation software to work with the CORSIKA air shower simulation output. The proposed solution is an extension of the open-source code gSeaGen, allowing for the transport of muons generated by CORSIKA to a detector of any size at an arbitrary depth. The gSeaGen code was not only extended in terms of functionalities but also underwent a thorough redesign of the muon propagation routine, resulting in a more accurate and efficient simulation. This paper presents the capabilities of the new gSeaGen code as well as prospects for further developments., Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Computer Physics Communications

We investigate SN 2014C using three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, focusing on its early interaction with dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Our objective is to uncover the pre-supernova (SN) CSM structure and constrain the progenitor star's mass-loss history prior to core collapse. Our comprehensive model traces the evolution from the progenitor star through the SN event and into the SN remnant (SNR) phase. We simulate the remnant's expansion over approximately 15 years, incorporating a CSM derived from the progenitor star's outflows through dedicated hydrodynamic simulations. Analysis reveals that the remnant interacted with a dense toroidal nebula extending from $4.3\times 10^{16}\,$cm to $1.5\times 10^{17}$ cm in the equatorial plane, with a thickness of approximately $1.2\times 10^{17}$ cm. The nebula's density peaks at approximately $3\times 10^6\,$cm$^{-3}$ at the inner boundary, gradually decreasing as $\approx r^{-2}$ at greater distances. This nebula formed due to intense mass-loss from the progenitor star between approximately 5000 and 1000 years before collapse. During this period, the maximum mass-loss rate reached about $8\times 10^{-4}\,M_{\odot}\,$yr$^{-1}$, ejecting $\approx 2.5\,M_{\odot}$ of stellar material into the CSM. Our model accurately reproduces Chandra and NuSTAR spectra, including the Fe K line, throughout the remnant's evolution. Notably, the Fe line is self-consistently reproduced, originating from shocked ejecta, with $\approx 0.05\,M_{\odot}$ of pure-Fe ejecta shocked during the remnant-nebula interaction. These findings suggest that the 3D geometry and density distribution of the CSM, as well as the progenitor star's mass-loss history, align with a scenario where the star was stripped through binary interaction, specifically common envelope evolution., Comment: 43 Pages, 25 Figures, 4 Tables, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal