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Disuse has a negative impact on the postural muscles of the trunk and legs. Different leg muscles demonstrate a differentiated and conservative response to disuse, in terms of a decrease in muscle mass, strength, aerobic performance, and changes in gene expression. We aimed to identify transcription factors regulating gene expression at baseline and after disuse in human m. soleus - a "slow" muscle with a strong postural function, and "mixed" m. vastus lateralis. Biopsies were taken from these muscles prior to and after 6 days of strict disuse (dry immersion). The enriched transcription factor binding sites (and corresponding factors) in the individual promoter regions of co-expressed genes were examined using the positional weight matrix approach. The baseline transcriptomic profiles and the disuse-induced changes (RNA-seq) differ significantly between muscles. In particular, the specific and significant response to disuse in m. soleus was found to be strongly related to the suppression of genes regulating the mitochondrial energy metabolism, the activation of the inflammatory response and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This response is associated with the proinflammatory transcription factors such as families IRF, STAT, and other. The validity of approximately two-thirds of the predicted transcription factors was indirectly confirmed by the analysis of their function described in the literature. These identified transcription factors appear to be promising candidates for future targeted studies that mechanistically investigate gene expression regulation in various muscles at baseline, following disuse or inactivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Daniil Popov reports was provided by Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS. Daniil Popov reports a relationship with Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS that includes: employment and funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Spore-forming bacteria have a unique resistance to negative environmental conditions, including aggressive space factors, and are an excellent model for studying adaptation mechanisms and survival strategies at the molecular level. The study analyzed the genome of Bacillus velezensis, which remained viable after a 2-year exposure in outer space on the outer surface of the ISS as part of the Test space experiment. A comparative analysis of the draft genomes of the exhibit strain and the ground control did not reveal significant changes; the average nucleotide identity was 99.98%, which indicates the ability of microorganisms to maintain genome stability in space conditions, due to both increased stress resistance of bacterial spores and efficient operation of the system of repair of accumulated changes. The study of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the genome of B. velezensis revealed nine point substitutions, three of which are in intergenic regions, six in protein-coding genes, three of them are missense mutations, two nucleotide deletions leading to a shift in the reading frame, and one synonymous substitution. The profiles of the housekeeping genes were determined during MLST typing and it was found that the allelic profiles obtained for B. velezensis T15.2 and 924 strains do not correspond to any of the previously described sequence types. The presented results indicate the ability of B. velezensis bacteria to maintain the viability of spores and the integrity of the genome for a long time under extreme conditions of outer space, which is important for the problem of planetary protection, as well as the potential possibility of performing biotechnological processes based on B. velezensis during space exploration.

The soleus muscle in humans is responsible for maintaining an upright posture and participating in walking and running. Under muscle disuse, it undergoes molecular signaling changes that result in altered force and work capacity. The triggering mechanisms and pathways of these changes are not yet fully understood. In this article, we aimed to detect the molecular pathways that are involved in the unloading-induced alterations in the human soleus muscle under 6-days of dry immersion. A 6-day dry immersion led to the downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics markers, upregulation of calcium-dependent CaMK II phosphorylation, enhanced PGC1α promoter region methylation, and altered muscle micro-RNA expression, without affecting p-AMPK content or fiber-type transformation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dry immersion dysregulates mitochondrial genes expression, affects mi-RNA expression and PGC1 promoter methylation.

The mechanoelectrical feedback in the heart is based on the work of mechanically gated (MGCs) and mechanosensitive (MSCs) channels. Since microgravity alters the heart's morphological and physiological properties, we hypothesized that the expression of both MGCs and MSCs would be affected. We employed RNA transcriptome sequencing to investigate changes in the gene transcript levels of MGCs and MSCs in isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes under control conditions and in a simulated microgravity environment. For the first time, our findings demonstrated that simulated microgravity induces alterations in the gene transcript levels of specific MGCs, such as TRPM7, TRPV2, TRPP1, TRPP2, Piezo1, TMEM63A, TMEM36B, and known MSCs, including K 2P 2.1, K 2P 3.1, Kir6.1, Kir6.2, Na V 1.5, Ca V 1.2, K V 7.1. However, other voltage-gated channels and channels lacking a voltage sensor remained unaffected. These findings suggest that the altered expression of MGCs and MSCs could lead to changes in the net currents across the membrane, ultimately impacting the heart's function., (© 2023. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.)

We aimed to explore the effect of the 3-day dry immersion, a model of physical unloading, on mitochondrial function, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in a slow-twitch soleus muscle of six healthy females. We registered that a marked reduction (25-34%) in the ADP-stimulated respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers was not accompanied by a decrease in the content of mitochondrial enzymes (mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics), hence, it is related to the disruption in regulation of respiration. We detected a widespread change in the transcriptomic profile (RNA-seq) upon dry immersion. Downregulated mRNAs were strongly associated with mitochondrial function, as well as with lipid metabolism, glycolysis, insulin signaling, and various transporters. Despite the substantial transcriptomic response, we found no effect on the content of highly abundant proteins (sarcomeric, mitochondrial, chaperon, and extracellular matrix-related, etc.) that may be explained by long half-life of these proteins. We suggest that during short-term disuse the content of some regulatory (and usually low abundant) proteins such as cytokines, receptors, transporters, and transcription regulators is largely determined by their mRNA concentration. These mRNAs revealed in our work may serve as putative targets for future studies aimed at developing approaches for the prevention of muscle deconditioning induced by disuse. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Three-day dry immersion (a model of physical unloading) substantially changes the transcriptomic profile in the human soleus muscle, a muscle with predominantly slow-twitch fibers and strong postural function; despite this, we found no effect on the muscle proteome (highly abundant proteins). Dry immersion markedly reduces ADP-stimulated respiration; this decline is not accompanied by a decrease in the content of mitochondrial proteins/respiratory enzymes, indicating the disruption in regulation of cellular respiration.

The impact of weightlessness on the female reproductive system remains poorly understood, although deep space exploration is impossible without the development of effective measures to protect women's health. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of a 5-day "dry" immersion on the state of the reproductive system of female subjects. On the fourth day of the menstrual cycle after immersion, we observed an increase in inhibin B of 35% ( p < 0.05) and a decrease in luteinizing hormone of 12% ( p < 0.05) and progesterone of 52% ( p < 0.05) compared with the same day before immersion. The size of the uterus and the thickness of the endometrium did not change. On the ninth day of the menstrual cycle after immersion, the average diameters of the antral follicles and the dominant follicle were, respectively, 14% and 22% ( p < 0.05) higher than before. The duration of the menstrual cycle did not change. The obtained results may indicate that the stay in the 5-day "dry" immersion, on the one hand, can stimulate the growth of the dominant follicle, but, on the other hand, can cause functional insufficiency of the corpus lutea .

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The study of proteins - potential markers, associated signal transduction pathways, and their targets - provides a new understanding of the fundamental mechanisms occurring at the level of regulatory processes in the cardiovascular system (CVS), especially in space flight, as well as in model experiments that reproduce its individual effects on the human body. The article presents the results of studies in an experiment with 120-day isolation within the framework of the SIRIUS project in which 6 volunteers aged 28 to 44 years (three men and three women) participated. SIRIUS (Scientific International Research in Unique Terrestrial Station) is the international research project, which studies the issues of biomedical and psychological support of long-term manned space flights. The possible involvement of collagen different types, an extracellular matrix protein, in the mechanisms of autonomic regulation of the CVS was studied. Using chromatic mass spectrometry in urine samples and analysis of heart rate variability, we have established that the extracellular matrix collagen, which is present, in particular, in the structure of the blood vessel wall, are markers associated with the modulating effect of the autonomic nervous system on the regulatory mechanisms of blood circulation. We hypothesized that these proteins may be a biomarker of the autonomic balance in the regulatory mechanisms of the circulatory system. In addition, these proteins can also be markers of the aging process, which increases the risks of developing autonomic dysfunction of the cardiovascular system (dominance of sympathicotonia) and changes in the quality of the tissue of the heart muscle and blood vessels, provoking the development of prenosological conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system., (Copyright © 2021 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This article summarizes the experience of managing patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia treated in one of the intensive care units of a multidisciplinary hospital with and without a heated oxygen-helium mixture. It has been shown that the use of a heated oxygen-helium mixture in the complex therapy of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 is effective. A comparative analysis of the clinical manifestations of the disease and the results of laboratory tests in the main and control groups of patients confirm with a high degree of reliability the improvement of blood oxygenation, the normalization of the acid-base balance and the positive dynamics of the main parameters, which ultimately increases the efficacy and reduces the time of treatment., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTERESTSThe authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest., (© Pleiades Publishing, Inc. 2022, ISSN 0362-1197, Human Physiology, 2022, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 863–870. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2022.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina, 2021, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 51–58.)

Objective: Valve-sparing aortic root replacement (David procedure) is the technique of choice in appropriately selected patients with aortic root aneurysms. These procedures are seldom performed in a minimally invasive fashion. We describe our systematic approach to the David procedure using an upper hemisternotomy (UHS). Methods: Our method involves a J-type UHS exiting the right third or fourth intercostal space. Ascending aortic and femoral venous cannulation are performed using the Seldinger technique under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Between August 2005 and August 2014, 27 patients underwent an isolated elective David procedure using a full sternotomy (FS). Sixteen underwent an isolated elective UHS David procedure from May 2015 to February 2019. Perioperative safety outcomes were compared between the 2 cohorts. Results: The UHS and FS David cohorts were primarily male (87.5% and 85.2%, respectively) and 51 and 50 years old on average, respectively. Custodiol-histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia (93.8% vs 37.0%, P  < 0.001) and Cor-Knot (100% vs 0%, P  < 0.001) were used significantly more in the UHS David cohort. There were no significant differences in cardiopulmonary bypass (200 [183-208] vs 212 [183-223] min, P  = 0.309) and aortic cross-clamp (169 [155-179] vs 188 [155-199] min, P  = 0.128) times in the UHS and FS cohorts. There were no instances of hospital or 30-day mortality in either cohort. Intensive care unit and hospital stays were comparable between the 2 cohorts. Conclusions: The David procedure via UHS is a safe and reproducible technique for aortic root replacement.

Introduction: A decrease in sleep quality and duration during space missions has repeatedly been reported. However, the exact causes that underlie this effect remain unclear. In space, sleep might be impacted by weightlessness and its influence on cardiovascular function. In this study, we aimed at exploring the changes of night sleep architecture during prolonged, 21-day Dry Immersion (DI) as one of the ground-based models for microgravity studies and comparing them with adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system. Methods: Ten healthy young men were exposed to DI for 21 days. The day before (baseline, B-1), on the 3rd (DI3), 10th (DI10), and 19th (DI19) day of DI, as well as in the recovery period, 1 day after the end of DI (R + 1), they were subjected to overnight polysomnography (PSG) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results: On DI3, when the most severe back pain occurred due to the effects of DI on the spine and back muscles, the PSG data showed dramatically disorganized sleep architecture. Sleep latency, the number of awakenings, and the duration of wake after sleep onset (WASO) were significantly increased compared with the B-1. Furthermore, the sleep efficiency, duration of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), and duration of non-rapid eye movement stage 2 decreased. On DI10, subjective pain ratings declined to 0 and sleep architecture returned to the baseline values. On DI19, the REM duration increased and continued to rise on R + 1. An increase in REM was accompanied by rising in a nighttime heart rate (HR), which also shows the most significant changes after the end of DI. On DI19 and R + 1, the REM duration showed opposite correlations with the BP parameters: on DI19 it was negatively associated with the systolic BP (SBP), and on R + 1 it was positively correlated with the diastolic BP (DBP). Conclusion: An increase in REM at the end of DI and in recovery might be associated with regulatory changes in the cardiovascular system, in particular, with the reorganization of the peripheral and central blood flow in response to environmental changes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Bersenev, Ukraintseva, Kovrov, Yakhya, Vassilieva, Tomilovskaya, Rukavishnikov, Posokhov, Orlov, Osetsky and Orlov.)

Background: Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation (TViV) and minimally invasive reoperative aortic valve replacement (MIrAVR) have rapidly increased as alternatives to conventional reoperative surgical AVR. This study reports a single-center experience of patients undergoing TViV and MIrAVR after bioprosthetic valve failure., Methods: In this retrospective review between March 2009 and October 2018, 68 patients without reoperative full sternotomies, concomitant procedures, active endocarditis, and prior homografts or coronary artery bypass grafting underwent isolated AVR for degenerated aortic bioprostheses. Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk scores and age are reported as median (interquartile range [IQR]) and length of stay is reported as mean (standard deviation [SD]) due to their characteristics of the distribution., Results: Forty-one (60.3%) patients underwent TViV, and 27 (39.7%) patients underwent MIrAVR. Median [IQR] STS risk scores were 5.7 [4.0-7.8] and 2.0 [1.5-3.4] for TViV and MIrAVR, respectively (p ≤ .001). The median [IQR] age for TViV patients was higher (78 [71-84] vs. 66 [53-72] years, p ≤ 0.001). More permanent pacemakers were implanted (22.2% vs. 9.8%) following MIrAVR. The MIrAVR group had a higher rate of atrial fibrillation (18.5% vs. 9.8%, p = .466). Average (SD) length of stay was less in TViV (5.3 days, SD: 3.4 vs. 8.6 days, SD: 7.4, p = .001). Survival at 1 year was not significantly different for TViV and MIrAVR (94.9% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 81.0%, 98.7%] and 86.9% [95% CI: 64.0%, 95.7%], respectively [p = .969])., Conclusions: Despite being at higher-risk, patients undergoing TViV had reduced rates of permanent pacemaker implantations and atrial fibrillation, and a shorter hospital stay as compared to MIrAVR. Survival at 1-year was similar between the two groups., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The deterioration of the demographic situation and the public health problem in Russia in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has assumed menacing proportions. In this regard, the need to improve the health care system, the formation of a culture of health, and the responsibility of citizens for the preservation of health and high performance has become apparent., Objective: Design and development of a system for remote monitoring and improvement of health reserves and performance of an individual and the whole population based on the prenosological examination, the numerical assessment of body systems reserves, and implementation of adequate individual health improvement programs., Material and Methods: Targeted population survey 2000-2020 with measurement of 18 morphofunctional indices allowed to form a database (760 thousand subjects) and develop the Health Navigator technology with the numerical assessment of health and performance reserves of individuals of different ages. This technology formed the basis for the design of the system of remote monitoring and improvement of population health reserves with results processing, storage, and analysis on local and remote servers., Results and Discussion: Monitoring of health and performance reserves of the population was developed as a browser-based telemedicine technology consisting of a number of sequential actions (operations) performed by healthcare providers and patients: 1) targeted examination of the patient; 2) computer processing of the results using a software and information complex; 3) presentation to the patient and discussion of a formalized «Health Reserve Profile» and a draft personal wellness program; 4) implementation of 100-150 days health improvement program based on the means of natural therapy., Conclusion: Appraisal of the remote monitoring system in several country regions confirmed its efficiency and the considerable interest of specialists and the population in its use. The developed system allows to accelerate and standardize the work of health care providers, establish continuous cooperation with patients, increasing their health culture and protection from early diseases.

This article, based on a report presented at the Scientific Session of the Russian Academy of Sciences, highlights the history of the formation of space medicine, its theoretical foundations, and the role of scientists of the Academy of Sciences in the preparation and implementation of the first manned flight into space. The achievements of domestic specialists in space physiology, biology, and medicine promoting the development of manned cosmonautics are considered. Examples are given of the implementation of the results of space research, as well as instruments and devices for medical support of space crews, into practical health care. The problems of medical support of future interplanetary flights and the ways of their solution are analyzed., (© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2021, ISSN 1019-3316, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 626–629. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2021.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 2021, Vol. 91, No. 11, pp. 1036–1040.)

Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of spaceflight biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes that occur during space travel. The features include oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysregulation, epigenetic changes (including gene regulation), telomere length alterations, and microbiome shifts. Here we review the known hazards of human spaceflight, how spaceflight affects living systems through these six fundamental features, and the associated health risks of space exploration. We also discuss the essential issues related to the health and safety of astronauts involved in future missions, especially planned long-duration and Martian missions., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The role of the Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields in the evolution and maintenance of normal processes of various animal species remains unclear. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of simulated microgravity and hypomagnetic conditions for 1, 3, and 6 h on the sperm motility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . In addition to the usual diet, the groups were administered oral essential phospholipids at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The speed of the sperm tails was determined by video recording and analysis of the obtained video files, protein content by western blotting, and cell respiration by polarography. The results indicated an increase in the speed of movement of the sperm tails after 6 h in simulated microgravity. The levels of proteins that form the axoneme of the sperm tail did not change, but cellular respiration was altered. A similar effect occurred with the administration of essential phospholipids. These results may be due to a change in the level of phosphorylation of motor proteins. Exposure to hypomagnetic conditions led to a decrease in motility after 6 h against a background of a decrease in the rate of cellular respiration due to complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect was not observed in the flies that received essential phospholipids. However, after 1 h under hypomagnetic conditions, the rate of cellular respiration also increased due to complex I, including that in the sperm of flies receiving essential phospholipids.

Hybrid thoracic endovascular aortic repair with surgical arch debranching is an accepted method for total arch reconstruction. Although off-pump arch debranching is increasingly used as a prophylactic adjunct to endovascular arch repair extending into landing zone 0, this technique is seldom performed with a ministernotomy due to a steep learning curve among surgeons. Herein, we report our standard technique for off-pump hybrid total aortic arch repair using a ministernotomy.

This study examines postoperative morbidity and mortality and long-term survival after total arch replacement (TAR) using deep to moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA), antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP), and the Y-graft. Seventy-five patients underwent TAR with the Y graft. Deep to moderate HCA was initiated at 18-22°C. ACP was either initiated immediately (early ACP) or after the distal anastomosis was performed (late ACP). The arch vessels were then serially anastomosed to the individual limbs of the Y-graft. The median age was 66 years (range = 32-82). Etiology of aneurysmal dilatation included 20 (27%) patients with medial degenerations, 25 (33%) with chronic dissections, 14 (19%) with acute dissections, 9 (12%) with atherosclerosis and 2 (3%) with Marfan syndrome. In-hospital mortality was 5%. Neurologic complications occurred in 8 (11%) patients; 2 (3%) had strokes and 6 (8%) had transient neurologic deficits. Patients undergoing TAR with moderate hypothermia had a significantly higher incidence of new-onset renal insufficiency (3 [23%] vs [0%], P < 0.001) and TND (3 (23%) vs 3 (5%), P = 0.028) than the profound and deep hypothermia cohort. Excluding the 1 patient who died intraoperatively, 89% (95%CI: 79-94%) were alive at 1 year, 78% at 5 years (95%CI: 66-86%), and 73% at 10 years (95%CI: 59-82%). The combination of deep to moderate HCA, ACP, and the Y-graft is a safe and reproducible technique. Further inquiry is needed to assess if early ACP provides superior clinical outcomes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The paper presents experimental data on the influence of a 1000-fold weakening of the Earth's magnetic field on the embryonic and postembryonic development of the Japanese quail in three generations. It has been shown that the weakening of the earth's magnetic field by a factor of 1000 affects the formation of blood vessels in Japanese quail embryos, in particular, causing a decrease in angiogenesis in seven-day-old embryos of both the first generation (F 1 ) and the next two ones (F 2 and F 3 ). Pathological and anatomical studies of embryos of different ages in three generations have revealed various pathologies associated with vascular system disorders, as well as disorders in the development of the beak and eyes. In the ontogenesis of F 3 quails, there is a decrease in the hatchability of chicks.

The paper presents the results of experiments with spore-forming bacteria and microscopic fungi performed in the framework of the Russian Research Program outside the International Space Station. It has been found that microorganisms not only survive in this extreme environment, but also retain reproductive ability. Moreover, most microorganisms exhibit an increase in biochemical activity and resistance to antimicrobial agents, specifically antibiotics. These findings are of obvious interest to the developers of both planetary quarantine methods and biomedical safety systems for manned space exploration missions. In addition, they demonstrate the necessity of experiments on the exposure of bio-objects to simulated environmental factors beyond Earth's magnetosphere.

Objective: Our study investigates the incidence, cumulative incidence, natural history, and factors associated with intraoperative paravalvular leak (PVL) and the development of a postoperative PVL in a contemporary consecutive cohort of patients following surgical aortic valve replacement. Methods: A total of 636 patients underwent surgical aortic valve replacement from 2006 to 2016; 410 (64.5%) underwent minimally invasive aortic valve replacement and 226 (35.5%) underwent conventional aortic valve replacement. Primary outcomes were the incidence of intraoperative PVL and cumulative incidence of postoperative PVL. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of in-hospital and long-term death and need for reoperation. Results: The overall incidence of intraoperative PVL was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1% to 3%). All intraoperative PVLs developed in the hand-tied group. The overall incidence of postoperative PVL was 5.3% (95% CI: 4% to 7%). In the univariable and multivariable analyses, postoperative renal failure was the only factor significantly associated with the development of a postoperative PVL. Conclusions: The incidence of intraoperative PVL is low. Cumulative incidence of postoperative PVL was 3.1% (95% CI: 1.0% to 13.6%), 4.3% (95% CI: 1.3% to 16.5%), and 5.0% (95% CI: 1.4% to 17.9%) at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. All intraoperative PVLs occurred with hand-tied knots. A larger cohort may identify additional risk factors.

To analyze the effect of gravity on the structure of germinal tissues, we examined tissues of the testes and duct deferens of mice that were exposed to space flight conditions for 21-24 days (experiment Rodent Research-4, SpaceX-10 mission, February 2017, USA). We evaluated the levels of cytoskeletal proteins, sperm-specific proteins, and epigenetic events; in particular, we evaluated levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and of enzymes that regulate DNA methylation/demethylation. We did not detect changes in the levels of cytoskeletal proteins, sperm-specific proteins, DNA-methylases, DNA demethylases, DNA acetylases, or histone deacetylases. However, there were changes at the gene expression level. In particular, there was an increase in the demethylase Tet2 and a decrease in the histone deacetylase Hdac1. These gene expression changes may be of key importance during the early period of readaptation since they could lead to an increase in the expression of target genes.

Objectives: Patients with patent internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts after prior coronary artery bypass grafting surgery who require aortic valve replacement (AVR) pose unique technical challenges for safe and optimal myocardial protection. The purpose of this study is to review our short- and long-term outcomes with redo minimally invasive AVR in patients with patent in situ ITA grafts., Methods: From 2008 to 2016, 48 patients with at least 1 patent in situ mammary artery graft underwent minimally invasive AVR. Preoperative computed tomography was performed in all patients to evaluate the relationship of patent grafts to the sternum. Retrograde coronary sinus and pulmonary vent catheters were placed via the right internal jugular vein. The in situ ITA grafts were not clamped during AVR. Transverse aortotomy, taking care to avoid the grafts arising from the aorta, was performed to expose the aortic valve., Results: The median age of the patients was 78 years [Quartile 1 (Q1)-Quartile 3 (Q3): 71-81]. Thirty-nine (81%) patients were men, and 46 (96%) patients had aortic stenosis. The median cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times were 124 (Q1-Q3: 108-164) and 92 (Q1-Q3: 83-116) min, respectively. Moderate hypothermia at 28-30°C was used in all patients. Most patients received cold blood cardioplegia with antegrade induction and continuous retrograde delivery. Four patients received only retrograde delivery due to some degree of aortic insufficiency. Thirty-day mortality was 4% (2 of 48 patients). There was no conversion to full sternotomy, and no reoperations were performed for postoperative bleeding or sternal wound infection. Excluding the 2 patients who died in the hospital, the median postoperative length of stay was 7 days (Q1-Q3: 5-8). Overall survival at 1, 5 and 10 years was 94%, 87% and 44%, respectively., Conclusions: Percutaneous retrograde cardioplegia combined with antegrade cardioplegia and moderate hypothermia, without interruption of ITA flow, is a safe and reliable strategy in patients with patent ITA grafts undergoing aortic valve replacement. This strategy combined with a minimally invasive approach may reduce surgical trauma, and is a safe and effective technique in these challenging patients., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Nontuberculous mycobacteria cause severe pulmonary, vascular graft, and bloodstream infections after cardiac surgery. Patient prognosis remains poor because of delays in diagnosis and treatment. Complicated aortic root infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria have been mostly fatal. We describe a case of a 50-year-old man who developed an invasive Mycobacterium chimaera infection with an aortic root pseudoaneurysm after a Bentall-de Bono procedure for a Stanford type A aortic dissection., (Copyright © 2019 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The paper reports the results of testing some diagnostic video systems enabling digital rendering of TNT teeth and jaws. The authors substantiate the criteria of choosing and integration of imaging systems in future on Russian segment of the International space station kit LOR developed for examination and download of high-quality images of cosmonauts' TNT, parodentium and teeth.

Biosatellite BION-M1 was launched on April 19 and landed on May 19, 2013. The mission program was largely a continuation of the earlier flown 11 BION projects, FOTON-M2 and FOTON-M3. The biosatellite was inhabited by a great variety of living organisms used for experiments and studies in gravitational physiology, gravitational biology, biotechnology, astrobiology and radiation biology, dosimetry and spectrometry. This was the first time in the history of national biology and physiology when male mice C57bl/6 were chosen for a long-term space experiment focused upon molecular biology investigations. Unfortunately, because of technical failures during the flight a part of the animals were lost. However, the major objectives were attained through reconsideration of biomaterial division among investigators and completion of virtually the total scope of investigations.

Hypertrophic effect of strength training is known to originate from mechanical and metabolic stimuli. During exercise with restricted blood supply ofworking muscles, that is under conditions of intensified metabolic shifts, training effect may be achieved with much lower external loads (20% of one repetition maximum (1 RM)). The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 8 wks high-intensity (80-85% MVC) strength training and low-intensity (50% 1 RM) training without relaxation. The high-intensity strength training leads to somewhat higher increments in strength and size of trained muscles than training without relaxation. During high-intensity training an increase of area occupied by type II fibers at muscle cross section prevails while during training without relaxation - an increase of area occupied by type I fibers takes place. An exercise session without relaxation leads to a more pronounced increase in secretion of growth hormone, IGF-1 and cortisol. Expression of gene regulating myogenesis (Myostatin) is changed in different ways after high-intensity strength exercise session and after exercise session without relaxation. Low-intensity strength training (50% 1 RM) without relaxation is an effective way for inducing increases of strength and size of trained muscles. This low intensive type of training may be used in restorative medicine, sports and physical culture.

In article the new approach to an estimation of a health state of cosmonauts, sportsmen, pilots, drivers, operators, persons of dangerous trades is considered. It has been created and developed in Institute of biomedical problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the direction of academician A.I. Grigoriev. Results of works of last decade, by the Program of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences carried out at support of "Fundamental sciences--are submited to medicine". The new system for an estimation of a functional states of an organism at stressful influences in submitted. The methodology of remote studying of influence of ecological factors on health which has begun a new scientific--practical direction--to telemedical ecology is created. In conclusion of the article it is discussed questions of the further introduction of new concept of health and technologies prenosological diagnostics in practice of public health services.

It is well known that metabolic, cardiovascular and respiratory indices during exercise of moderate intensity are linearly related to exercise power. After the load reaches the definite level this relationship changes for nonlinear. Different methods of evaluating the intensity of load at which this transition takes place are discussed. The methods for investigation of transient process dynamics in energy supply of muscle contractions with changing intensity of contractions is described. The dependence of dynamic characteristics of physiological indices from fitness level and in its turn from age and level of physical activity is discussed.

The article considers the questions of development of new technologies for evaluation of health of apparently healthy people based on experience of long-term researches of cosmonauts' performed at Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems under the direction of academician A. I. Grigoriev. In 2007 in monograph "Concept of Health and Space Medicine" the principle of health estimation in apparently healthy people working in conditions of chronic stress was described. These approaches were realized the same year to produce a new hard and software "Ecosan-2007". In the following 2008 the device has been tested for inspection of bus drivers and pilots of civil aircraft and since 2009 it has been used in the international project "Mars-500". All these developments and researches were supported by the Fundamental Sciences-to-Medicine Program maintained by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences under guidance of academician A. I. Grigoriev. In the project 'Mars-500" in the "artificial confinement", simulating the interplanetary ship, 6 members of the international "Martian crew" were medically and psycho physiologically surveyed. Among set of various devices the "Ecosan-2007" was also used. With application of the same device, not less that 125 volunteers were examined, who lived usual life in natural and socially-industrial conditions. The investigation was simultaneously conducted in 12 various regions of the world. These long-term medico-ecological researches allowed to receive important experimental substantiations for preclinical approach to state of health estimation. In the frame of these researches the methodology of remote monitoring of adverse ecological factor effects on health initiated telemedical ecology, a new applied discipline. The article concludes with discussion of the issues of health conception and new preclinical diagnostic technologies adapting by the public health services.

The necessity of microbial studying the soil from Phobos and terrestrial biological objects, which were for a long time in deep space and may represent a biological hazard has been shown. Developed medical and technical requirements for laboratories comply with Russian regulations and recommendations of international instruments for the ensuring of biosafety on the basis of process (continuous) biorisk management.

The article describes the telemedicine complex (TM) for real-time medical informatics communication and interaction between medical personnel at the spacecrew landing site and in the mission control center. Scenarios of TM complex employment for crew examination after Standard landing, in bad weather or for providing care to cosmonauts with unsteady or unsatisfactory health state after ballistic landing are outlined. Basic requirements to the TM-assisted express diagnostics of returned spacecrew are defined.

The human organism testing in conditions of modern scientific and technical progress constant stressful influences (industrial, social, psycho-emotional) was carried out for continuous adaptation to the environment: changing of the level of functioning of separate systems and a corresponding tension of regulatory mechanisms occurred. In the article, theoretical bases and methodology of studying the adaptable capacities of the organism are considered. The prenosological diagnostics was used for studying functional conditions on the verge of norm and pathology. The heart rate variability analysis was used based on mathematical model of functional conditions. Concrete technologies and results of evaluation of the adaptation capacities of the organism in space and aviation medicine are presented as well as in applied physiology.

Both gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry were used to analyze make-up of air expired by 7 human subjects in a dry immersion (DI) experiment simulating some of the effects of microgravity. It was found that 5-d DI produces significant increases in expired amines, chiefly butylamine, 2-cyanacetimide, some aldehydes (isobutyl aldehyde, benzaldehyde), polyols (ethylene glycol, butyldiol), phenol, phenyl acetylene, ketones (methyl-ethyl-ketone), butylacetate and a significant decrease in fatty acids.

In this work, the description of technology of intercalation of montmorillonite by ions of biometals is submitted. Laboratory techniques of definition of a mass fraction of silver and copper in montmorillonite are resulted The manufacturing regulations of obtaining of nanodispersed powders of intercalated montmorillonite are submitted. Bases of technology of obtaining and manufacturing of cosmetic means on a basis of nanomaterials; technologies of antibacterial processing of textile materials, obtaining of antimicrobic properties by medical polymers are described in the report. Bases of technology of obtaining of biocidal and fungicidal coatings (paints, varnishes) on a basis of nanomaterials are described. The estimation of biocidal and properties of nanomaterials on a basis of intercalated montmorillonite by an integral disk-diffusion method is resulted. High efficiency of application of nanosystems on a basis of intercalated montmorillonite for obtaining of antimicrobic properties in paint and varnish materials is shown.

The 12-d mission of Russian spacecraft Foton-M3 in September of 2007 was used as an opportunity to fly an experiment with 12 male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) at the age of 4-4.5 mos. and mean body weight of 51.6 grams. Considering the behavior pattern of these animals, selection and preparation of the experimental groups continued in the course of 2.5-3 months. The flight animals were contained in module Kontur-L outfitted with a self-sustained system of life support. In orbit, the animals received a palletized hydrogenous feed. The physiological and hygienic parameters of the gerbil environment during the flight complied with the official standards. Analysis of the video recorded behavior of animals in microgravity showed that virtually throughout the flight they moved chaotically along the cage never attempting to stabilize position catching at the wire netting of the cage. The animals were decapitated in 21-24 hours after landing. The investigations showed that structural and functional changes in gerbil organs and tissues were generally of the same type as in rats following fights of comparable duration. However, some differences between the animals were attributed to the specifics of water turnover in gerbils.

The authors substantiate the choice of a mobile telemedicine facility (MTLF) configuration for elimination of medicosanitary consequences of emergency situations fit in minibus Sobol. The global competitiveness criterion has been adapted to consider the MTLF cost-quality gain/reduction ratio in comparison with the basic model. This approach permitted determination of the vector of MTLF attributes, indices of user (doctor) satisfaction, and coefficients of significance for each MTLF vector component. The proposed competitiveness criterion and calculation procedure can be applied in optimization of the structure and composition of MTLF and other intricate telemedicine systems.

Survey histological study of the heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, spleen, testicles of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus with a body mass of about 27 g showed their macro- and microscopic similarity with the organs of laboratory rats and mice notwithstanding some slight differences. For instance, the ascending knee of Hengle's loop in the gerbil kidney is much better developed and forms in whole a kind of a singular cortical fiber bordering the medulla. It is the well-developed parts of Hengle's ascending loop in gerbil that ensures a more complete water reabsorption decrease the quantity of urine and sharply reduce the amount of exogenous fluid vitally important for animals in arid areas. The Mongolian gerbil is distinguished by large adrenals and small corticosteroid-sensitive thymus and spleen suggesting high sensitivity of this animal to stresses. Spleen abundance of both mature and immature megacariosities--thrombogoniums--explains the rapid coagulability as compared with rats and mice.

The preventive effect of diphosphonates and vitamin D3 was studied at hypok[nesias and hypodynames. The received testify to the expressed preventive effect of disphosphonates on a condition of a bone status and a mineral exchange at animals at various kinds of modeling of effects of weightlessness.

A reduced prescription of preparation P-4 (one close 1,5-2 hrs. before, the other in 2 hrs. after the test had begun) proved to have a high preventive effect in human subjects during 4-hrs. exposure in a slow-rotating room. The preparation mitigated the main motion sickness symptoms and accelerated adaptation.

The telemedicine concept for a mission to Mars is presented including the basic operational units and subsystems, and problems of elaboration and creation of the telemedicine system with the use of multilevel structure functional modeling.